A

PROJECT REPORT ON
SCADA SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:-
SANSKAR SAGAR
ELECTRICAL
2017/130
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 Acknowledgement

• The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of

guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely
privileged to have got this. My training in SLDC proved to be fruitful
and knowledgeable and the knowledge I got here will help me to
shape my career in future with least problems.

• I would like to convey my gratefulness for providing such a good

platform for learning and letting me work in this internship to
transform my theoretical concepts into a practical project.

• A special thanks to my industry mentor Er. Saurabh Gupta and my

faculty mentor for guiding and supporting me through all the ups and
downs alongside the internship. I wish my deep sense of gratitude to
whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this
training successfully. Finally I would like to thank our head of the
department and Internship Coordinator for providing me all the
relevant resources and important information regarding all the
difficulty faced during the internship

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 Abstract

• This report summarizes the work done by me during the six Weeks
internship at SLDC, PSTCL, Ablowal, Patiala. I have worked on one
projects, SCADA and its Allied Equipments stand for stands for
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. This system is responsible
for gathering, processing and displaying information about the state
of monitoring system. From a SCADA control center, operates and
application programs can oversee and change the operating state of
monitored devices. It enables operators to control field devices for
their consoles. The system must be able to acquire & present large
amount of data securely, clearly & coherently so that an operator can
make appropriate decision. Thus both current live data and list data is
required here.

• Here in SLDC with the help of SCADA the all the data acquired from
other SLDC is made available to display and reporting. It coordinates
and controls the power flow within the home state. The SLDC collects
data directly from RTUS’s connected to SLDC and indirectly from its
Sub-SLDC’s. The other important function of SLDC is to maintain the
system parameters viz. frequency, voltage remains close to nominal
values.

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• The report also gives an overview of 220kv Grid Sub substation. It
includes electricity transmission and distribution processes at
Ablowalsubstation. Substation is an assembly of apparatus which is
installed to control transmission and distribution of electric power, its
two main divisions are outdoor and indoor substation. Different
equipments used in substations, Bus-bar, surge arrestor, Isolator,
Earth switches, Current Transformers etc. Transformer which is being
used here is core and shell type transformer for stepping up and
down purposes. Different Instruments transformers, voltage, Current
and CV transformers are also being used. Finally the CVT rating which
gives a total output overview.

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 INDEX
CHAPTER – 1

1.1 ABOUT SLDC, Patiala ……………………………….………6

1.2 Important operations of SLDC ………………….…..7

1.3 FREQUENCY CONTROL ……………………………….…..7

1.4 VOLTAGE CONTROL ……………………………………………8

1.5 LINE LOADING ……………………………………………………….8

1.6 OPERATING MAN POWER ………………………….……..9

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 Chapter- 2

SCADA SYSTEM

• 2.1 Definition of SCADA……………………………10,11

• 2.2 Functions performed by SCADA………………12

• 2.2.1 SUPERVISORY CONTROL…………………….12

• 2.3.2 DATA ACQUISITION ………………………12,13

• 2.3 COMPONENTS OF SCADA…………………….13

• 2.3.1 TRANSDUCERS………………………...14

• 2.3.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS AND

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS……15,16

• 2.3.3 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)…17,18,19

• 2.3.4 MODEM………………………....20

• 2.3.5 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

(PLCC)……………21,22,23

• 2.3.6 FRONT END PROCESSOR…………24

• 2.3.7 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SERVER AND

RTU……25

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1.1 ABOUT SLDC, Patiala

• Punjab State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC), now a separate

accounting unit of Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited
(PSTCL), is a state of art Computerized Control centre established in
August 2002 at Ablowal, Patiala. It ensures integrated operation of
the power system of Punjab with the NRLDC, India.

• Under Section 31 of the Indian Electricity Act, 2003 it is mandatory

for the States to establish their own Computerized State Load
Dispatch Centres for performing the following functions (as specified
under Section 32 of Indian Electricity Act 2003):

• To ensure integrated operation of the Power System in the State.

• Optimum dispatch of Electricity.

• Monitoring and control of system parameters to maintain

healthiness of the Power System at all times.

• SLDC shall keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted

through State grid.

• Exercising supervision and control over the intra-State transmission

system.

• SLDC may levy and collect such fee and charges from the generating
companies and licensees engaged in intra-State transmission of
electricity as may be specified by the State Commission.

• Analysis of tripping/disturbances and facilitating immediate

remedial measures.
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1.2 Important operations of SLDC

• The main operation in SLDC is to ensure that the system parameters

i.e. frequency and voltage remains close to nominal values. Below are
the methods adopted to control the voltage and frequency.

