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To: Mr Jason Jonas From: Lawrence Low

Aurecon Consulting Page 1 of 2
FAX REFERENCE DATE:
Design+RunningCost.doc 28TH NOVEMBER 2016

Dear Jason

RE: HOT WATER - HEAT PUMP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Thank you for your discussions re general heat pump selection and design. We’ve given a
general approach of how we would go about selection of the storage and heat pump
capacity for say a hotel of say 70 beds (100 people). This would include the kitchen and
laundry.

Consumption, Energy, Storage, and Distribution losses:

The peak 60C consumption including all facilities will be 125L/day/person in winter
(see attached hot water consumption table attached).
Hot water generation running costs should be based on an average consumption over the
year of 100L/day.

The average mains water temperature is 18C and falls as low as 12C in Gauteng.
For quick accurate calculations: 1 KWH = 20L water x 42dT

For hot water storage, assume that you need to store 50% of daily usage i.e.
62.5L/person. This assumption will permit lopsided consumptions of 67%/33%
morning and evening.

If you are comparing electrical element requirements vs heat pumps, you should follow
ASHRAE or IHVE recommendations of a 4hr recovery time, although we’re sure that a
6hr recovery is adequate for elements. Because heat pumps generate constant 60C water
as opposed to the mixed temperature from elements, the heat pumps need to generate the
60C hot water of 125 L/day/person on the coldest winter day.

In mid-winter your losses can be up to 30% of the daily generated 60C water i.e. you
need to design for generation of 1.4 x 125L/day/person. Average annual losses = 0.4 x
100L/day/person

From above, a full central plant system would be able to generate 100x1.4 x125 (=
17500L/day of 60C water). The required storage would be 62.5x100 (= 6250L storage).

Heater elements would total (100x62.5/20)x(60-12)/42/4 (= 88.6KW) for a 4hr recovery

OR 59KW for a 6hr recovery.
Heat pumps would need to generate 17500L/day @ 60C on the coldest day i.e. 17500/22
(= 795L/hr based on a 22hr day for defrost time). If you look at the L/hr output of the
ECONOTEK at an Avg daily temp in winter you will see this translates to 1 off model
ET80 ECONOTEK heat pump @6C WB. The total input power will be 15KW or
16KVA.

Running Cost Savings:

Electric element running cost:

Annual KWH charges = 365x100x100x1.4/20 x Rate/KWH= 255500 x Rate/KWH p.a.

Annual KVA charges = 12 x 59 x Rate/KVA = 708 x Rate/KVA p.a.

Heat Pump running cost (Average annual COP 3.2 = Equiv. 30% Energy in)

Annual KWH charges = 255500 x 0.3 x Rate/KWH

Annual KVA charges = 12x 16 x Rate/KVA = 192 x Rate/KVA p.a

Annual SAVINGS:

KWH charges = 255500 x (1-0.3) x Rate/KWH = 178850 x Rate/KWH p.a.

KVA charges = 12x (59-16) x Rate/KVA = 516 x Rate/KVA p.a

Investment PAYBACK:

PAYBACK = (Heat pump–Element & Electrics capital cost)/ (178850 x Rate/KWH +

516 x Rate/KVA)

NOTE: If it’s a new building, the council requires a capital payment for the intended
KVA connection. This is significant and the reduced KVA requirements with a heat
pump can sometimes almost be covered by this bulk factor charge.

We should probably give you a call when you have had a chance to read this.

We trust you will find this information clear and complete. Please do not to hesitate to
contact us if we can be of any further assistance.

