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Two acid base theories will be explored in this Equilibrium arrows indicate the if the products or
chapter: reactants are favored
• Bronsted Lowery acid base theory: loss and
gain of a proton
• Lewis acid base theory: donation or
acceptance of a pair of electrons
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Acid Strength
A curved arrow points from the electron donor to the electron acceptor.
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acid acid
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When atoms are the same size, the strongest acid has
its hydrogen attached to the most electronegative atom. stable bases are weak bases
Oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen. Oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen.
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3.14 F-
-7 Cl-
-8 Br-
-9 I-
O O O O
base O
OH O Cl Br
F3C OH
δ+ O δ+ O
δ- δ-
O base O
pKa 2.81 pKa 2.86 pKa ~0
Cl Cl
OH O
O base O
Br Br
OH O
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A carboxylic acid is neutral in its acidic form and charged in its basic form. A carboxylic acid is neutral in its acidic form and charged in its basic form.
An amine is charged in its acidic form and neutral in its basic form. An amine is charged in its acidic form and neutral in its basic form.
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– The ion product of water, Kw, is 1.0 x 10–14 Lemon juice 2.2–2.4 Blood 7.35–7.45
Vinegar 2.4–3.4 Bile 6.8–7.0
Tomato juice 4.0–4.4 Pancreatic fluid 7.8–8.0
Carbonated 4.0–5.0 Seawater 8.0–9.0
– Taking the logarithm of this equation gives: beverages