1.3 FREQUENCY CONTROL

It is to ensure that the grid frequency is to be maintained within the

normal band i.e. 49.0 to 50.5 Hz which can be ensured by adhering
the following steps:

• Each SLDC shall regulate the load / own generation under its control
so that it may not draw more than its net drawl schedule during low
frequency conditions and less than its drawl schedule during high
frequency conditions.

• Sudden reduction in generator output by more than one hundred

(100) MW unless under an emergency condition or to prevent an
imminent damage to the equipment shall be avoided, particularly
when frequency is falling below 49.0 Hz.

• Sudden increase in load by more than 100 MW by any SLDC,

particularly when frequency is falling below 49.0 Hz. and reduction in
load by such quantum when frequency is rising above 50.5 Hz. shall
be avoided.

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1.4 VOLTAGE CONTROL

As defined in the IEGC section 6.2 (g), the operating range of the
voltage at various voltage levels of grid are as follows:

Table Voltage in KV (RMS)

• The maximum and minimum values in the above table are the
outer limits and it is to ensure that the voltage level is maintained
well within the above limits.

Nominal Maximum Minimum

400 420 360

220 245 200

132 145 120

1.5 LINE LOADING

• In addition to frequency & voltage control measures outlined

above, each system operator would also have before him the thermal
loading limits, surge impedance loading and the loading permitted
from stability considerations for each line listed under important
elements. Each system operator at SLDC / substations would
endeavour to keep the line/ ICT loadings within limits and inform
NRLDC in case of overloading of any element. Special emphasis would
be paid by each system operator in identifying credible system
contingencies & continuously evaluating the system under his control
against these contingencies.

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1.6 OPERATING MAN POWER• The control rooms of all
SLDCs, power plants, grid substations as well as any other control
centres of regional constituents shall be manned round the clock by
qualified and adequately trained manpower who would remain
vigilant and cooperative at all the times so as to maintain the system
safety and security and operate it in a most optimum manner

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 Chapter- 2

2.1 Definition of SCADA

• SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It is a

type of software application program for process control. SCADA is a
central control system which consists of controller’s network
interfaces, input/output, communication equipment’s and software.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the equipment’s in
the industrial process which include manufacturing, production,
development and fabrication. The infrastructural processes include
gas and oil distribution, electrical power, water distribution. Public
utilities include bus traffic system, airport. The SCADA system takes
the reading of the meters and checks the status of sensors in regular
interval so that it requires minimal interference of human.

• A large number of processes occur in large industrial establishment.

Every process you need to monitor is very complex because each
machine gives different output.

• The SCADA system used to gather the data from sensors and
instruments located at remote area. The computer then processes
this data and presents in a timely manner. The SCADA system gathers
the information (like leak on a pipeline occurred) and transfer the
information back to the system while giving the alerts that leakage
has occurred and displays the information in a logical and organized
fashion

• The SCADA station refers to the servers and it is composed of a

single PC. The data servers communicate with devices in the field
through process controllers like PLCs or RTUs. The PLCs are connected
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to the data servers either directly or via networks or buses. The
SCADA system utilizes a WAN and LAN networks, the WAN and LAN
consists of internet protocols used for communication between the
master station and devices. The physical equipment’s like sensors
connected to the PLCs or RTUs. The RTUs convert the sensor signals
to digital data and sends digital data to master. According to the
master feedback received by the RTU, it applies the electrical signal
to relays. Most of the monitoring and control operations are
performed by RTUs or PLCs as we can see in the figure.

Figure SCADA System

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2.2 Functions performed by SCADA

• The SCADA system performs the following functions:

• Data Acquisit3ions

• Supervisory Control

2.2.1 SUPERVISORY CONTROL

• SCADAs supervisory control function allows the operator and

application Programmer to control devices in the monitored systems.
From the control center the SCADA operator can issue control
commands to change the state of such devices as circuit breaker and
switches.

2.2.2 DATA ACQUISITION

• Data Acquisition means to collect data and manipulate it or

scanning of data. Remote terminal unit sends the raw data to
communicate the front ends which perform some conversion and
checking on the data before sending it to the telemetry front end and
thus to the host.

• SCADA performs the following functions to acquire data for devices

in the monitored system:

• Scan the monitored system at prescribed tomes and receive data

from RTU via CFE

• (Communication Front End).

• Perform calculations on the data for other applications programs.

• Determine the quality of data.

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• SCADA can acquire process and display data from three types of
devices in the monitored system. These device types are:

• Analog state devices are used for numerical measurement such as

MW, MVAR etc.

• Status devices have two conditions such as on and off such as

circuit breakers, isolators.