Regards

Lawrence
HOT WATER CONSUMPTION DESIGN GUIDE

60C Hot Water Demand from 60C tank storage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TOTAL 60C HOT WATER TOTAL SYSTEM 60C HOT WATER GENERATION
CONSUMPTION ONLY REQUIREMENTS
24hr 60C
Design Occupation 4hr Htr Const.
Density Table xx Peak AVG Peak AVG Recovery Temp Hot
Winter Annual Winter Annual
Peak AVG Hot Water Water
Energy Energy Peak AVG Energy Energy
Winter Annual (Jhb) (Jhb) Winter Annual (Jhb) (Jhb) Storage Storage
5 4
APPLICATION Usage Usage KWH/d KWH/d Usage Usage KWH KWH Liters Liters
Clinics:
Sleeping Beds E4 150L/b/d 120L/b/d 8.6 6.9 213L/b/d 146L/b/d 12.2/p/d 7.3/p/d 75L/b 75L/b
Colleges &
Schools:
Dormitory H2 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
Day School 12L/p/d 9.6L/p/d 0.7 0.5 17L/p/d 11.7L/p/d .97/p/d .59/p/d 6L/p 6L/p
Sports Ablution A2 50L/p/d 40L/p/d 2.9 2.3 71L/p/d 49L/p/d 4.1/p/d 2.5/p/d 25L/p 25L/p
Dwelling Houses
Low Rental H3 90L/p/d *** 64L/p/d 5.1 3.7 128L/p/d 78L/p/d 7.3/p/d 3.9/p/d 45L/p 45L/p +++
Med/High Rental H3 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
Factories
Staff G1 12L/p/d 9.6L/p/d 0.7 0.5 17L/p/d 11.7L/p/d .97/p/d .59/p/d 6L/p 6L/p
Ablutions 50L/p/d 40L/p/d 2.9 2.3 71L/p/d 49L/p/d 4.1/p/d 2.5/p/d 50L/p * 50L/p +
Mining
1
Day-Ablutions 75L/p/d 60L/p/d 4.3 3.4 107L/p/d 73L/p/d 6.1/p/d 3.7/p/d 75L/p * 75L/p +
Apartments
3
Low Rental H3 90L/p/d 64L/p/d 5.1 3.7 128L/p/d 78L/p/d 7.3/p/d 3.9/p/d 45L/p 45L/p
Med/High Rental H3 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
Hospitals
General E2 150L/b/d 120L/b/d 8.6 6.9 213L/b/d 146L/b/d 12.2/b/d 7.3/p/d 75L/b 75L/b
Nurses Home E4 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
Hostels
General H2 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
Hotels
Med/Expensive H1 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
Inexpensive H1
Kitchens
Full Meals H5 10L/m 10L/m 0.6 0.6 14L/m 12L/m .8/m/d .6/m/d 5L/m 5L/m
Snacks H5 0.7L/m 0.7L/m 0.04 0.04 1L/m 0.85L/m .06/m/d .043/m/d 0.7L/m 0.7L/m
Offices
Offices G1 12L/p/d 9.6L/p/d 0.7 0.5 17L/p/d 11.7L/p/d .97/p/d .97/p/d 6L/p 6L/p
1
Canteens G1 35L/p/d 28L/p/d 2.0 1.6 50L/p/d 34L/p/d 2.9/p/d 1.7/p/d 18L/p 18L/p
Shops
Staff G1 12L/p/d 9.6L/p/d 0.7 0.5 17L/p/d 11.7L/p/d .97/p/d .97/p/d 6L/p 6L/p
Prison
Awaiting Trial E1 125L/p/d 100L/p/d 7.1 5.7 177L/p/d 122L/p/d 10.1/p/d 6.1/p/d 62.5L/p 62.5L/p
2
Convicted E1 65L/p/d ** 52L/p/d 3.7 3.0 92L/p/d 63L/p/d 5.7/p/d 3.4/p/d 35L/p 35L/p ++
Sports Facilities
Participants A2 50L/p/d 40L/p/d 2.9 2.3 71L/p/d 49L/p/d 4.1/p/d 2.5/p/d 25L/p 25L/p

Retirement Village
General H3 100L/p/d 80L/p/d 5.7 4.6 142L/p/d 98L/p/d 8.1/p/d 4.9/p/d 50L/p 50L/p
Old Age Home
General H4 65L/p/d 52L/p/d 3.7 3.0 92L/p/d 63L/p/d 5.7/p/d 3.4/p/d 35L/p 35L/p

1
dependent on No. shifts
2
If restricted bathing
3
If HW consumption metered individually
4
If HW generated @constant 60C as per Fig.1
5
KW =Storage Liters*4.18*Winter dT/3600/4

EXAMPLE:
Calculate peak winter CONSUMPTION and SYSTEM energy requirements for 50 room
hotel in Bloemfontein AND the "Deemed to satisfy" requirement (assume Avg mains 18C) FIG.1
From Table 5 10252-1:2016 Peak for Med/Expensive Hotels 177L/p/d & mains water temp
Table I.5 column 14: 7.2C. Table 5 10400:2016 H1 Person density = 2
Peak mid-winter SYSTEM capacity required=2*50*(60-7.2)*177*4.18/3600=1085 KWH/d
Peak mid-winter CONSUMPTION capacity required=2*50*(60-7.2)*100*4.18/3600=766 KWH/d
NOTE: Energy to heat water = (60-Mains)*4.18/3600=KWH/L
NOTE:Annual AVG "Deemed to satisfy" (50% of annual CONSUMPTION energy @population density)
= 0.5*2*50*(60-18)*4.18/3600 = 2.44 KWH/day throught the year