CHEM 15 Problem Set No.

3 Set A

I. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

1. Balance the following reactions by inspection.

a. Na2SO4(s) + C(s)  Na2S(s) + CO(g)
b. HCl(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l) + Cl2(g)
c. PCl5(g) + H2O(l)  H3PO4(aq) + HCl(aq)
d. PbO(s) + NH3(g)  Pb(s) + N2(g) + H2O(l)
e. Mg3N2(s) + H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(s) + NH3(g)

2. Write the balanced equations for the following reactions:

a. magnesium + oxygen gas  magnesium oxide
b. nitrogen monoxide + oxygen gas  nitrogen dioxide
c. ethane (C2H6) + oxygen gas  carbon dioxide + water
d. aqueous silver sulfate + aqueous barium iodide  solid barium sulfate + solid silver iodide

3. Write the balanced chemical equation to represent the:

a. complete combustion of C7H16
b. complete combustion of C4H9OH
c. reaction (neutralization) of hydroiodic acid with aqueous sodium carbonate to produce sodium
iodide, water and carbon dioxide gas
d. precipitation of iron (III) hydroxide by mixing aqueous solutions of iron (III) chloride and sodium
hydroxide

4. Which of the following are correct statements for the reaction. Explain your answer.
2H2S + SO2  3S + 2H2O
a. 3 mol of S are produced per mol of H2S
b. 3 g of S are produced for every gram of SO2 consumed
c. 1 mol of H2O is produced per mol of H2S consumed
d. two thirds of the S came from H2S
e. the total number of moles of products equals the total number of moles of reactants consumed

5. Iron metal reacts with chlorine gas as follows:

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2FeCl3(s)
How many moles of FeCl3 are obtained when 7.26 mol Cl2 reacts with excess Fe?
Ans: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 = 4.84 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3

6. How many grams of O2 are produced from the decomposition of 43.4 g KClO3?
2KClO3(s) + heat  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Ans: 𝑔𝑂2 = 17.0 𝑔 𝑂2

7. If 0.337 mol PCl3 are produced by the reaction P4 + 6Cl2  4PCl3. How many grams each of Cl2 and
P4 are consumed?
Ans: 𝑔𝐶𝑙2 = 35.8 𝑔 𝐶𝑙2
𝑔𝑃4 = 10.4 𝑔 𝑃4

8. The following reaction of potassium peroxide, KO2, is used in life support systems to replace CO 2(g) in
expired air with O2(g), 4KO2(s) + 2CO2(g)  2K2CO3(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2(g) are consumed by the reaction of 156 g CO2(g) with excess KO2 (s)?
Ans: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 = 5.32 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
 b. How many grams of KO2 (s) are consumed per 100.0 g CO2(g) consumed?
Ans: 𝑔 𝐾𝑂2 = 323.1 𝑔 𝐾𝑂2

c. How many O2 molecules are produced per milligram of KO2 consumed?

Ans: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑠 𝑂2 = 6.35 𝑥 1018 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑠 𝑂2

9. In the following reaction, 100.0 g C6H11OH yielded 64.0 g C6H10. C6H10OH  C6H10 + H2O
a. What is the theoretical yield of the reaction?
Ans: 𝑔𝐶6 𝐻10(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) = 82.01 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻10

b. What is the percent yield?

Ans: % 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 78.0%

c. What mass of C6H11OH should have been used to produce 100.0 g C6H10, if the percent yield is
that determined in part (b)?
Ans: 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻10 (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) = 128.2 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻10
𝑔𝐶6 𝐻11 𝑂𝐻 = 156.3 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻11 𝑂𝐻

10. Chalkboard chalk is made from calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, with minor impurities as SiO 2.
Only CaCO3 reacts with dilute HCl. What is the mass percent CaCO 3 in a piece of chalk if a 3.28 g
sample yields 0.981 g CO2(g)? [Hint: what mass of CaCO3 produce 0.981 g CO2(g) by the reaction,
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2(g)]
Ans: 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 2.23 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑤
% (𝑤 ) 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 68.0%

11. How many grams of NO(g) can be produced by the reaction of 1.00 mol NH3(g) and 1.00 mol O2(g)?
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) + heat  4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Ans: 𝑔𝑁𝑂 = 24.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂

12. A side reaction in the manufacture of rayon from wood pulp is

3CS2 + 6NaOH  2Na2CS3 + Na2CO3 + 3H2O
How many grams of Na2CS3 are produced in the reaction of 92.5 mL of liquid CS2 (ρ=1.26 g/mL) and
2.78 mol NaOH?
Ans: 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑆3 = 143 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑆3

13. Ammonia can be generated by heating together the solids NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2. CaCl2 and H2O are
also formed. If a mixture containing 33.0 g each of NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2 is heated, how many grams of
NH3 will form? Which reactant remains in excess, and what mass? [Hint: Write the balanced equation
for the reaction.]
Ans: 𝑔𝑁𝐻3 = 10.5 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
𝑔𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 10.1 𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

