READ ALOUDS

1.

According to recent research, sunshine and warm weather have a positive effect
on our moods. The British Journal of Psychology has published a report in which
it claims that anxiety levels fall when temperatures rise, while increased
exposure to sunshine makes us think more positively about our lives.

2.

Statistics reflect vital information about the economy, the well-being of the
population, and the environment. Society relies on statistics being visible,
accessible and robust, and on statistically literate people making the best use of
the information to determine future action. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability
to accurately understand, interpret and evaluate the data that inform these
issues.
3.
Housing fulfils the basic needs that people have for security, privacy and shelter.
While the adequacy of housing is an important component of individual well -
being, housing also has great impact on the nation's economy, with its influence
on investment levels, interest rates, building activity and employment.
4.
Clearly, times are changing and while many people are saving for their
retirement, many more still need to do so. Most countries have a range of
pension schemes that are designed to provide individuals with an income once
they stop working. People need to take advantage of these if they are to have
sufficient money throughout their retirement years.
5.
Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way
people have been producing energy is largely responsible for current
environmental problems. Pollution comes in many forms, but those that are
most concerning, because of their impact on health, result from the combustion
of fuels in power stations and cars.
6.
When the young artist was asked about his drawing, he explained that he had
started by taking a photograph of himself sitting by a window at home. He then
drew his face from the photograph and replaced the buildings which were
outside the window with trees. This gave the picture a softer, more artistic
background.
7.
Not a lot is known about how the transportation of goods by water first began.
Large cargo boats were being used in some parts of the world up to five
thousand years ago. However, sea trade became more widespread when large
sailing boats travelled between ports, carrying spices, perfumes and objects
made by hand.
8.
Market research is a vital part of the planning of any business. However
experienced you or your staff may be in a particular field, if you are thinking of
introducing a service to a new area, it is important to find out what the local
population thinks about it first.
9.
The human animal's status as the only clever tool-user who can talk about our
feelings is crumbling. Prairie dogs can make up words for new animals. Crows
are born with the ability to make tools. Elephants recognize and stroke the bones
of a lost family member. As biologists delve into these subjects, they're
demonstrating that we're not nearly as unique as we once thought. It's the
perfect time, scientifically speaking, to reassess our place in the animal kingdom.
10.
When buying a house, for example, it's best to let our unconscious mull over the
many variables. But when we're picking stocks and shares, intuition often leads
us astray. The trick is to determine when to lean on which part of the brain, and
to do this, we need to think harder - and smarter-about how we think.
11.
Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he
was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth century.
During his eleven years writing for the New York Tribune - their collaboration
began in 1852 - Marx tackled an abundance of topics, from issues of class and
the state of world affairs.
12.
Never has the world of journalism been so explosive, so global, and so
competitive. Forget hourly news flashes; we live in a world of 24-hour breaking
news with radio and TV stations and Internet sites updating stories by the
minute and newspapers adjusting to stay fresh, in-depth, and relevant.
13.
Today’s technological market is dominated by two contrasting business models:
the generative and the non-generative models - the PCs. Windows and Macs of
this world - allow third parties to build upon and share through them. The non-
generative models is more restricted; appliances might work well, but the only
entity that can change the way they operate is the vendor.
14.
Margaret Simons explains the changes taking place in the Australian media. She
analyses audiences, our major media organizations, the role of government -and
the implications of all these for our society and our democracy. Her examination
leads her to the conclusion that the challenges facing the content providers in
the modern world are part of a broader striving, a very old struggle - we might
call it the search for meaning.
15.
The definition of a disaster varies by organization. Various entities have different
"pain thresholds" that define when an incident becomes a disaster. A bank, for
example, will have different criteria than a poison-control hotline. With this fact
in mind, any organization should begin the process of implementing "first alert"
and response teams after it has completed a business impact analysis.
16.
Programming is the art of expressing solutions to problems so that a computer
can execute those solutions. Much of the effort in programming is spent finding
and refining solutions. Often, a problem is only fully understood through the
process of programming a solution for it.
17.
Much of what people do today disguises a desperate search for meaning, the
result of the crisis of belief that has become a major problem of the western
world. On the one hand, the elites and their high culture suffer a loss of
confidence, and aimless consumerism is widespread; on the other, powerful new
myths arise, as with sporting heroes.
18.
So, as much as this is a book about the experience of traveling - the
contemplation of cities that are vast in scale and villages that are as remote and
strange as anything Westerners are ever likely to encounter journey. it is also a
book that tries to describe another kind of journey.
19.
Most words have experienced several changes in meaning throughout their
history, so that it is impossible to say which stage in their meaning is the "true"
meaning. And if we attempt to go back to "the beginning," we find it is
impossible, for the origins of many words are difficult to trace back.
20.
Using more than fifty interviews, award-winning writer Danny Danziger creates a
fascinating mosaic of the people behind New York's magnificent Metropolitan
Museum of Art from the aristocratic, acerbic director of the museum, Philippe de
Montebello, to the curators who have a deep knowledge and passionate
appreciation of their collections, from the security guards to the philanthropists
who keep the museum's financial lifeblood flowing.
21.
Just about everyone on the planet wears at least one article of clothing made
from cotton at some point during the day; inevitably by products of the plant
show up as well in something that person is doing. The source of cotton's power
is its nearly terrifying versatility and the durable creature comforts it provides.
22.
For centuries, Atlantis has been one of the western world's favourite legends, a
tantalizing blend of fantasy and mystery. Stories tell of a rich and glorious
empire that was lost to the sea- where some hope its ruins still lie, waiting to be
discovered.
23.
"Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful
amusement ride," write Judith A. Adams in the American Amusement Park
Industry. "His coasters combined an appearance of danger with actual safety,
thrilled riders with exhilarating speed, and allowed the public to intimately
experience the Industrial Revolution's new technologies of gears, steel, and
dazzling electric lights.”
24.
The next wave of leaders in industrial manufacturing will build an ecosystem that
capitalizes on the promise of analytics and connectivity to maximize efficiency
for themselves and their customers. They will map out their strategies and
prioritize measures that will bring the most value to their business, starting now
with pilot projects, and building greater strengths in data analytics with cross-
functional teams of experts.
25.
The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton
has greatly altered from the usual mammal, design for two main reasons. One is
to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk,
making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk
of such a huge body.
26.
Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger
students was in part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently
limited their applicant pool by requiring several years' work experience. Talented
students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a
law or policy degree because they were intimidated by the expectation of work
experience.
27.
A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of
organic liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water
and possible decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical
placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.

