Adjectives and Adverbs

More Grammar Rules:

Definitions:
Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. They may come before the word they describe (That is a
cute puppy.) or they may follow the word they describe (That puppy is cute.).
Adverbs are words that modify everything but nouns and pronouns. They modify adjectives, verbs, and other
adverbs. A word is an adverb if it answers how, when, or where.
The only adverbs that cause grammatical problems are those that answer the question how, so focus on these.

Rule 1
Generally, if a word answers the question how, it is an adverb. If it can have an -ly added to it, place it there.
Examples:
She thinks slow/slowly.
She thinks how? slowly.
She is a slow/slowly thinker.
Slow does not answer how, so no -ly is attached. Slow is an adjective here.
She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has an -ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed.

Rule 2
A special -ly rule applies when four of the senses - taste, smell, look, feel - are the verbs. Do not ask if these
senses answer the question how to determine if -ly should be attached. Instead, ask if the sense verb is being
used actively. If so, use the -ly.
Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily.
Did the woman actively look with eyes or are we describing her appearance? We are only describing appearance,
so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman did actively look with eyes, so the -ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Good vs. Well

Rule 3
The word good is an adjective, while well is an adverb.
Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.
You did the job well.
Well answers how.
You smell good today.
Describes your odor, not how you smell with your nose, so follow with the adjective. You smell well for someone
with a cold.
You are actively smelling with a nose here, so follow with the adverb.

Rule 4
When referring to health, use well rather than good.
Example:
I do not feel well. You do not look well today.
Note: You may use good with feel when you are not referring to health.
Example:
I feel good about my decision to learn Spanish.

Rule 5
A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form for comparison. For instance,
to describe one thing we would say poor, as in, "She is poor." To compare two things, we should say poorer, as
in, "She is the poorer of the two women." To compare more than two things, we should say poorest, as in, "She is
the poorest of them all."
Examples:

One Two Three or More

sweet sweeter sweetest

bad worse worst

efficient* more efficient* most efficient*

*Usually with words of three or more syllables, don't add -er or -est. Use more or most in front of the words.
Rule 6
Never drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparison form.
Correct:
She spoke quickly.
She spoke more quickly than he did.
Incorrect:
She spoke quicker than he did.
Correct:
Talk quietly.
Talk more quietly.
Incorrect:
Talk quieter.

Rule 7
When this, that, these, and those are followed by nouns, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun
following them, they are pronouns.
Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective here.
This is for sale.
This is a pronoun here.

Rule 8
This and that are singular, whether they are being used as adjectives or as pronouns. Thispoints to something
nearby while that points to something "over there."
Examples:
This dog is mine.
That dog is hers.
This is mine.
That is hers.

Rule 9
These and those are plural, whether they are being used as adjectives or as pronouns.These points to something
nearby while those points to something "over there."
Examples:
These babies have been smiling for a long time.
These are mine. Those babies have been crying for hours. Those are yours.

Rule 10
Use than to show comparison. Use then to answer the question when.
Examples:
I would rather go skiing than rock climbing.
First we went skiing; then we went rock climbing.
 Adjective (kata sifat) memberikan informasi tentang kata benda. Contoh:
 She’s an excellent dancer.
 I’ve got a new apartment.

Adverb (kata keterangan) merubah kata kerja, yakni kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu
dilakukan. Contoh:

- She learns quickly.

- You can speak English well.

Adjective (kata sifat)

Adjective bisa ditempatkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh:

 This is a beautiful bird.
 “This is a bird beautiful.” tidak benar.

Kata sifat memberikan informasi seperti ukuran (kecil, besar), bentuk (bulat, persegi), warna (kuning,

hijau), kebangsaan (Cina, Polandia), dan opini (baik, buruk).

Adjective tidak mengalami perubahan yang tergantung pada jumlah (tunggal atau jamak). Contoh:
 She has a cute puppy.
 She has three cute puppies.

Perhatikan bahwa adjective (cute) tidak mengalami perubahan baik dalam bentuk tunggal (puppy)

maupun jamak (puppies).

Adjective juga bisa ditempatkan setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti be, feel, look, dan taste. Contoh:
 I’m really happy today.
 She’s got a new job so she feels great.
 You look wonderful!
 This chicken tastes delicious.

Adverb (kata keterangan)

Adverb sering dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh:

 quick (adjective) - He’s quick at learning new things.
 quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.
 bad (adjective) - He didn’t get a bad test score.
 badly (adverb) - He didn’t do badly in his test.

Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “ -y”ganti “-y” dengan “-i”

dan tambahkan “-ly“. Contoh:

 easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.
 easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.
 happy (adjective) - He’s a happy man.
 happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.

Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “ -le” ganti “-le” dengan “-

ly“. Contoh:
 simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.
 simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.

Beberapa adverb sama dengan adjective. Contoh:

 He runs fast (adverb) - He’s a fast runner. (adjective)
 He studies hard. (adverb) - It’s a hard life. (adjective)

Adverb untuk “good” adalah “well“. Contoh:

 She’s a good pianist.
 She plays the piano well.

Adverb juga bisa mengubah adjective dan adverb-adverb lainnya. Contoh:

 That’s a good book.

 That’s a very good book.
 She’s a talented girl.
 She’s an incredibly talented girl.
 You’re right!
 You’re absolutely right!
ADVERBS

Select from the follow ing

Definition
Adverbs are words that modify

 a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)

 an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
 another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she
move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions
something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and
phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that
a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are
adjectives:

 That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the
verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:

 When this class is over, we're going to the movies.

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called
an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling
place and time, modifying the verb):

 He went to the movies.

 She works on holidays.
 They lived in Canada during the war.

And Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

 She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.

 The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:

 He calls his mother as often as possible.

 Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot
modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "the students showed
a really wonderful attitude" and that "the students showed
a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my professor
is really tall, but not "He ran real fast."

Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and

Click on "Lolly's Place"
superlative forms to show degree. to read and hear Bob
Dorough's "Get Your
 Walk faster if you want to keep up with me. Adverbs Here" (from
 The student who reads fastest will finish first. Scholastic Rock, 1974).
Schoolhouse Rock®
We often use more and most, less and least to show degree and its characters
with adverbs: andother elements
are trademarks and
 With sneakers on, she could move more service marks of
quickly among the patients. American Broadcasting
 The flowers were the most beautifully arranged Companies, Inc. Used
creations I've ever seen. with permission.
 She worked less confidently after her accident.
 That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

The as — as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or

equality: "He can't run as fast as his sister."

A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain
cases, the two forms have different meanings:

 He arrived late.
 Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual
situations:

 She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers.

 He did wrong by her.
 He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to

something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify,
or downtone. Here are some examples:

 Emphasizers:
o I really don't believe him.
o He literally wrecked his mother's car.
o She simply ignored me.
o They're going to be late, for sure.
 Amplifiers:
 o The teacher completely rejected her proposal.
o I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.
o They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.
o I so wanted to go with them.
o We know this city well.
 Downtoners:
o I kind of like this college.
o Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.
o His mother mildly disapproved his actions.
o We can improve on this to some extent.
o The boss almost quit after that.
o The school was all but ruined by the storm.

Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by

premodifiers:

 She runs very fast.

 We're going to run out of material all the faster