1. Determine the oxidation numbers of all elements in each of the following compounds.
a. Mn(ClO3)2
b. Fe2(CrO4)3
c. NH2-
d. Al(OH)4-
2. Balance the following redox equations. The reactions occur in acidic medium.
a. Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2
b. MnO2 + HNO2  Mn2+ +NO3-

3. Balance the following redox equations. The reactions occur in basic medium.
a. MnO4- + NO2-  MnO2 + NO3-
b. Cl2  Cl- + ClO3-

Chemical Thermodynamics

1. What is a spontaneous process? Give three examples of spontaneous processes.

2. Describe what you would look for in a reaction involving gases in order to predict the sign of So.
Explain.

3. Explain how Go can be used to decide whether a chemical equation is spontaneous in the direction
written.

4. A sample of KCl is added to water in styrofoam cup and stirred until it dissolves. The temperature of
the solution drops from 24.8 to 23.6 oC. Is the process endothermic or exothermic?

5. The decomposition of ozone, O3, to oxygen, O2, is an exothermic reaction. What is the sign of q? If
you were to touch a flask in which ozone is decomposing to oxygen, would you expect the flask to
feel warm or cool?

6. The complete combustion of butane, C4H10(g), is represented by the equation:

13
C4H10(g) + 2 O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l) ΔH= - 2877 kJ
How much heat, in kiloJoules, is evolved in the complete combustion of (a) 1.325 g C 4H10(g) ; (b)
26.4 L C4H10(g) at STP ; (c) 12.6 L C4H10(g) at 23.6 oC and 738 mm Hg?
Ans:(a) ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 65.59 𝑘𝐽
(b) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶4 𝐻10 = 1.18 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶4 𝐻10
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 3395 𝑘𝐽
(c) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶4 𝐻10 = 0.502 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶4 𝐻10
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 == 1444 𝑘𝐽

Chemical Kinetics

1. List the four variables or factors that can affect the rate of reaction.

II. SOLUTIONS

The Solution Process and Factors Affecting Solubility

1. Give one example of each: a gaseous solution, a liquid solution, a solid solution.
2. Why do gases become more soluble in liquids as the pressure is increased?

Quantitative Expression of Concentrations

1. A certain vinegar sample is 6.02% acetic acid (CH3COOH) by mass. How many grams of CH3COOH
are contained in a 355-mL bottle of vinegar? Assume a density of 1.01 g/mL. (Work to 3 significant
figures.)
Ans:𝑔 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 21.6 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
2. How many grams of iodine, I2, must be dissolved in 725 mL of carbon disulfide, CS2 (ρ=1.26 g/mL)
to produce a 0.236 m solution?
Ans:𝑔 𝐼2 = 54.7 𝑔 𝐼2

3. An aqueous solution is 34.0% H3PO4 by mass and has a density of 1.209 g/mL. What are the molarity
and molality of this solution?
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
Ans: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑀 = 4.19 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑚 = 5.26 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

4. A solution of ammonia is prepared by dissolving 85.0 g of NH3 in sufficient water to produce 1.00 L of
solution. This solution has a density of 0.960 g/mL. What is the mole fraction of ammonia in the
solution?
Ans:𝑥𝑁𝐻3 = 0.0932

5. A mixture is prepared from 45.0 g benzene (C6H6) and 80.0 g toluene (C7H8). Calculate the:
a. weight percent of each component.
𝑤
Ans:% 𝐶6 𝐻6 ( ) = 36.0 %
𝑤
𝑤
% 𝐶7 𝐻8 (𝑤 ) = 64.0 %

b. molality of the solution if toluene is taken as the solvent.

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Ans:𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 7.20
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

6. What volume of 0.10% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution would contain 2.5 g Na2CO3?
𝑤
Ans: 𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 0.10% ( 𝑣 ) 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 2500 𝑚𝐿

7. An aqueous H2SO4 solution has a density of 1.25 g/mL and contains 34.0% H2SO4 by mass. What is
the molarity of the solution?
Ans: 𝑀𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 4.33 𝑀

Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solutions

1. How many milliliters of 0.150 M H2SO4 are required to react with 2.05 g of NaHCO3 according to the
following equation? H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
Ans: 𝑉𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 81.3 𝑚𝐿 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

2. A flask contains 53.1 mL of 0.150 M Ca(OH)2. How many milliliters of 0.350 M Na2CO3 are required to
react completely with the Ca(OH)2 in the following reaction?
Na2CO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
Ans: 𝑉𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 22.8 𝑚𝐿 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3

Colligative Properties

1. Explain why the boiling point of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is higher than the boiling
point of a pure solvent.

2. List two applications of freezing-point depression.

3. A green, leafy salad becomes wilted if left too long in a salad dressing containing vinegar and salt.
Explain what happens.