ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a wonderful opportunity
to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It
helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work and helped
to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs
.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-
stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a lot
to remain error-free
.
Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on
time.
CONTENT:
1. ABTSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. NEED FOR AI IN POWER SYSTEMS
4. AI TECHNIQUES USED IN POWER SYSTEMS
5. EXPERT SYSTEM
6. ARTIFICIAL NUERAL NETWORK
7. GENETIC ALGORITHM
8. FUZZY LOGIC
9. PRACTIAL APPLICATION OF AI IN TRANSMISSION LINE
10. COMPARISSION OF AI TECNIQUES IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
11. CURRENT APPLICATION OF AI IN POWER SYSTEM
12. CONCLUTION
ABSTRACT:
A continuous and reliable supply of electricity is necessary for the functioning of today’s modern
and advanced society. Since the early to mid-1980s, most of the effort in power systems analysis has turned
away from the methodology of formal mathematical modeling which came from the areas of operations
research, control theory and numerical analysis to the less rigorous and less tedious techniques of artificial
intelligence (AI). Power systems keep on increasing on the basis of geographical regions, assets additions,
and introduction of new technologies in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. AI
techniques have become popular for solving different problems in power systems like control, planning,
scheduling, forecast, etc. These techniques can deal with difficult tasks faced by applications in modern
large power systems with even more interconnections installed to meet increasing load demand. The
application of these techniques has been successful in many areas of power system engineering.

Artificial intelligence emerged as a computer science discipline in the mid-1950s. Since then, it has
produced a number of powerful tools, many of which are of practical use in engineering to solve difficult
problems normally requiring human intelligence. Three of these tools will be reviewed in this paper. They
are: fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms.

Artificial intelligence is the science of automating intelligent behaviors currently achievable by

humans. Power system has grown tremendously over a few decades. As the size and complexity of the
power system consisting of generators, transmission lines, power transformers, distribution transformers
etc. increases the possibility of inviting faults. The acquisition of data, the processing of those data for use
by the operator, and control of remote devices are the fundamental building blocks of all modern utility
control systems. Manual calculations, technical analysis and conclusions initially adopted the power system
design, operation and control. As the power system grew it become more complex due to the technical
advancements, variety and dynamic requirements.
INTRODUCTION:
An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and use
electric power. Power systems engineering is a subdivision of electrical engineering that deals with the
generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power and the electrical devices connected
to such systems like generators, motors and transformers.

Commonly, artificial intelligence is known to be the intelligence exhibited by machines and

software, for example, robots and computer programs. The term is generally used to the project of
developing systems equipped with the intellectual processes features and characteristics of humans, like the
ability to think, reason, find the meaning, generalize, distinguish, learn from past experience or rectify their
mistakes. Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a hypothetical machine or computer
which can accomplish any intellectual assignment successfully which a human being can accomplish.

It is claimed that artificial intelligence is playing an increasing role in the research of management
science and operational research areas. Intelligence is commonly considered as the ability to collect
knowledge and reason about knowledge to solve complex problems. In the near Future intelligent machines
will replace human capabilities in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the study and developments of
intelligent machines and software that can reason, learn, gather knowledge, communicate, manipulate and
perceive the objects. John McCarthy coined the term in 1956 as branch of computer science concerned with
making computers behave like humans. It is the study of the computation that makes it possible to perceive
reason and act.

Artificial intelligence is different from psychology because it emphasis on computation and is

different from computer science because of its emphasis on perception, reasoning and action. It makes
machines smarter and more useful. It works with the help of artificial neurons (artificial neural network)
and scientific theorems (if then statements and logics). AI technologies have matured to the point in
offering real practical benefits in many of their applications. Major Artificial Intelligence areas are Expert
Systems, Natural Language Processing, Speech Understanding, Robotics and Sensory Systems, Computer
Vision and Scene Recognition, Intelligent Computer- Aided Instruction, Neural Computing. From these
Expert System is a rapidly growing technology which is having a huge impact on various fields of life. The
various techniques applied in artificial intelligence are Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic, Evolutionary
Computing, and Hybrid Artificial Intelligence.

