Q1;- What is refrigeration and air conditioning?

Ans:- Refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substa
nce under controlled condition.
Q2:-What are units of refrigeration & define that units?
Ans.:- Tonne is unit of refrigeration & tonne is defined as amount of refrigerat
ion effect produced by the
uniform melting of one
tonne of ice from 0°c in 24 hrs.
ITR = 1000*335 kj in 24hours
= 1000*335/ 24*60= 232.6KJ/ min.
Q3:- Define C.O.P of refrigeration ?
Ans:- C.O.P is ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the work done on t
he refrigerant.
C.O.P = Q/W
Q4:- What is relative C.O.P?
Ans:- Relative C.O.P= Actual C.O.P / Theoretical C.O.P
Q5:- What one tonne m/c means?
Ans.:-One tonne of ice when meets from end at 0°c in 24 hours, the refrigeration e
ffect produced is equivalent to 210 kj/min.
Q6:- What is the value of C.O.P?
Ans.:- The C.O.P is always greater than one.
Q7:- In a closed air refrigeration cycle, the operating pr. Ratio can be reduced
which results--------------- c.o.p.
Ans.:- Higher
Q8:- Which cycle is used in air conditioning of aeroplane in which air is used a
s refrigerant?
Ans.:- Reversed brayton cycle.
Q9:- What are advantages of closed air refrigeration cycle?
Ans.:- (1) Since it can work at a suction pressure higher than of atmospheric pr
essure therefore the volume
of air handled by compressure & expander are smaller as compare to an open air r
efrigeration cycle system.
(2) The operating pressure ratio can be reduced, which results in higher
c.o.p.

Q 10:-What are cycles on which air refrigerator works?

Ans.:- Cycles on which air refrigerator works are:-
* Reversed carnot cycle
* Bell coleman cycle.
Q11:- What is capacity of cooling system required for ordinary passanger air cra
ft?
Ans.:- 8TR

Q12:-What are methods of air refrigeration systems?

Ans.- (1) Simple air cooling system.
 (2) Simple air evaporative cooling system.
* Boat strap air cooling system.
* Boat strap air evaporative cooling system.
* Reduced ambient air cooling system.
* Refrigeration air cooling system.

Q13:- In boat strap air evaporative system whether the evaporator is provided th
en at which place?
Ans:- Yes the evaporator is provide b/w second heat exchanger & cooling turbine.
Q14:-How many turbines & heat exchangers a reduced ambient air cooling system ha
ve?
Ans.:- It have two cooling turbines & one heat exchanger.
Q15:- Which cooling system is used for supersonic aircrafts?
Ans.:- Regenerative air cooling system.
Q16:- What are components of VC refrigeration system?
Ans.:- (1) Compressure (2) Condenser (3) Reciever (4) Expansion valve (5) Evapor
ator.
Q17:_ What are advantages of VC ref. Systems over air refrigeration system?
Ans.:- It has smaller size for the given capacity of refrigeration.
It has less running cost.
C.O.P is high.
Q18:- What are the various type of cycle?
Ans.:- Cycle with dry saturated vapour after compression.
Cycle with wet vapour after copression.
Cycle with superheated vapour after compression
Cycle with superheated vapour before compression
Cycle with under cooling of refrigeration.

Q19:- What are main deviations b/w theoretical cycle & actual cycle?
Ans.:- (1) The vapour refrigerant leaving the evaporator is in superheated
(2) The compression of refrigeration is neither isentropic nor polytr
opic.
(3) The liquid refrigerant before entering the expansion valve is sub
-cooled in the condenser.
(4)The pressure drops in the evaporator &condenser.
Q20:- Which refrigerant is commonly used in domestic vapour compression refri
gerator?
Ans.:- Freon-12
Q21:-In a VC refrigeration system ,sub cooling liquid refrigerant is to --------
---cop
Ans.:-Increases .
Q22:- What are effect of superheating the vapour before suction to the compres
sion in vc refrigeration system ?
Ans.:- 1) In creases heat rejection in condenser.
2) Increases work of compression.
3) Increases or decreases C.O.P depending upon refrigerant.
Q23:- Where heat is rejected by the refrigerant in a refrigeration cycle?
Ans.:- Condenser.
Q24:- In VC cycle what is flash?
Ans.:- When the higher pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser passes thr
ough the expansion valve, some of it evaporates.
This partial evaporation of liquid refrigerant is known as flash.
Q25:- What are components of vapour absorption system?
Ans.:- 1) Generator 2) Condenser 3) Expansion valve 4) Evaporator 5) Absorber
Q26:- What are advantages of compound VC cycle?
Ans.:- 1) It reduces the leakage loss.
2) Size of two cylinders may be adjusted to suit the volume & pressur
e of refrigerant.
3) It improves the volumetric efficiency for given pressure ratio.
4) It give uniform torque.
Q27:- What are advantages of vapour absorption refrigeration system over VC refr
igeration system?
Ans.:- 1)The vapour absorption refrigeration system uses heat energy to change t
he condition of refrigerant from the evaporator.
2) The operation of vapour absorption refrigeration system is essenti
ally quiet &
is subjected to little wear.
3) In vapour absorption system the liquid ref. Leaving the evaporato
r has no effect
on the system except reducing refrigerating effect.