28.
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days: now
they try to move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces
stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out
ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and
the results have been surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered,
earthen, nursery ponds.
29.
The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort requiring generally familiar
with the subject to bring out the points of an author's argument course for skills
and experience. Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower
that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to task of
facilitating or to information.
30.
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that
AIDS has caused threatens to destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana
has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help of international
donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral
drugs to anyone who needed them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection
rate has dropped significantly.
31.
Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of
education as a means of social progress. Aware of the added value of education
to the world of work, the government continues to innovate and update the
education system in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce.
32.
Training to become an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity,
courage and commitment. You'll learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to
rehearse and how to use independent and proactive processes to achieve your
best work possible for stage and screen.
33.
Globalization has affected what we eat in ways. We are only beginning to
understand. More and more food production no longer related to our biological
needs, but is indirectly conflict with them. The relationship between diet and our
fertility, our cancer, heart diseases and mental illness is becoming clear, yet
much of our food is nutritionally bankrupt.
34.
C. Northcote Parkinson, a British writer, formulated Parkinson's rule: "Work
expands to fill the time allotted to it; or, conversely, the amount of work
completed is in inverse proportion to the number of people employed." Simply
said: If you have an hour to do a 5-minute job, it will take an hour to do it. A
large number of people accomplish less work than a smaller number of people.
35.
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens
modern societies. It provides a basis for decisions to be made on such things as
where to open schools and hospitals, how much money to spend on welfare
payments and even which football players to replace at half-time.
36.
Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger
students was in part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently
limited their applicant pool by requiring several years' work experience. Talented
students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a
law or policy degree because they were intimidated by the expectation of work
experience.
37.
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the
need to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new
products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through
mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and
protects natural habitats for the future.
38.
Over the centuries, the holiday evolved, and by the 18th century, gift-giving and
exchanging handmade cards on Valentine's Day had become common in
England. Handmade Valentine's cards made of lace, ribbons, and featuring
cupids and hearts eventually spread to the American colonies. The tradition of
Valentine's cards did not become widespread in the United States, however, until
the 1850s.
39.
Networking is easy and fun because it taps into this human predilection to talk
about ourselves when asked. Consider successful networking as little more than
the process of guiding a person to tell you about his life, what he's doing, the
company that employs him, and his current industry.
40.
Many papers you write in college will require you to include quotes from one or
more sources. Even if you don't have to do it, integrating a few quotes into your
writing can add life and persuasiveness to your argument s. The key is to use
quotes to support a point you're trying to make rather than just include them to
fill space.
41. A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow
vendors to create retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable
form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the implementation of
sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing
the electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
42. Internal combustion engine, enabling the driver to decide which source of
power is appropriate for the travel requirements of given journey. Major U.S.
auto manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and
some are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.

43. Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one
morning, you open the front door and discover houses all around you. You see
neighbours tending their gardens and children walking to school. Where did all
the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always
been there — you just hadn't seen them?
Repeat Sentence Questions
1. You can find all the materials on the university website.
2. It is good for environment also good for your bill.
3. Academic writing is the tendency to use formal words.
4. Please do not bring food in the classroom.
5. Critical thinking theory broaden interpretation.
6. Newspapers across the world are reporting stories of presidents.
7. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity practice outstripped
theory.
8. Remember keep the medicine in the fridge.
9. There is a workshop on the other side of the campus behind the library.
10. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future progress.
11. Research has found that there is no correlation between diet and
intelligence.
12. During that period, heavy industry grew rapidly in the north of the country.
13. We're constantly looking for ways to bring agriculture and industry close
together
14. Meeting with mentors can be scheduled for students who need additional
help.
15. All the assignments should be submitted by the end of next week.
16. The author expressed the idea that modern readers invariably cannot
accept.
17. Applicants for the course preferably have a preference over English or
journalism.
18. Provide personal PowerPoint for your lecture.
19. Sport is the cause of traumatic brain injury in the United States.
20. There will be a conference here next summer on using a web for academic
research.
21. All English month's name start with capital letter.
22. The small Indian lands of farms and snowy…
23. Students are not allowed to bring materials/resources in the library.
24. If it helps you to concentrate, take notes, please do it.
25. You can change... registration on the university website.
26. Please make sure … to the deadline.
27. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow.
28. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty
committee.
29. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.
30. We would like to videotape the lecture.
31. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information.
32. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial
circumstances.
33. We didn’t mean to ask him to do it because he cannot manage it.
34. If you want to sell your book, it must have a list of bibliography.
35. We need to make sure the school principal knows about the changes.
36. There is considerably less supervision at university.
37. Please carefully study the framework and complete the survey.
38. Make sure the financial director knows the full details of the pay agreement.
New Repeat Sentence Questions (Aug 2018 RS Sample)
39. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.
40. I must see him before he flies out to London for about a week.
41. The recent technical advances have not only been big; they have also been
fast.
42. Very little of the work today's knowledge firm is repetitive mechanical.
43. Information is being given to readers in a format that looks familiar.
44. The interaction of climate change and soil degradation will probably
aggravate conditions.
45. Almost every representative of a new idea has to struggle and suffer similar
difficulties.
46. Establishing and retaining intellectual leadership clearly takes strong
management skills.
47. Many species have yet to be described by biologists.
48. The new hypothesis needs to be tested with a new controlled experiment.
49. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economics electives clash on my
timetable.
50. I would like tomato and cheese sandwiches on white bread and orange juice.
51. I used to have coffee with milk and one sugar.
52. Elephant is the largest land-living mammal.