Transmission lines are vital part of the electrical power system and are defined as conductor or
conductors designed to transmit electrical energy from generating center to the load center. When faults
occur in the power system, they usually provide significant changes in the system quantities like over-
current, over or under voltage, power factor, impedance, frequency and power or current direction. Mostly
80-90% of the fault occurs on transmission line and rest on substation equipment and bus-bars combined.
The key challenge to the protection of transmission line lies in reliably detecting and isolating faults
compromising the security of the power system. And, if any fault or disturbances are generated in
transmission lines & not detected, located & eliminated quickly, it may cause instability in the power
system.

The microprocessor technology brings unquestionable improvements of the protection relays- criteria signals
are estimated in a shorter time; input signals are filtered-out more precisely; it is easy to apply sophisticated
corrections; the hardware is standardized and may communicate with other protection and control systems; relays are
capable of self-monitoring. All this, however, did not make a major breakthrough in power system protection as far
as security, dependability and speed of operation are considered. The key reason behind this is that the principles
used by digital relays blindly reproduce the criteria known for decades.

The relaying task, however, may be approached as a pattern recognition problem - by monitoring its inputs,
the relay classifies on-going transients between internal faults and all the other conditions. Or, the protective relaying
may be considered as a decision making problem - the relay should decide whether to trip or retrain itself from
tripping. This observation directly leads to AI application in power system protection. Practically, it includes the
artificial neural network approach (pattern recognition), as well as the expert system and fuzzy logic methods
(decision making).

Thus, a well-coordinated protection system must be provided to detect & isolate various types of
faults rapidly so that damage & disruption caused to power system is minimized. And, the time required in
determining the fault point along the transmission line affects the quality of power to be delivered. For this
purpose, the protective relays operate after a fault has occurred and helps to minimize the period of trouble
and limit the outage time, damage and related problems.
NEED FOR AI IN POWER SYSTEMS

Power system analysis by conventional techniques becomes more difficult because of:

(i) Complex, versatile and large amount of information which is used in calculation, diagnosis and
learning.
(ii) Increase in the computational time period and accuracy due to extensive and vast system data
Handling.

The modern power system operates close to the limits due to the ever increasing energy consumption
and the extension of currently existing electrical transmission networks and lines. This situation requires a
less conservative power system operation and control operation which is possible only by continuously
checking the system states in a much more detail manner than it was necessary. Sophisticated computer
tools are now the primary tools in solving the difficult problems that arise in the areas of power system
planning, operation, diagnosis and design. Among these computer tools, Artificial Intelligence has grown
predominantly in recent years and has been applied to various areas of power systems.

AI TECHNIQUES USED IN POWER SYSTEMS

The major families of AI techniques are considered to be applied in modern power system are:
 Expert System Techniques (XPSs),
 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs),
 Genetic Algorithm(GA).
 Fuzzy Logic systems (FL).
EXPERT SYSTEMS

An expert system obtains the knowledge of a human expert in a narrow specified domain into a
machine implementable form. Expert systems are computer programs which have proficiency and
competence in a particular field. This knowledge is generally stored separately from the program’s
procedural part and may be stored in one of the many forms, like rules, decision trees, models, and frames.
They are also called as knowledge based systems or rule based systems. Expert systems use the interface
mechanism and knowledge to solve problems which cannot be or difficult to be solved by human skill and
intellect.

Expert systems have been emerging rapidly from laboratory studies into a broad range of industrial
and business applications. The market segment for expert systems and their development tools has grown
from about U.S. $9 million in 1982 to an estimated U.S. $1.8 billion in 1990. Many have predicted that
expert systems will soon be viewed as merely a new, powerful, programming technique which can be
integrated into most computer programs. In general, an expert system is a program that mimics human
expertise in a particular, domain-specific decision-making process. These decisions may pertain to
functions in control/ monitoring, debugging, design, diagnosis, instruction, interpretation, planning, or
prediction. The mimicking of human experts should include not only the decision function, but also the
ability to reason, or infer, even in the face of uncertain or missing information. The ability to explain to
others what the reasoning is, as well as the ability to act in a correct and timely manner should also be
included.