Q28:- What is formula of ideal vapour absorption refrigeration cycle?

Ans.:-C.O.Pmax = ?E/?G = ?E/ ?E=(TC-TE/TE) (TG/TG-TC)
Q29:- What are the three fluids used in electrolux refrigerators?
Ans.:- Amonia,hydrogen, & water.
Q30:- In aqua ammonia absorption refrigeration system, incomplete rectification
leadss to accumulation of water in --------------.
Ans.:- Condenser

Q31:- Why hydrogen is used in electrolux refrigeration system?

Ans.:- Hydrogen is used in electrolux refrigeration system so as to reduce the
vapour pressure ammonia in evaporator.
Q32:- What is refrigerant?
Ans.:- The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which during their cucle in th
e refrigeration system absorb heat from a low temp.
system & discharge the heat so absorbed to higher temp. system.
Q33:- What are desirable property of an ideal refrigerant?
Ans.:- 1) Low boiling point.
2) High critical temp.
3) Low specific heat of liquid.
4) Low specific volume of vapour.
Q34:- What are different types of primary refrigerant ?
Ans.:- 1) Halo-carbon refrigerant
2)azeotrope refrigerant
3) inorganic refrigerant
* hydrocarbon refrigerant
Q35.:- Classify the refrigerants ?
Ans.:- Primary refrigerants and secondary refrigerants .
Q. 36.:- What are the azeotrope refrigerants?
Ans.:- A zeotrope refers to a stable mixture of refrigerants whose vapour and li
quid phase retain identical
composition over a wide range of temperature.

Q.37.:- Name thermodynamic properties of a refrigerants ?

Ans:- 1. Boiling temp.
2. Freezing temp.
3. Evaporator and condenser pressure
4. Cop
5. Critical temp and pressure
6. Latent heat of vaporization.
Q38:- What are the secondary refrigerants?
Ans.:- Brines are secondary refrigerants and are generally used when temp.are r
equired to maintain below the freezing point
of water.Commonaly used brines are Nacl, CaCl 2.
Q39:- Why R-12 is preferred over R-22 In deep freezer?
Ans.:- Because R-12 is miscible with oil over large range of temp.
Q40:- Environment protection agencies are again which refrigerant &why?
Ans.:- Chloroflouro carbon because they react with ozone layer & deplete it.

Q41:- What are refrigerant compressors?

Ans.:- A refrigerant compressor is a machine used to compress vapour refrigerant
from evaporator & to raise its pr.
So that corresponding saturation temp. is higher than that of cooling medium.

Q42:- How compressors are classified?

Ans.:- According to method of compression.
According to no. of working strokes.
According to no. of stages.
According to drive employed.
According to location of prime movers.
Q43:- What are reciprocating compressors?
Ans.:- The compressor in which the vapour refrigerant is compressed by reciproca
ting motion of piston is called reciprocating compressor.
Q44:- What is the formula of volumetric efficiency of reciprocating compressor?
Ans.:- ?v= 1=c-c( p2/p1 )1/n
C = Clearance factor
P1 = Suction pressure
P2 = Discharge pr.
n= index of expansion.

Q45:- What are drawbacks if we employ single stage compressor for producing high
pressure.
Ans.:- 1) The size of cylinder will be to large.
2) The friction losses & running cost are higher.
3) Volumetric efficiency is low.
Q46:- What are multistage compressor?
Ans:- The compressor in which vapour refrigerant is compressed two or more cylin
ders in series is called multistage compressor.
Q47:- What are advantage multistage compression?
Ans:- 1) It improves volumetric efficiency .
2) It reduce leakage loss.
3) It gives more uniform torque.
4) It reduces cost of compressor.
Q48:- What are assumption in two stage compressor with intercooler?
Ans:- 1) The effect of clearance is neglected.
2) there is no pr. Drop in intercooler.
3) The compression in both LP & HP cylinders is polytropic.
Pv n = c

Q49:- What are hermetic sealed compressors?

