Basic Formulas

1. Sin 2x = 2SinxCosx

2. Cos2x = (1 + Cos2x)/2

3. Sin2x = (1 – Cos2x )/2

4. Sin3x = (3Sinx – Sin3x)/4

5. Cos3x = (3Cosx + Cos3x)/4

6. 2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A–B)

7. 2CosASinB = Sin(A+B) – Sin(A–B)

8. 2CosACosB = Cos(A+B) + Cos(A–B)

9. 2SinASinB = Cos(A–B) – Cos(A+B)

10. Sin(nπ) = 0, n is an integer.

11. Cos(nπ) = (–1)n , n is an integer.

12. Sin(π/2) = 1, Sin (3π/2) = –1.

13. Cos(–x) = Cos(x), Sin(–x) = –Sin(x).

14. Condition for f(x) is even or Odd in (– ℓ, ℓ)

(i) f(–x) = f(x) ; then f(x) is even
(ii) f(–x) = – f(x) ; then f(x) is Odd.
(iii) Otherwise f(x) is neither even nor odd.

x n 1
 x dx 
n
15. +C
n 1

e ax
16.  e Sinbxdx  2
ax
(aSinbx  bCosbx) + C
a  b2

e ax
17.  e ax Cosbxdx  (aCosbx  bSinbx) + C
a2  b2

 Cosax
18.  Sinaxdx  a
+C

1
 Sinax
19.  Cosaxdx  a
+C

ax e ax
20.  e dx  a
+C

21. Bernoulli’s formula  UVdx  [(U )(V1 )  (U )(V2 )  (U )(V3 )  ......... ]

dU
U  , V1   Vdx
dx

(ax  b) n  1
22.  (ax  b) n dx  , n  1.
a (n  1)

dx 1
23.  ax  b  a log(ax  b) + C

Unit - I

2
 FOURIER SERIES
General Fourier series
 x 0 x
1) Find the Fourier Series to represent f(x) = 2  x
   x  2
1 1 1
Also deduce   
12 3 2 5 2
2) Expand f(x) = x sin x in Fourier series 0 < x < 2

3) Obtain the Fourier series for f(x) = 2x-x2 0 < x < 3.

Odd and even functions

 0   x  0
4) Find Fourier series of f(x) = sin x
 0 x
1 1 1
Also deduce   
1.3 3.5 5.7
5) Find the Fourier Series for f(x) = │x│ - < x < . Also deduce
1 1 1
  
12 3 2 5 2

Half range sine and cosine series

6) Obtain Half range Fourier cosine series for f(x) = x ( - x) , 0 < x < Also
1 1 1
deduce 2
 2  2 
1 2 3
 x 0  x  l/2
7) Obtain the sine series for f(x)= l  x
 l/2  x  l

Complex form of Fourier Series

8) Find the complex form of Fourier series of e ax - l < x < l.

Parseval’s identity

9) Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in ( - ,  ). Use Parseval’s theorem to show
1 1 1 4
that 4  4  4   
1 2 3 90
10) Find the RMS value of f(x) = x- x2 in (-1 , 1)

Harmonic Analysis

11) Find the Fourier expansion upto second harmonic

3
 x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20

12) Find the Fourier expansion upto first harmonic

x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6
f(x) 1.98 1.3 1.05 1.3 -0.88 -0.25

Unit - II
FOURIER TRANSFORM
Sine and Cosine transforms

 
cos 2 x  x sin 2 x 
13) Find the F.C.T of e 4 x
. Deduce that  2 dx  e 8 and  2 dx  e 8 .
0
x  16 8 0
x  16 2
sin x, 0  x  
14) Find the F.S.T of f (x )  
 0,   x  
x2
15) Find the F.S.T of xe  2 .
 x2
16) Prove that the function e 2 is self reciprocal under F.C.T
1  x 2 , 0  x  1
17) Find the F.C.T of f(x)= 
 0, otherwise.

sin x  x cos x 3
Hence prove that  3
cos( 2x )dx  .
0
x 16
 x, 0  x  1

18) Find F.S.T and F.C.T of f (x )   2  x,1  x  2
 0, x  2

Properties

x
19) Find the F.S.T and F.C.T of e  x and hence find the F.S.T of and F.C.T of
1  x2
1
1 x2
20) If f ( ) is the F.T of f(x), find the F.T of f(x-a) and f(ax)

Parseval’s identity

4
  1, x  1
21) Find the F.T of f (x )   . Hence prove that
0, otherwise
 
sin x sin 2 x 
0 x dx  0 x 2 dx  2

1 
22) Find the F.T of f (x )  e a x
, a  0 .Deduce that (i )  dx  3 ,a > 0.
0
(x  a )
2 2 2
4a

cos xt
( i i) F  xe  . ( iii ) Evaluate a
a x
dt.
0
2
 t2
1, x  2 
sin x
 2
 sin x 
23) Find the F.T of f (x )  
0, x  2
. Hence evaluate 0 x dx and 0  x  dx .
 0, x  0
24) Verify Parseval’s theorem of F.T for the function f (x )    x is
e , x  0
sin  a   a cos  a 
sin t  t cos t 
2 (
2
) .Hence deduce that  dt 

3
3
0 t 4
Unit - III
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Formation of partial differential equations

25) Form a PDE by eliminating a and b from (x-a)2 +(y-b)2 + z2 = c2

Lagrange’s linear equation

26) Solve x(y2+z2)p + y(z2+x2)q =z(y2-x2)