Structure of an Expert System

ADVANTAGES:
(i) It is permanent and consistent.
(ii) It can be easily documented.
(iii) It can be easily transferred or reproduced.

DISADVANTAGE:

Expert Systems are unable to learn or adapt to new problems or situations.

APPLICATIONS:

Many areas of applications in power systems match the abilities of expert systems like decision
making, archiving knowledge, and solving problems by reasoning, heuristics and judgment. Expert systems
are especially useful for these problems when a large amount of data and information must be processed in
a short period of time.

HOW EXPERT SYSTEMS CAN BE USED IN POWER SYSTEMS:

Knowledge
base
Interface Solution

Data base

Simplified bock diagram of XPS

Since expert systems are basically computer programs, the process of writing codes for these
programs is simpler than actually calculating and estimating the value of parameters used in generation,
transmission and distribution. Any modifications even after design can be easily done because they are
computer programs. Virtually, estimation of these values can be done and further research for increasing
the efficiency of the process can be also performed.
AN EXPERT SYSTEM IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION:

The first expert systems included a few heuristic rules based on the expert's experience. In such
systems, the knowledge takes the form of so called production rules written using the If... then... syntax
(knowledge base). The system includes also the facts which generally describe the domain and the state of
the problem to be solved (data base). A generic inference engine uses the facts and the rules to deduce new
facts which allow the firing of other rules. The knowledge base is a collection of domain-specific
knowledge and the inference system is the logic component for processing the knowledge base to solve the
problem. This process continues until the base of facts is saturated and a conclusion has been reached.
To guide the reasoning and to be more efficient, these systems may incorporate some strategies
known as meta knowledge. Rule based systems represent still the majority of the existing expert systems.
There are few applications of XPS to power system protection reported, but all of them solve the off-line
tasks such as settings coordination, post-fault analysis and fault diagnosis. As yet there is no application
reported of the XPS technique employed as a decision making tool in an on-line operating protective relay.
The basic reason for this is that there is no extensive rule base that describes the reasoning process
applicable to protective relaying. Instead, only a few rules or criteria are collected.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN):

Artificial Neural Networks are biologically inspired systems which convert a set of inputs into a set
of outputs by a network of neurons, where each neuron produces one output as a function of inputs. A
fundamental neuron can be considered as a processor which makes a simple nonlinear operation of its
inputs producing a single output. The understanding of the working of neurons and the pattern of their
interconnection can be used to construct computers for solving real world problems of classification of
patterns and pattern recognition They are classified by their architecture: number of layers and topology:
connectivity pattern, feed forward or recurrent. Input Layer: The nodes are input units which do not process
the data and information but distribute this data and information to other units. Hidden Layers: The nodes
are hidden units that are not directly evident and visible. They provide the networks the ability to map or
classify the nonlinear problems. Output Layer: The nodes are output units, which encode possible values to
be allocated to the case under consideration.

Architecture of a feedforward ANN

ADVANTAGES:
(i) Speed of processing.
(ii) They do not need any appropriate knowledge of the system model.
(iii) They have the ability to handle situations of incomplete data and information, corrupt data.
(iv) They are fault tolerant.
(v) ANNs are fast and robust. They possess learning ability and adapt to the data.
(vi) They have the capability to generalize.
DISADVANTAGES:
(i) Large dimensionality.
(ii) Results are always generated even if the input data are unreasonable.
(iii) They are not scalable i.e. once an ANN is trained to do certain task, it is difficult to extend for other
tasks without retraining the neural network.

HOW ANNS CAN BE USED IN POWER SYSTEMS:

As ANNs operate on biological instincts and perform biological evaluation of real world problems,
the problems in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity can be fed to the ANNs so that a
suitable solution can be obtained. Given the constraints of a practical transmission and distribution system,
the exact values of parameters can be determined.