• Pulse accumulator devices are used for measurement of energy.

2.3 COMPONENTS OF SCADA

• Transducers

• Potential and Current Transformers

• Remote Terminal Unit

• Modem

• PLCC

• Front End Processors

• Communication Between Server and RTU

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2.3.1 TRANSDUCERS

• An electrical transducer is a device which is capable of converting

the physical quantity into a proportional electrical quantity such as
voltage or electric current. Hence it converts any quantity to be
measured into usable electrical signal. This physical quantity which is
to be measured can be pressure, level, temperature, displacement
etc. The output which is obtained from the transducer is in the
electrical form and is equivalent to the measured quantity. For
example, a temperature transducer will convert temperature to an
equivalent electrical potential. This output signal can be used to
control the physical quantity or display it.

• The Transducer Panel at SLDC has 11 Transducers, out of which 8

are the main Transducers and

• 2 are voltage Transducers, and 1 is frequency Transducer. The main

Transducer consists of 4 CTs (only R & B phases), 3 PTs, 1 neutral
point, 1 earth point, 2 points for dc supply (48 V, to energize the T/D),
2 points of Ms, and 2 points for MVARs.

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2.3.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS AND CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS

• Instrument transformers find a wide application in protection

circuits of power system for the operation of over current, under
voltage, earth fault and various other types of relays. In all these
applications the instrument transformers are used for scaling down
the values to an acceptable range. As in power system, current &
voltage handled are very large and therefore the direct measurement
of these quantities is not possible using measuring devices.

• Transformers used for the measurement of voltage are called

potential transformers. The primary winding is connected to the
voltage being measured and the secondary winding, to a voltmeter.
The PT steps down the voltage to the level of voltmeter specification
used in the project. Here this is 110 KV/ 110V.

• The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument

transformer” that is designed to produce an alternating current in its
secondary winding which is proportional to the current being
measured in its primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage
currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way of
safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC
transmission line using a standard ammeter.

• The current transformer consists of only one or very few turns as its
primary winding. This primary winding can be of either a single flat
turn, a coil of heavy duty wire wrapped around the core

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• Due to this type of arrangement, the current transformer is often
referred to as a “series transformer” as the primary winding, which
never has more than a very few turns, is in series with the current
carrying conductor supplying a load.

• The secondary winding however may have a large number of coil

turns wound on a laminated core of low-loss magnetic material. This
core has a large cross-sectional area so that the magnetic flux density
created is low using much smaller cross-sectional area wire,
depending upon how much the current must be stepped down as it
tries to output a constant current, independent of the connected
load.

• The secondary winding will supply a current into either a short

circuit, in the form of an ammeter, or into a resistive load until the
voltage induced in the secondary is big enough to saturate the core
or cause failure from excessive voltage breakdown.

Figure Current Transformer

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2.3.3. REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)

• The Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), shall be installed at Substations to

acquire analog data such as, KW

export, KW import, frequency, OLTC, power factor, maximum

demand, planned outage duration &

numbers, forced outage duration & numbers, electricity consumed

locally, MVA capacity of Sub

Station, length of Transmission lines etc. & also digital data like status
of isolators, circuit breakers

etc. at Sub-Station under this scope of work and transfer those

information to data server at SLDC.

RTU shall also be used for control of station devices from Master
station. RTUs are basically

distributed SCADA based systems used in remote locations. They are

rugged and should be able to

work unattended for a long duration.

• There are two modes in which RTUs work:

• Under command from central computer

• Stand-alone mode

• Since these RTUs have to operate for a long duration unattended

the basic requirements would be

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that they consume minimum power and have considerable self-
diagnostic facility. The main parts of RTUs are:

MAJOR COMPONENT OF SCADA RTU

• The data is acquired from various stations with the help of RTUs.
The various parameters, which are to be acquired, are first taken
from the substation/generating station through current transformer
and potential transformer and brought to the control room in the
control panels. these control panels the connections are taken and
given to the transducers, which lower down the levelof the signals.
These signals are of two typesdigital and analog. RTU support data
transmission at the rate of 50 to 9600 bits per sec.

The basic functions of RTU

• Collect power system data

• Filter and process the system data

• Transmit data to control center

• Receive the control commands

RTU Hardware

• The RTU Hardware consists of a set on inputs, outputs, memory

and communications. There are further classified as following

Inputs Outputs
a.Analoginputs (AI) b.Counterinputs (CI)
b. Digital outputs (DO) c. Digital inputs (DI)
Memory Communications and Other equipment • Static and Dynamic
Memory

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c. Communication interface(s) • Control processor and associated
memory

d. Power supply • : INDICA e. RTU rack and enclosure

AIC : ANALOG INPUT CARD

DIC : DIGITAL INPUT CARD

MCB : MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

IL : INDICATING LAM

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2.3.4 MODEM

• The Communication at SLDC is possible in two ways:

• Communication Media like PLCC microwave.