Ans:- When the compressor & motor operates on same shaft &are enclosed in a com
mon casting, they are known as
hermetic sealed compressors.
Q50:- What are advantage of hermetic compressors?
Ans:- 1) leakage of refrigerant is completely preunted.
2) It is less noisy.
3) It required small space because of compactors.
Q51:- What is condenser?
Ans:- The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side as ref
rigeration
System. Its function is to remove hot vapour refrigerant discharge from compre
ssor.
Q52:- How condensers are classified?
Ans:- 1) Air cooled condensers.
2)Water cooled condensers
3) Evaporative condensers

Q53:- Name different type of cooling towers?

Ans:- 1) Forced draft cooling tower.
2) Induced draft cooling tower.
3) Natural draft cooling tower.
Q54:- What are advantages of mechanical cooling tower over natural cooling tower
?
Ans:- 1) Mechanical draft cooling towers are smaller in size.
2) In mechanical cooling tower cooling capacity can be controlled.
3) Mechanical cooling tower can be placed inside the building.
Q55:- In ammonia refrigeration system what is the material of tube used in shell
& tube ?
Ans:- Steel.
Q56:- The condenser is used in ------------------ pressure side of the refriger
ation system.
Ans:- High.
Q57:- What is evaporator?
Ans:- Evaporator is a device used in the low pressure side of refrigeration sys
tem. The function of evaporator is to absorb
heat from surrounding, which is to be cooled by refrigerant.
Q58:- What are factors which affect the heat transfer capacity of evaporator?
Ans:- 1) Velocity of refrigerant .
2) Thickness of evaporator coil wall.
3) Contact surface area.
4) Temperature diff.s

Q59:- What are the ways in which evaporators are classified ?

Ans:- 1) According to type of construction.
2) According to manner in which liquid refrigerant is fed.
* According to mode of heat transfer.
* According to operating condition.
Q60:- What type of evaporator used in home freezer, ice cream cabinets?
Ans:- Plate evaporator.
Q61:- What is expansion device?
Ans:- Expansion device is important device that divide high pressure side & low
pressure side of a refrigerating system.
It is connected between receiver & evaporator.
Q62:- What are functions of expansion devices?
Ans:- 1) It reduces high pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure liquid refr
igerant before fed to evaporator.
Q63:- What are main type of expansion device?
Ans:- 1) Capillary tube.
2) Hand operated expansion valve.
3) Thermostatic expansion valve.
4)Low side float valve.
5) High side float valve.
Q64:- What are advantages of using capillary tube in refrigeration system?
Ans:- 1) The costing capillary tube is less than all other forms of expansion de
vices.
2) The refrigerant change in a capillary tube is critical,

Q.65. When the thermostatic expansion valve operates?

Ans. It operates on the change in the degree of super heat at exit from the evap
orator.
Q-66 . What is cryogenics?
Ans. The crygonics is derived from greec word kryon which means cold.It is very
frequently applied to very low temperature.
refrigeration application cycle such as in liquefaction of gases.
Q:-67.What are the limitations of VC refrigeration system to produce low temp?
Ans.1.e VC refrigeration system can not produce low temperature due to solidifi
cation temp. Of refrigerant.
2.e COP is low because very high pressure ratio.
3.Difficultly encountered in operation as equipment at low temp.