For example, the value of inductance, capacitance and resistance in a transmission line can be
numerically calculated by ANNs taking in various factors like environmental factors, unbalancing
conditions, and other possible problems. Also the values of resistance, capacitance and inductance of a
transmission line can be given as inputs and a combined, normalized value of the parameters can be
obtained. In this way skin effect and proximity effect can be reduced to a certain extent.

The ANNs are very different from expert systems since they do not need a knowledge base to work.
Instead, they have to be trained with numerous actual cases. An ANN is a set of elementary neurons which
are connected together in different architectures organized in layers what is biologically inspired. An
elementary neuron can be seen like a processor which makes a simple nonlinear operation of its inputs
producing its single output. A weight (synapse) is attached to each neuron and the training enables
adjusting of different weights according to the training set. The ANN techniques are attractive because they
do not require tedious knowledge acquisition, representation and writing stages and, therefore, can be
successfully applied for tasks not fully described in advance. The ANN are not programmed or supported
by a knowledge base as are Expert Systems. Instead they learn a response based on given inputs and a
required output by adjusting the node weights and biases accordingly. The speed of processing, allowing
real time applications, is also an advantage.
Since ANNs can provide excellent pattern recognition, they are proposed by many researchers to perform
different tasks in power system relaying for signal processing and decision making.
The common application of the ANN technique assumes:
 The ANN is fed either with non-processed samples of the input signals, or by features of those
signals extracted using certain measuring algorithms (or by a combination).
  The sliding data widow consisting of the recent and a few historical samples of the signals, is fed to
the ANN.
 The output from the ANN encodes the output decision such as tripping command, type of fault,
direction of fault, etc.
 · The training patterns exposed to the ANN cover the most important operating conditions both
internal faults and other disturbances. Typically, only the selected window positions are used for
training.
 Additional pre- and post-processing may be applied.

The most widespread application of ANNs is in pattern classification and associative memory where
they can learn to distinguish between classes of inputs and, therefore, they can be successively used for
decision making and phenomena classification. A major problem with ANNs is that no exact guide exists
for the choice to the number of hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer. On the other hand, the ability to
generalize is one of the main advantage of using ANNs.
GENETIC ALGORITHM

Genetic algorithm is an optimization technique based on the study of natural selection and natural
genetics. Its basic principle is that the fittest individual of a population has the highest probability and
possibility for survival. Genetic algorithm gives a global technique based on biological metaphors.
The Genetic algorithm can be differentiated from other optimization methods by:

(i) Genetic algorithm works on the coding of the variables set instead of the actual variables.
(ii) Genetic algorithm looks for optimal points through a population of possible solution points, and not a
single point.
(iii) Genetic algorithm uses only objective function information.
(iv) Genetic algorithm uses probability transition laws, not the deterministic laws.

Genetic algorithm is derived from an elementary model of population genetics. It has following
components:
(i) Chromosomal representation of the variable describing an individual.
(ii) An initial population of individuals.
(iii) An evaluation function which plays the environment’s part, ranking the individuals in terms of their
fitness which is their ability to survive.
(iv) Genetic operators which determine the configuration of a new population generated from the previous
one by a procedure.
(v) Values for the parameters that the GA uses.

APPLICATIONS: Areas of applications in power systems include:

(i) Planning – Wind turbine positioning, reactive power optimization, network feeder routing, and
capacitor placement.
(ii) Operation – Hydro-thermal plant coordination, maintenance scheduling, loss minimization, load
management, control of FACTS.
(iii) Analysis – Harmonic distortion reduction, filter design, load frequency control, load flow.

As genetic algorithms are based on the principle of survival of fittest, several methods for increasing the
efficiency of power system processes and increasing power output can be proposed. Out of these methods, using
genetic algorithms, the best method which withstands all constraints can be selected as it is the best method among
the proposed methods (survival of fittest).
HOW GENETIC ALGORITHMS CAN BE USED IN POWER SYSTEMS:

