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Volume II:
Lives
Editor-in-chief
Jonathan A. Silk
Editors
Richard Bowring
Vincent Eltschinger
Michael Radich
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Prelims
Contributors ............................................................................................................................................................. xi
Editors and Editorial Board .................................................................................................................................. xxxiii
Primary Sources Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... xxxv
Books Series and Journals Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xxxvii
General Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... xlii
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. xliv
Section One:
Śākyamuni: South Asia .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Barlaam and Josaphat ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Section Two:
East Asia:
Ākāśagarbha in East Asia ...................................................................................................................................... 521
Arhats in East Asian Buddhism .......................................................................................................................... 529
Aśvaghoṣa (East Asian Aspects) ......................................................................................................................... 540
Avalokiteśvara in East Asia................................................................................................................................... 546
Dizang/Jizō ............................................................................................................................................................... 562
Jianzhen (Ganjin) ................................................................................................................................................... 571
Mahākāla in East Asia............................................................................................................................................ 576
Mahākāśyapa in Chan-inspired Traditions...................................................................................................... 586
Mañjuśrī in East Asia ............................................................................................................................................. 591
Maudgalyāyana (Mulian)...................................................................................................................................... 600
Musang (Wuxiang) ................................................................................................................................................. 608
Tejaprabhā ................................................................................................................................................................ 612
Yinyuan Longqi (Ingen) ........................................................................................................................................ 616
China:
Amoghavajra ............................................................................................................................................................ 623
An Shigao .................................................................................................................................................................. 630
Chengguan ................................................................................................................................................................ 642
Daoxuan .................................................................................................................................................................... 648
Falin ............................................................................................................................................................................ 653
Faxian ......................................................................................................................................................................... 657
Fazun .......................................................................................................................................................................... 662
Hanshan Deqing ..................................................................................................................................................... 668
Hongzhi Zhengjue .................................................................................................................................................. 673
Huihong (see Juefan Huihong)
Huineng (see Shenxiu)
Huiyuan (see Lushan Huiyuan)
Jigong.......................................................................................................................................................................... 679
Juefan Huihong ....................................................................................................................................................... 684
Liang Wudi................................................................................................................................................................ 689
Lokakṣema ................................................................................................................................................................ 700
Luo Qing .................................................................................................................................................................... 707
Lushan Huiyuan ...................................................................................................................................................... 711
Mazu Daoyi............................................................................................................................................................... 722
Mingben (see Zhongfeng Mingben)
Nāgārjuna in China ................................................................................................................................................ 727
Nenghai...................................................................................................................................................................... 735
Ouyang Jingwu ........................................................................................................................................................ 741
Ouyi Zhixu ................................................................................................................................................................ 748
Paramārtha ............................................................................................................................................................... 752
Qian Qianyi............................................................................................................................................................... 759
Qisong ........................................................................................................................................................................ 764
Shenhui (see Shenxiu)
Shenxiu, Huineng, and Shenhui ......................................................................................................................... 768
Śubhākarasiṃha...................................................................................................................................................... 777
Wumen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 782
Wuxiang (see East Asia: Musang)
Wuzhu ........................................................................................................................................................................ 787
Xiao Ziliang............................................................................................................................................................... 791
Yinshun...................................................................................................................................................................... 795
Yixing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 800
Yuan Hongdao ......................................................................................................................................................... 806
Yuanwu Keqin .......................................................................................................................................................... 810
Zhanran ..................................................................................................................................................................... 814
Zhi Qian ..................................................................................................................................................................... 818
Zhili............................................................................................................................................................................. 826
Zhixu (see Ouyang Zhixu)
Zhiyi............................................................................................................................................................................ 833
Zhongfeng Mingben............................................................................................................................................... 839
Zhuhong .................................................................................................................................................................... 844
Korea:
Chinul......................................................................................................................................................................... 853
Hyujŏng ..................................................................................................................................................................... 860
Ich’adon ..................................................................................................................................................................... 864
Japan:
Amaterasu Ōmikami .............................................................................................................................................. 923
Annen......................................................................................................................................................................... 930
Benzaiten (see South and Southeast Asia: Sarasvatī)
Dōgen ......................................................................................................................................................................... 933
Dōhan......................................................................................................................................................................... 941
Eisai (see Yōsai)
Eison ........................................................................................................................................................................... 944
En no Gyōja .............................................................................................................................................................. 951
Enchin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 956
Ennin .......................................................................................................................................................................... 961
Ganjin (see East Asia: Jianzhen)
Genshin ..................................................................................................................................................................... 967
Hachiman ................................................................................................................................................................. 971
Hakuin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 976
Hōnen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 980
Ikkyū Sōjun ............................................................................................................................................................... 987
Ingen (see East Asia: Yinyuan Longqi)
Ippen Chishin .......................................................................................................................................................... 991
Jakushō ...................................................................................................................................................................... 995
Jiun Sonja .................................................................................................................................................................. 998
Jizō (see East Asia: Dizang)
Jōjin............................................................................................................................................................................. 1002
Jōkei ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1006
Kakuban .................................................................................................................................................................... 1011
Keizan Jōkin ............................................................................................................................................................. 1016
Kōmyō ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1020
Kūkai .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1026
Kūya ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1036
Menzan Zuihō ......................................................................................................................................................... 1041
Monkan ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1047
Mugai Nyodai ........................................................................................................................................................... 1057
Mujaku Dōchū ......................................................................................................................................................... 1062
Musō Soseki .............................................................................................................................................................. 1066
Myōe ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1071
Nichiren ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1076
Nōnin.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1088
Appendix To Volume I:
Buddhist Narrative Literature in Japan ............................................................................................................. 1269
Poetry: Japan ............................................................................................................................................................ 1286
Korean Sŏn Literature............................................................................................................................................ 1294
Renowned as the “Omniscient One of the Degen- their work (kṛti) (Luo Hong, 2013, 2v.4–8). However,
erate Age” (kalikālasarvajña; Sankrtyayana, 1935, according to Ratnākaraśānti, the efficacy of both of
35n4) and as guardian of Vikramaśīla’s eastern gate these methods depends on Prajñāpāramitā – a term
during its golden age (Chimpa & Chattopadhyaya, that he explains as primarily referring to the noble
1970, 295; Roerich, 1949, 206; “southern gate” in path of bodhisattvas on the bhūmis, not to the
Dowman, 1985, 99), Ratnākaraśānti – also known as fruitional awareness of a buddha as →Dignāga (5th
Ratnākara, Śāntipā, Śāntipa, Śānti, Rin chen ’byung cent.) and →Haribhadra (9th cent.) had suggested
gnas zhi ba, and Dkon mchog ’byung gnas (c. 970– (Seton, 2015, 263–268) – since Prajñāpāramitā alone
1045 CE) – was considered the preeminent scholar transforms everything else into a path. In this way,
and one of the foremost tantric adepts (siddha) of Ratnākaraśānti’s explanation not only of sūtra but
his time (D 4085, in the colophon by Śāntibhadra; also of tantra revolves around his interpretation of
see below). His reputation as a scholar in India the path implicit in the Prajñāpāramitā scriptures.
and Tibet is established not only by the number Furthermore, Ratnākaraśānti couches his discus-
of superlative epithets, titles, and honorifics regu- sion of both the pāramitā and mantra methods in
larly attached to his name, but also by the number ultraconservative Yogācāra terms.
of other well-known scholars who are said to have Philosophically, Ratnākaraśānti interprets the
studied with him (Isaacson & Sferra, et al., 2014; three natures (svabhāva) in alignment with the
64, 425, 427). Through his students, many of whom Madhyāntavibhāga and Triṃśikā, maintaining
were seminal figures in the New Translation (sar the established (pariniṣpanna) nature to be the
ma) period, including *Adhīśa (a.k.a. →Atiśa, 982– emptiness of what is imagined (parikalpita) in the
1054), Maitrīpā (1007–1085), Śraddhākaravarman dependent (paratantra) nature. Ratnākaraśānti’s
(late 10th cent., the most prolific Indian collabora- vehement argument that his nirākāra viewpoint
tor of Rin chen bzang po), Kuśalabhadra (late 11th represents the true purport of the founders of
cent.; Roerich, 1949, 847), Kalahaṃsakumāra (late both the Yogācāra and Mādhyamika philosophi-
11th cent.; cf. Kalahaṃsakumārapāda, 107), and cal schools has caused some traditional and mod-
’Brog mi Śākya ye shes (992–1074, Roerich, 1949, 206, ern scholars to claim that Ratnākaraśānti himself
373, 380), Ratnākaraśānti greatly influenced the should be classified as a Mādhyamika of one sort
subsequent development of monastic tantric Bud- or another (Seyfort Ruegg, 1969, 61n2; 1981, 122;
dhism in India and Tibet. see Kajiyama, 1965). However, although the name
Aside from his prominence as a teacher, Ratnā- “Mādhyamika” can be applied to many viewpoints,
karaśānti was a prolific writer to whom 40 works are a close analysis of Ratnākaraśānti’s doxography and
attributed in the Tibetan Tanjur under his various his own designation of his view as “Nirākāravādin”
aliases (Seton, 2015, 288–299). His works cover a wide suggests that his argument for the equivalence of
variety of topics in sūtra and tantra, but aim to pres- Yogācāra and Mādhyamika schools hinges upon
ent a single, consistent and coherent framework for his assertion that Mādhyamika cannot ultimately
the practice of tantra based on his interpretation of deny reflexive awareness without undermining
Prajñāpāramitā from the perspective of his particu- the authority (pramāṇya) of its own negations,
lar nirākāra (“Representation free”) Yogācāra view- since nothing can be verifiably perceived as absent
point. For Ratnākaraśānti, the two methods (naya) or logically refuted without implicitly uphold-
of Mahāyāna practice, namely pāramitānaya and ing the existence of reflexive awareness. Thus,
mantranaya, both lead to the same goal. The slow both schools, according to Ratnākaraśānti, must
and painstaking pāramitā method is for those with ultimately arrive at the same Nirākāravāda view-
unbridled (uddāma) energy (dhāma) and strength point. Furthermore, in Ratnākaraśānti’s interpre-
(bala). The swift and painless mantra method is tation of this Nirākāravāda viewpoint, a buddha is
for the intensely faithful who have already done explained to be the merging of transmundane and