• Modem

• The term MODEM is an acronym for Modulator-Demodulator. The

primary modem function is to convert digital data into analog form,
which is suitable for transmission on common carrier circuits.
Modulation is the D/A conversion in which the digital data is placed
on the transmission line by modulation of a tone or carrier
Demodulation is the reverse process. In a data communication
system, transmitting and receiving modems are necessary at each
end of the analog transmission line. The output transmitting circuits
and receiving circuits are networks required for transmitting and
receiving analog information to and from the transmission line.

• Three modulation techniques are commonly used:

• Amplitude modulation

• Frequency modulation

• Phase modulation

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2.3.5 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

(PLCC)

Figure Overview of PLCC

• Use of PLCC in modern electrical power system is mainly for

telemetry and tele control. Tele means remote. Telemetry refers to
science of measurement from remote location. PLCC used in all
power utilities as a primary communication service to transmit
speech, telemetry and protection tripping commands This is
economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer as well as low
bit rate RTU signals. The main elements of carrier channel are
sending terminal assembly including line matching and tuning, a
coupling capacitor, receiving station coupling, terminal assembly and
the power line.

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2.3.5.COUPLING CAPACITOR

• Couples high frequency carrier with power lines. Coupling capacitor

is the most widely used for coupling means. The typical units range in
voltage and capacitance from 46 KV, 0.015 micro farads to 765 KV,
0.004 micro farads. The capacitor is mounted on a metal base to
provide convenient installation and space for connection to its lower
terminal.

2.3.5. LINE TRAPS

• Do not allow the transmitted HF carrier to enter inside the

substation. Without Line trap HF carrier get by passed to some other
line on the same bus bar and may leak to ground .Line Traps are used
to make the transmission line appear as simple two terminal line
used in telephone circuits. It is a parallel LC circuit.

2.3.5.3 ATTENUATION

• Attenuation is the measure of the loss of energy between the

transmitting and the receiving terminals and depends upon many
factors like frequency, conductor size and spacing, line configuration,
presence of ground wires or parallel circuits, transpositions, ground
sensitivity and weather conditions. The type of coupling used and the
phase to which it is applied affects the total attenuation from
terminal to terminal.

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2.3.5. Advantages of PLCC

• No separate wires are needed for communication purposes, as the

power lines themselves carry power as well as communication
signals. Hence the cost is low.

• These have higher strength then ordinary lines.

• Provide shortest distance between the power stations.

• These have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low

resistance per unit length.

2.3.5.5 Disadvantages of PLCC

• Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and person

using them against high voltages and currents on the lines.

• Noise introduced by power lines is far more than in case of

telephone lines. This is due to the noise generated by discharge
across insulators, switching processes.

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2.3.6 FRONT END PROCESSOR • There are two types of
front end processors •

• COMMUNICATION FRONT END

• TELEMETERED FRONT END COMMUNICATION FRONT END

• The communication equipment and software that links the

computer to RTUs is referred as communication front end. One RTU is
located at the site and other at the remote station.

• Functions of CFE: it drives the serial communication lines

connected to the RTUs. The CFE hardware configures consists of
Ethernet controller’s card several serial communication cards. The
number of communication card depends on the number of RTUs
connected to where each card can support up to16 communication
lines with RTUs.

TELEMETERED FRONT END

• The software that communicates between the data server and CFE
is called telemetric front end. In addition to this, TFE also maintains
information regarding the configuration of the communication
components and facilitates interfacing with devices having a variety
of communication protocols.

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2.3.7 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SERVER AND
RTU

• In SCADA system, each control site has two host computers. There
will be two redundant TFEs, which will both be in communication
with operational SCADA. Each telemetry front end and
communication front end functions as independent unit. Host
computer will continue scanning. The host may switch
communication from one path to an alternate path that is on another
CFE or TFE without requiring a host failure. The CFEs communicate
with RTUs and performs several functions to minimize data
processing on the host computer.

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Conclusion
• I think that my training was successful at SLDC building Ablowal.
The site gave me the perfect knowledge about the theory as well as
practical. By the end of first three months of my training I was able to
learn about SCADA and its components and has learned how SCADA
is implemented in grids and is playing a very big role in the
transmission and distribution of the electricity. In the training session
I came to know about the fundamentals of SACDA system which may
be quite useful in future.

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