A problem with back propagation and least squares optimization is that they can be trapped in a
local minimum of a nonlinear objective function, because they are derivative based. Genetic algorithm-
survival of the fittest! -Are derivative-free, stochastic optimization methods, and therefore less likely to get
trapped. They can be used to optimize both structure and parameters in neural networks. A special
application for them is to determine fuzzy membership functions. A genetic algorithm mimics the
evolution of populations.
First, different possible solutions to a problem are generated. They are tested for their performance,
that is, how good a solution they provide. A fraction of the good solutions is selected, and the others are
eliminated (survival of the fittest). Then the selected solutions undergo the processes of reproduction,
crossover, and mutation to create a new generation of possible solutions, which is expected to perform
better than the previous generation. Finally, production and evaluation of new generations is repeated until
convergence. Such an algorithm searches for a solution from a broad spectrum of possible solutions, rather
than where the results would normally be expected. The penalty is computational intensity. The elements
of a genetic algorithm are explained next (Jang et al., 1997).
1.Encoding: The parameter set of the problem is encoded into a bit string representation. For
instance, a point (x, y) = (11,6) can be represented as a chromosome which is a concatenated bit string 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 Each coordinate value is a gene of four bits. Other encoding schemes can be used, and
arrangements can be made for encoding negative and floating-point numbers.
2.Fitness: evaluation. After creating a population, the fitness value of each member is calculated.
3.Selection: The algorithm selects which parents should participate in producing off springs for the
next generation. Usually the probability of selection for a member is proportional to its fitness value.
4.Crossover: Crossover operators generate new chromosomes that hopefully retain good features
from the previous generation. Crossover is usually applied to selected pairs of parents with a probability
equal to a given crossover rate. In one-point crossover a crossover point on the genetic code is selected at
random and two parent chromosomes interchange their bit strings to the right of this point.
5.Mutation: A mutation operator can spontaneously create new chromosomes. The most common
way is to flip a bit with a probability equal to a very low, given mutation rate. The mutation prevents the
population from converging towards a local minimum. The mutation rate is low in order to preserve good
chromosomes.
GENETIC ALGORITHM IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION:

Illustrates the diagram for distance protection relay(GA)

The GA depends on two basic kinds of operators: genetic and evolutionary. Genetic operators,
namely crossover and mutation, are responsible for establishing how individuals exchange or simply
change their genetic features in order to produce new individuals. Evolutionary operators deal with
determining which individuals will experience crossover or mutation. Essentially, a GA tries to minimize
or maximize the value presumed by the fitness function. In many cases, the development of a fitness
function can be based on this return and can represent only a partial evaluation of the problem.
Additionally, the algorithm must be fast, because it will analyze each individual from a population and its
successive generations. Thus, Genetic Algorithm (GA) solves optimization problems based on natural
selection principles.
For distance protection of transmission line, the fundamental values of currents and voltages are
obtained from power system simulation. The first step is to detect the fault and for this purpose, the current
signals are stored in memory. With the occurrence of new sample, it is compared with the corresponding
sample one cycle earlier. If change is greater than certain value, the fault condition is detected. The next
step is digital filtering and for this GA algorithm is utilized to estimate the fundamental frequency phasors.
Then, fault classification is done to choose the voltage and current involved in fault adequately to calculate
the apparent impedance seen by distance relay. The apparent impedance and fault distances are calculated
for various types of fault conditions. Finally, the calculated apparent impedance is proportional to distance
to the fault, protection zone is inferred.
The advantages of GA over traditional techniques are as follows:
 It needs only rough information of the objective function and puts no restriction such as
differentiability and convexity on the objective function.
 The method works with a set of solutions from one generation to the next, and not a single
solution, thus making it less likely to converge on local minima.
 The solutions developed are randomly based on the probability rate of the genetic operators
such as mutation and crossover as the initial solutions would not dictate the search direction
of GA.
Major disadvantage of GA method is that it requires tremendously high computational time in case
of the large variables and constraints. The treatment of equality constraints is also not well established in
the power systems. GA has been widely used in the power system

FUZZY LOGIC
 Fuzzy logic or Fuzzy systems are logical systems for standardization and formalization of
approximate reasoning. It is similar to human decision making with an ability to produce exact and
accurate solutions from certain or even approximate information and data. The reasoning in fuzzy logic is
similar to human reasoning. Fuzzy logic is the way like which human brain works, and we can use this
technology in machines so that they can perform somewhat like humans. Fuzzification provides superior
expressive power, higher generality and an improved capability to model complex problems at low or
moderate solution cost.