27) Solve (x2+y2+yz)p +( x2 +y2-xz)q = z(x+y)
28) Solve (x-2z)p +(2z-y)q =y-x
29) Find the general solution of (3z-4y)p +(4x-2z)q =2y-3x
30) Solve x(y-z)p +y(z-x)q = z(x-y)
31) Solve y2 p- xyq = x(z-2y)
32) Solve (x2-yz)p +(y2-zx)q = z2-xy

First order partial differential equations

33) Solve 9(p2z+ q2) = 4

34) Find the singular integral of the Partial Differential Equation z = px +qy +p2 – q2
35) Solve p 2  x 2 y 2 q 2  x 2 z 2
36) Solve p 2  q 2  z 2 ( x 2  y 2 )

5
 Second and higher order PDE with constant coefficients

37) Solve (D2-2DD’)z = e2x+x3y

38) Solve (2D2-5DD’ +2D’2)z = 5sin(2x+y)
39) Solve (D2-6DD’+5D’2)z = exsinhy +xy
40) Solve (D2-5DD’ +6D’2)z =4sinx
41) Solve (D3-7DD’2-6D’3)z =sin(x+2y) + e2x+y

Unit - IV
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
One dimensional Wave Equation

42) A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a

 x 
position given by y ( x,0)  y 0 sin  0  x  l . It is released from rest from this
3
,
 l 
position. Find the displacement at any time t
43) A taut string of length l has its ends x = 0 & x = 2l fixed. The mid point is taken to a
small height h and released from rest at time t = 0. Find the displacement function
y(x, t)
44) An elastic string is stretched between two points at a distance l apart. One end is
taken as the origin and at a distance 2l/3 from this end, the string is displaced to a
height ‘h’ and then released from rest in this position. Find the displacement of the
string
45) A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 & x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibration giving each point a velocity x (l-x). Show

8 l 2 1   2 n  1     2n  1  
that displacement is y ( x, t ) 
a 4
 (2n  1) 4
sin     x  sin  
 l    l 
  at 

46) A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and the points of

 cx
 l , in ( 0, l )

the string are given initial velocities v where v  
 c ( 2l  x )
in (l , 2l )
Find the

 l

displacement of the string at any time.

6
One dimensional Heat Equation

47) The ends A and B of a rod 30cm long have their temperatures kept at 20o C and 80o
C, until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end B is suddenly
reduced to 0o C and kept so. Find the temperature distribution u(x,t) taking x = 0 at A

48) The ends A and B of a rod l cm long, have their temperatures kept at 30o C and 80o C
respectively, until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is raised to
40o C and that at B is lowered to 60o C suddenly and these temperatures are
maintained so. Find the temperature distribution in the rod after time t

49) Find the temperature distribution in a homogenous bar of length П which is insulated
laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if, initially, the temperature is k
at the centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends

Two dimensional Heat Equation

50) A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, x = b. Its surfaces are

insulated and the temperature along the edge x = 0 and y = 0 is 0o C while the other
edges are kept at 100o C. Find the steady state temperature distribution at any point
51) An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm wide. The two
long edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge

20 y , 0  y  5
x = 0 is kept at temperature u  

20(10  y ), 5  y  10 . Find the steady state
temperature distribution in the plate
52) An infinitely long rectangular place has its surfaces insulated and the two long edges
x=0 and x=8 as well as one of the short edge are maintained at 0o C. Find an
expression for the steady state temperature u (x, y) if the short side y = 0 is

x
u ( x,0)  100 sin ,0  x  8
8
53) An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20 cm wide. The two
long edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge

7
 10 x, 0  x  5
y = 0 is kept at temperature u  
10( 20  x ), 5  x  10 . Find the steady state
temperature distribution in the plate

Unit - V
Z TRANSFORMS

Z-transforms & Inverse Z-transform

2  nπ 
54) Find the Z transform of sin  .
 4 
z2 8 z2
55) Find the inverse Z  transform of (i) (ii) .
(z  a) 2 (2z  1)(4z  1)

z2 2z 2  3z
56) Find the inverse Z transform of (i) (ii)
z 2  7z  10 (z  2)(z  4).

z2
57) Find the inverse Z- Transform of .
( z  2)( z  3)( z  4)

Problems using Convolution theorem

z2
58) Find the inverse Z- Transform of using convolution
( z  2)( z  2)

z2
59) Find the inverse Z- Transform of using convolution.
( z  1)2


 z2 

60) Find Z  1   using (i) convolution theorem (ii) partial fraction
 (z  a) (z  b) 
 

Solution of difference equations using Z-transform

2u  u  3n  5.
61) Solve the equation u
n2 n 1 n

y  8y 12 y  0, given y  1 and y  y  0

62) Solve y
n 3 n2 n 1 n 0 1 2

63) Solve the difference equation y n  2  y n 1  12 y n  2 n , given that y 0  y 1  0

64) Solve the difference equation 4 y n  y n  2  0, given that y 0  0, y 1  2
65) Solve the difference equation y n  2 2 y n 1  y n  n, given that y 0  y 1  0
66) Solve the difference equation u n  2 4u n 1  3u n  3 n , given that u 0  0, u 1  1

8
67) Solve the difference equation
y (n  3)  3 y (n  1)  2 y (n)  0, given that y (0)  4, y (1)  0, y (2)  8