Q:-68.What is psychrometry
Ans:-Psychrometry is the branch of science, which deals with study of moist air
i.e.dry air mixed with vapour or humidity?
Q69:-What is humidity?
Ans:- It Is the mass of water vapour present in 1 kg of dry air in terms of gm/
kg of dry air.
Q70:- Define DBT,WBT.
Ans:- DBT:- It is the temp. of air recorded by a thermometer, when it is not aff
ected by
the moisture present in air.
WBT:-It is the temp. of air recorded by a thermometer, when its bulb i
s surrounded
By wet cloth exposed to air.
Q71:- Define dew point temperature.
Ans:-It is the temp. of air recorded by thermometer when the moisture present in
it begins
to condense.
Q72:- What is psychometric chart?
Ans:- It is graphical representation of various thermodynamic properties of mois
ture air.
Q73:- Name any four psycrometric process.
Ans:- 1) Sensible heating.
2) Sensible cooling
3) Humidification & dehumidification.
4) Cooling & adiabatic humidification.
Q74:- What is humidification & dehumidification?
Ans:- Humidification:- The addition of moisture to the air, without change in DB
T is
known as humidification .
Dehumidification:- The removal of moisture from air witout change in i
ts DBT is
called dehumidification.
Q: -75. What are methods of obtaining humiditification?
Ans.:- 1. Direct method
2.Indirect method
Q.: -76. What as sensible heat factor?
Ans.: -Sensible heat factor is ratio of sensible heat to heat
SHF =SH/TH=SH/SH+LH
Q.; -77. How effectiveness of humidification is expressed?
Ans.: -Effectiveness=Actual increase in dbt/ideal increase in dbt

Q.: -78 What is relative humidity?

Ans.:-It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in the given volume of mois
t air to mass of water vapour in the
same volume of superheated volume of superheated air at same temp. and pressure.
Q.: -79. What is WBD?
Ans.:-It is the difference between the dbt and wbt at any point. The WBD indicat
es relative humidity of air.
Q.: -80 What is DPD.?
Ans.:-It is difference between the DBT AND DPT of air.
Q.: -81 What are the factors affecting human comfort?
Ans.: -1.Effective temperature
2.heat production and regulation in human body.
3.heat moisture losses from human body.
4.moist control of air
5.air stratification.
Q.: -82 What is effective temperature?
Ans.It is defined as the index, which correlate the combined effect of air temp.
Relative humidity of human body.
Q.: -83 What are the factors affecting effective temperature?
Ans.: -1. Climate and seasonal difference.
2.clothing
3.Age and sex
4.duration of stay
5.kind of activity.
6. Density of occupant.
Q. -84 At what heat stored in the body, the human body feels comfortable?
Ans.: -Zero
Q.: -85. What are the factors affecting comfort air conditioning?
Ans.:-*Temp . of air
*Humidity of air
*Purity of air.
*Motion of air.
Q.: -86 How air conditioning system classified?
Ans.:- 1.accordind to the purpose.
2.,, ,, ,, ,, ,, season of year.
3.,, ,, ,, ,, ,, arrangement of equipments.

Q.: -87.What is room sensible heat factor?

Ans.:-RSHF=RSH/RTH=RSH/RSH=RLH
RSH=Room sensible heat
RLH=Room latent heat
RTH= Room total heat.
Q.: -88. What is grand sensible heat factor?
Ans.: - GSHF=TSH/GTH=TSH/TSH+TLH
TSH=Total sensible heat
TLH=total latent heat
GTH =grant total heat.
Q.: -89. What is effective room sensible heat?
Ans.: -ERSHF=ERSH/ERTH=ERSH/ERSH+ERLH
ERSH=Effective room sensible heat
ERLH=Effective room latent heat.
ERTH=Effective room total heat.
Q.: -90. What are components of cooling load?
Ans.: -Sensible heat gain and latent heat gain.
Q.: -91. What are the sources of sensible heat gain?
Ans.: -1.Heat flowing in building by conduction through exterior walls.
2.Heat received from solar radiations.
3. Heat liberated by occupant.
4.Heat gain from fan work.
Q.: -92 What are the sources of latent heat gain?
Ans.: -*The heat gain due to moisture in out side air entering.
*Heat gain due to condensing of moisture from occupants.
*Heat gain due to condensation of moisture by the process such as coo
king food.
Q.: -93What are ducts?
Ans.:-The duct convey the conditioned air from the air conditioning equipment to
the air distribution point.
Q.: -94 How ducts are classified?
Ans.: -*Supply air duct
*Return air duct
*Fresh air duct
*Low-pressure air duct.

Q.: -95 What is the material of duct?

Ans.:-Iron sheet metal, aluminum sheet metal, galvanized sheet metal.

Q.: -96 What is fan?

Ans. The fan is a kind of pump, which is used for pumping air through entire duc
t system and conditions of space.
Q.: -97. What are the different types of fans?
Ans.1.Centrifugal pump
2 Axial fans
Q.: -98 Name some of the axial flow fans.
Ans.: - 1.Propeller fan
2.Tube axial fan
3.Vane axia

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