Fuzzy logic allows a particular level of ambiguity throughout an analysis. Because this ambiguity
can specify available information and minimize problem complexity, fuzzy logic is useful in many
applications. For power systems, fuzzy logic is suitable for applications in many areas where the available
information involves uncertainty. For example, a problem might involve logical reasoning, but can be
applied to numerical, other than symbolic inputs and outputs. Fuzzy logic provides the conversions from
numerical to symbolic inputs, and back again for the outputs.

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER:

Block diagram of Fuzzy controller.

Simply put, it is a fuzzy code designed to control something, generally mechanical input. They can
be in software or hardware mode and can be used in anything from small circuits to large mainframes.
Adaptive fuzzy controllers learn to control complex process much fuzzy control, which directly uses fuzzy
rules, is the most important application in fuzzy theory. Using a procedure originated by Ebrahim Mamdani
in the late 70s, three steps are taken to create a fuzzy controlled machine:
1) Fuzzification (Using membership functions to graphically describe a situation)
2) Rule evaluation (Application of fuzzy rules)
3) Defuzzification (Obtaining the crisp or actual results similar to as we do.
TERMS USED IN FUZZY LOGIC

Degree of Membership - The degree of membership is the placement in the transition from 0 to 1 of
conditions within a fuzzy set. If a particular building's placement on the scale is a rating of .7 in its position
in newness among new buildings, then we say its degree of membership in new buildings is .7. Fuzzy
Variable - Words like red, blue, etc., are fuzzy and can have many shades and tints. They are just human
opinions, not based on precise measurement in angstroms. These words are fuzzy variables. Linguistic
Variable - Linguistic means relating to language, in our case plain language words. Fuzzy Algorithm - An
algorithm is a procedure, such as the steps in a computer program. A fuzzy algorithm, then, is a procedure,
usually a computer program, made up of statements relating linguistic variables. An example for a fuzzy
logic system is provided at the end of the paper.

APPLICATIONS:
(i) Stability analysis and enhancement
(ii) Power system control
(iii) Fault diagnosis
(iv) Security assessment
(v) Load forecasting
(vi) Reactive power planning and its control
(vii) State estimation

REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

Main types of voltage problems are:
(i) Planning of system reactive power demands and control facilities.
(ii) Installation of reactive power control resources.
(iii) The operation of existing voltage resources and control device.
For reactive power control with the objective of enhancing the voltage profile of power system,
fuzzy logic has been applied. The voltage deviation and controlling variables are converted into fuzzy set
or fuzzy system notations to construct the relations between voltage deviation and controlling ability of the
controlling device. The main control variables are generator excitation, transformer taps and VAR
compensators. A fuzzy system is formed to select these control variables and their movement.

HOW FUZZY LOGIC CAN BE USED IN POWER SYSTEMS:

Fuzzy logic can be used for designing the physical components of power systems. They can be used
in anything from small circuits to large mainframes. They can be used to increase the efficiency of the
components used in power systems. As most of the data used in power system analysis are approximate
values and assumptions, fuzzy logic can be of great use to derive a stable, exact and ambiguity-free output.

FUZZY LOGIC BASED DISTANCE PROTECTION SOLUTION PROCEDURE

Below is a series of steps showing the solution procedure followed in designing our scheme?
Step 1: Choose appropriate input variables: Impedance Z in this case.
Step II: Convert the input variables to fuzzy sets (Fuzzification).
Step III: Determine the fuzzy matrix (knowledge base) and draw the membership functions (for our
design, MATLAB code are used).
Step IV: Design the fuzzy inference – decision making (Rule base) and simulate with appropriate program
(like MATLAB).
Step V: Devise an appropriate transformation of fuzzy trip actions into crisp trip actions (defuzzification).

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY LOGIC

Benefits of usng fuzzy logic.

