Chapter III

The extended Lorentz force

We can express the Lorentz force with this quaternion equation;

F =J∇A

with

  i E
J =ic e i m  i . Je i Jm and ∇ A = −S C i . B−
c

[ ]
Yes , this expression for the current quaternion is new. The duality for the E and B
fields, as suggested by the Faraday law and the Maxwell induction law, 1 as been
transferred right to the sources , which are the potentials and also the current and charge
densities. Even if we quite don't know their clear meaning yet, we examine their
contributions, and later we can reflect on how we can call them. I myself like to call them
reactive elements, complementing the active , already known ones, from Maxwell.

We now calculate J∇A

J =−ic S C e i m i .  [ i 

B− E
c ] ic ei m 

[
i . −S C  Je i Jm  i . Jei Jm  i .  i 
B− E
c ]
[
−ic S C  e i  m i . 
i 
B− E
c ]
ic  e i  m 
i . −S C  Je i Jm  

[
− Je i Jm  . B−  i E
c ]
   Je i Jm  × B−
[
 i E
c

]

July 29, 2008 Paul Cavalieri at paulcavalieri@sympatico.ca

 [
−ic S C  e i  m i . 
i 
B− E
c ]
ic  e i  m 
i . −S C  Je i Jm  

− Je . 
Bi Jm . B [
  − − Je . i E
c
 Jm . 1 E
c ]  i E
   Je i Jm  × B−
c

[ ]

We now work with the scalar


The scalar... −ic S C  e i  m − Je . 
Bi Jm . B
 −  [ i   1 
− Je . E
c
Jm. E
c ] =

−ic iS c S ei m − Je . Bi

 Jm . B
[
 − −Je . i E
c
 Jm . 1 E
c
 =
]
c S c e −i c S e i m c S cc S m− Je .  [ i   1 
B  − − Je . E
Bi Jm . 
c
Jm. E
c ]
Separating complex and real parts:

c S c e c S m − Je .  [
B −  Jm . E
1 
c ]= 0

  Je . i E
i m c S c −i c S e−i Jm . B  = P
c

The vector part:

[  i E
B−
c ] [  i E
 ic  e −c m  −S C  Je i Jm    Je i Jm  × B−
c

] =

  m E−c
ic e Bi  m 
Be E  i E
 −S C  Je i Jm   Je i Jm  × B−
c

[ ] =

 i j m ×  i  1 j m× E

−S J e −i S c J e −i S J m S c J m  J e × B B − j e× E
c c
ic e  
Bi m E−c m Be E 

July 29, 2008 Paul Cavalieri at paulcavalieri@sympatico.ca

 Separating the real and complex vector parts;

 1  −c m  
−S J e S c J m  J e × B j ×E B e E
c m

 i je× 
−i S c J e −i S J mi j m × B− Eic e  
Bi m E
c

Lets take the complex part . Usually the complex vector part is set to zero in this
quaternion development .:

− i
−i S c J e −i S J mi j m × B j ×
E ic e   = 0
B i m E
c e

Could mean......


−S J m J m× B 
mE = 0

and
i  ic e B
 = 0
−i S c J e − j ×E
c e

−v S   = −E
v×B 
 = −E
v S v × B 
i
−i S c  
v − v × Eic B = 0 short,..This is a special case;

c
or  =
v  c S c  v × D 
H
 = H
v  c S c  v × D 

The previous value for the Faraday law of inductance was derived experimentally ,
and not accounting for the S C field. If we believe this new derivation then the Faraday
law is included with the Maxwell inductance law and cannot be dissociated from the Scalar
term also. With the usual Maxwell derivations, the scalar field S is set to zero, that is the
definition of working in the Lorentz gauge. Although it always gave simpler equations , the
freedom is lost and we had taken out half the physics , and also we had taken out the

July 29, 2008 Paul Cavalieri at paulcavalieri@sympatico.ca

dynamically induced current factor J m (As I call it) , as well as the induced potential
m . With this new understanding , the present derivation cannot be called Maxwell's
anymore. And a new world of possibilities have now set before us.
The dynamically induced current factor J m is closely associated with Faraday's law
of inductance. At this time I remember Tesla saying that he could swell the electron charge
some 50 times! We can see it here from a distance with the new term  m .
Again

[−S Jm  Jm × B

 
[
 1  
m E ] − S c J e − J e × Ec e B
c

] = 0

There are no other restrictions, such that the velocity need not be constant , and
time variation of the potentials as well as the divergence of the vector potentials play an
essential role in the outcome, something ignored in the previous shorted formulations.

The complex real terms talk of the Power;

[−e c2 S  Je . E ]  [ m c S c −c Jm . 

2
B] = P

These terms are power flow terms. We see that the Power equation can be made to
change sign provided that the reactive part is stronger or weaker than the active part.
Rewriting it ; [−e c2 S m c2 S c ]  [ Je . E−c
 B] = P
Jm . 
Examining this equation , we find that if we have a very reactive medium , the last reactive
term will be maximized, now we need to minimize the second reactive flow term, and this
is done more likely by reducing Sc, the reactive scalar field. 2

The Force field is the real vector;

[−S Je  Je × B

 e E]

[ 1
 S c Jm Jm× 
c
E−c  m  
B = F ]
and the real scalar;

[c S c [ 1 
B  ] m c S − Jm . E
e − Je . 
c ]
= 0

July 29, 2008 Paul Cavalieri at paulcavalieri@sympatico.ca

 Recapitulating:

Induction law
[−S Jm  Jm × B
 
[
 1  
m E ] − S c J e − J e × Ec e B
c
 = 0
] first term is Faraday
second term is Maxwell

[−e c2 S  Je . E ]  [ m c S c −c Jm . 

2
B] = P Power term

[−S Je  Je × B

 e E]

[ 1
 S c Jm Jm× 
c
E−c m  
B = F ] Force term

[c S c [ 1 
B  ] m c S − Jm . E
e − Je . 
c ]
= 0
An equivalence or
duality

1;
We can see the duality, but one of them cannot be  = −E
v ×B  Faraday
deduced from the present formulation of Maxwell's 
equations. Please review the work of Pro Dr K Meyl ,  v×D = H  Maxwell
and order his book Scalar waves . Here is the web site
www.k-meyl.de . He has been a major influence in writing this book.

1 ∂  . A
S = 2
 e   ∇ m
c ∂t
2; The scalar field is and SC is
1 ∂  
S c=  m   ∇ .  A e 
c2 ∂ t
SC =
[ 1 ∂
c 2
∂ t
 e   ∇
] [
 . A i 1 ∂    ∇
m
c 2
∂ t m
 . A 
e
]
Any of the two terms within brackets can be maximized . The time varied one is
usually used for over-unity work . Tesla used sharp pulses to empower his devices. But until
not long ago , with the work for example of A. Waser and K. J. Van Vlaenderen,( to whom
I gave credit for their parts in inspiring this work) it became obvious that we could work
with the Div of the vector potentials . This would allow to reduce the voltage significantly.
The scalar field S was totally eliminated with the Lorentz gauge, which sets the S to 0.

July 29, 2008 Paul Cavalieri at paulcavalieri@sympatico.ca