Fuzzy logic potentially has many applications in engineering where the domain knowledge is
usually imprecise. Notable successes have been achieved in the area of process and machine control
although other sectors have also benefited from this tool.

Recent examples of engineering applications include:

  controlling the height of the arc in a welding process
 Controlling the rolling motion of an aircraft
 Controlling a multi-fingered robot hand
 Analyzing the chemical composition of minerals
 Determining the optimal formation of manufacturing cells
 Classifying discharge pulses in electrical discharge machining.
 Fuzzy systems can be generally used for fault diagnosis

Fuzzy logic is not the wave of the future. It is now! There are already hundreds of millions of
dollars of successful, fuzzy logic based commercial products, everything from self-focusing cameras to
washing machines that adjust themselves according to how dirty the clothes are, automobile engine
controls, anti-lock braking systems, color film developing systems, subway control systems and computer
programs trading successfully in the financial markets.

Fuzzy logic can be used for designing the physical components of power systems. They can be used
in anything from small circuits to large mainframes. They can be used to increase the efficiency of the
components used in power systems. As most of the data used in power system analysis are approximate
values and assumptions, fuzzy logic can be of great use to derive a stable, exact and ambiguity-free output.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF AI SYSTEMS IN TRANSMISSION LINE

The application of intelligent systems to power system problems has been an area of strong research
interest in the past decade. The most emphasis has been on applications that relate to overall monitoring,
operation, and planning of the power system. Less emphasis has been placed on protective relaying,
substation control, and related monitoring functions, at least as far as the number of published papers
would indicate. It is felt that one of the major reasons for this is due to the real-time constraints imposed by
the applications that require most of the functions to be executed automatically in a relatively short time
frame. However, with increasing requirements on utility electrical systems for improvements in efficiency,
reliability, and quality of service, along with significant technology development toward increased
processing speeds and memory storage, there has been an increased impetus to research applications of
intelligent systems in protection engineering.
Most AI applications to protection engineering are ancillary functions related to relaying, rather
than the relaying functions themselves. For example, one area of interest is the use, selection, setting, and
coordination of relays and fuses. Another application is to aid selection of appropriate algorithms for fault
location. AI has also been applied for fault data analysis by utilizing digital fault recorder (DFR) signals. It
is seen that some of the applications have stringent time-response requirements. With recent computing
technology, it seems that AI systems are limited by the boundaries of computer resources and execution
times compared to conventional deterministic computer programs. New hardware and software that
addresses the constraints of AI implementation are continuing to be developed. As the demand for these
tools rise, their availability and cost will become more practical for application to protection engineering,
especially for real- time functions
Below is the operational functionality of the AI techniques that implemented to a practical
transmission line to check and rescue the faults if any.
 AI techniques that implemented to a practical transmission line

. Consider a practical transmission line. If any fault occurs in the transmission line, the fault detector
detects the fault and feeds it to the fuzzy system. Only three line currents are sufficient to implement this
technique and the angular difference between fault and pre-fault current phasors are used as inputs to the
fuzzy system. The fuzzy system is used to obtain the crisp output of the fault type. Fuzzy systems can be
generally used for fault diagnosis.
Artificial Neural Networks and Expert systems can be used to improve the performance of the line.
The environmental sensors sense the environmental and atmospheric conditions and give them as input to
the expert systems. The expert systems are computer programs written by knowledge engineers which
provide the value of line parameters to be deployed as the output. The ANNs are trained to change the
values of line parameters over the given ranges based on the environmental conditions. Training algorithm
has to be given to ANN. After training is over, neural network is tested and the performance of updated
trained neural network is evaluated. If performance is not upto the desired level, some variations can be
done like varying number of hidden layers, varying number of neurons in each layer. The processing speed
is directly proportional to the number of neurons. These networks take different neurons for different layers
and different activation functions between input and hidden layer and hidden and output layer to obtain the
desired output. In this way the performance of the transmission line can be improved.
COMPARISON OF AI TECHNIQUES IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

The field of artificial intelligence gives the ability to the machines to think analytically, using
concepts. Tremendous contribution to the various areas has been made by the Artificial Intelligence
techniques from the last 2 decades. Artificial Intelligence will continue to play an increasingly important
role in the various fields. areas of artificial intelligence and the artificial intelligence techniques used in the
field of Power System Stabilizers (PSS) to maintain system stability and damping of oscillation and
provide high-quality performance, in the Network Intrusion Detection to protect the network from
intruders, in the medical area in the field of medicine, for medical image classification, in the accounting
databases, and described how these AI techniques are used in computer games to solve the common
problems and to provide features to the games so as to have fun. There is bright future in the analysis of
Network Intrusion Detection and there is also definite future in the area of Power System Stabilizers.
CURRENT APPLICATION OF AI IN POWER SYSTEMS
Several problems in power systems cannot be solved by conventional techniques are based on
several requirements which may not feasible all the time. In these situations, artificial intelligence
techniques are the obvious and the only option.

Areas of application of AI in power systems are:

 Operation of power system like unit commitment, hydro-thermal coordination, economic dispatch,
congestion management, maintenance scheduling, state estimation, load and power flow.
 Planning of power system like generation expansion planning, power system reliability,
transmission expansion planning, reactive power planning.
 Control of power system like voltage control, stability control, power flow control, load frequency
control.
 Control of power plants like fuel cell power plant control, thermal power plant control.
 Control of network like location, sizing and control of FACTS devices.
 Electricity markets like strategies for bidding, analysis of electricity markets.
 Automation of power system like restoration, management, fault diagnosis, network security.
 Applications of distribution system like planning and operation of distribution system, demand side
response and demand side management, operation and control of smart grids, network
reconfiguration.
 Applications of distributed generation like distributed generation planning, solar photovoltaic
power plant control, wind turbine plant control and renewable energy resources.
 Forecasting application like short term and long term load forecasting, electricity market
forecasting, solar power forecasting, wind power forecasting

An artificial intelligence base distance Transmission protection scheme for tripping the line circuit
breaker in an event that a fault occurs. It is a strategy that replaces a conventional relay with a fuzzy relay.
The approach was effective in implementing a simple fuzzy procedure (5 rules) to solve a problem that
requires rigorous mathematical operations, when the conventional approach is used. Only the impedance of
the line to fault is sufficient to implement this technique. The system simulation shows that the proposed
approach is able to make tripping decisions and serve as logic for the breaker, which acts on this logic to
protect the line, by way of isolating a faulty section.
CONCLUSION

Over the past 40 years, artificial intelligence has produced a number of powerful tools. The five of
those tools, namely fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms. Applications of the tools in
engineering have become more widespread due to the power and affordability of present-day computers. It
is anticipated that many new engineering applications will emerge and that, for demanding tasks, greater
use will be made of hybrid tools combining the strengths of two or more of the tools reviewed. Other
technological developments in artificial intelligence that will have an impact in engineering include data
mining, or the extraction of information and knowledge from large databases and multi-agent systems, or
distributed self-organizing systems employing entities that function autonomously in an unpredictable
environment concurrently with other entities and processes.
The most recent techniques which are used for distance protection of transmission line. Neural
network is considered to be a fast, robust and accurate technique. But, fuzzy logic systems are subjective
and heuristic and are simpler than the wavelet transform or the neural network based techniques. Better
performance is obtained with GA as compared to conventional techniques. But, most of the available tools
for fault detection and classification are not efficient and are not investigated for real time implementation.
So, for this there is a need for new algorithms that have high efficiency and suitable for real time usage. All
these techniques have their own features and researches are still going on to obtain lesser operating time of
relay at high speed.
The main feature of power system design and planning is reliability, which was conventionally
evaluated using deterministic methods. Moreover, conventional techniques don’t fulfill the probabilistic
essence of power systems. This leads to increase in operating and maintenance costs. Plenty of research is
performed to utilize the current interest AI for power system applications. A lot of research is yet to be
performed to perceive full advantages of this upcoming technology for improving the efficiency of
electricity market investment, distributed control and monitoring, efficient system analysis, particularly
power systems which use renewable energy resources for operation.