53. I used to have milk and sugar for my coffee.

54. You should raise your concern with the head of school.
55. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization
phenomenon.
56. I didn’t agree with the author’s argument, but his presentation is good.
57. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty
committee.
58. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.
59. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial
additives.
60. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow.
61. The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
62. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional
help.
63. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
64. Exam results will be available next week from the course office.
65. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
66. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
67. Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing
injustice.
68. Arteries carry blood from heart to the other parts of the body.
69. We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
70. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.
71. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.
72. We would like a videotape for the lecture.
73. You should enquire about the Direct Deposit.
74. Please explain what the author means by sustainability.
75. The sports/sport team members often practice on weekdays and play games
on weekends.
76. The way of looking at something depends on your situation.
77. Tom doesn't watch TV except on Saturdays.
78. I would never feed my dog with commercial dog food.
79. How much time did you spend on doing research before you started writing?
80. There is an urgent need for people to help clean up the environment.
81. Tom suggested another plan to the Committee.
82. She doesn't pay much attention to how she dresses.
83. Mary felt happy when she learned the results of the election.
84. Newspapers around the world are reporting the stories of the president.
85. I think it's really difficult for an Englishman to imitate a real American
accent.
86. I look in my closet for something to wear, but I couldn't find anything
appropriate for the occasion.
87. I didn't mean to eavesdrop on your conversation.
88. Moving up the class ladder also brings unexpected costs.
89. Various measures were proposed which would not have aggravated the
situation.
90. You're the best advertising executive this company has ever had.
91. Everyone wanted to meet the artist and discussed the work they were
interested in.
92. The hardness of the butter is proportional to the softness of the bread.
93. I look for the day when a billion planets are populated with a billion people
each.
94. She glanced nervously around the brush and back at him.
95. The fact you have garnered with such infinite trouble invariably fail you at a
pinch.
96. No crop responds more readily to care for husbandry and skilful cultivation.
97. Alex captured her hands and forced her to drop the potatoes.
98. Our young people need education and more organized activities.
99. His tone tonight was nothing short of jealousy.
100. May the love of those around you help you through the days ahead.
101. Words can't express how sad we are to hear your loss.
102. My biggest concern for the future is climate change.
103. Conservations is the survival of future generations.
104. Junk foods popularity relies on marketing.
105. Will those happy days ever be forgotten by you?
106. The topic for discussion is usually related to the topic for a speech.
107. Does the government in your country help families that need help?
108. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union.
109. More muscles are used in swimming than any other sports.
110. Few people now are skeptical about alternative power sources such as wind
power.
111. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioural events are
always fascinating.
112. I can't attend the lecture because I have a doctor appointment.
113. Students will not be given credits for assignment submitted after the due
date.
114. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician in physical structure.
115. Critical literature theory broadens interpretation.
116. The chemistry exam results will be posted on the website.
117. Due to rising for courses, university should increase their staff, too.
118. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
119. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty
committee.
120. Please go straight and turn left to reach the library.
121. We must not be discouraged by setbacks in life.
122. Facebook is one of the most popular websites in the world today.
123. Traffic is very bad in the evening; therefore, we must leave early.
124. There will be open book exams on Monday the 28th.
125. The program depends entirely on private funding.
126. If she doesn't speak the language, she's not going to sit around a week for
a translator.
127. Would you like to videotape our lecture?
128. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture
together.
129. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
130. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization
phenomenon.
131. Most animals have triangular vocal cords, but the lion's mighty pipes are
square.
132. After she lost her job she couldn't afford to feed her dogs, so she gave
them away.
133. I'm sorry but I have a previous appointment tomorrow.
134. I don't understand what the comment of my essay means.

135. The United States has the maximum production of chocolate.

136. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.

137. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the
library.

138. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.

139. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial
circumstances.

140. Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay
Agreement.

141. Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates.

142. Is the hypothesis on black hole rendered moot as explanation of the

explosion?

143. In 1880, cycling became a major phenomenon in the United States.

144. Care needs to be taken for vulnerable groups during the period of turmoil.

145. The student housing is of very high quality, but still affordable.

146. The pollution in New Delhi has reached an alarming level.

147. The latest version of the operating system has many flaws.

148. I'm sorry for being late for today's lecture.

149. We didn't mean to ask him to do it because he cannot manage it.

150. We need to make sure the school principal knows about the changes.

151. There is considerably less supervision at university.

152. It is interesting to observe development of the language skills of toddlers.

153. She is going to a do master degree in mathematics.

154. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find the global solutions.

155. John went rushing off down the corridor.

156. Please carefully study the framework and complete the survey.

157. You can have your laptop during the exam.

158. Electric cars are the future of transportation as they promise a cleaner
environment.

159. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information.

160. Nearly half of television outputs are given away for educational program.

161. We would like a videotape for the lecture.

162. Arteries carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

163. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.

164. To measure distance could take as much as three weeks.

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Retell lectures/SST:
1. Climate change:
This lecture talks about the influence of climate change. According to the
speaker; climate change will make less production and less food. It is difficult for
developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and
other issues. Many people are living in hunger, especially in Africa. The climate
change will also have negative effects on the world economy.
2. Multi dimension:
The lecture is about multi dimension, which are required to describe a position.
He talked about four major dimensions, which are Longitude, Latitude, Altitude
and Time. Longitude is required for describing a position on equator. If describe
a position on the earth, latitude and longitude is required. Longitudes, latitude,
and altitudes denote for a position over the earth. She explained that when
describing a position in the space, time will be taken into account. In conclusion,
the lecture was related to how different dimensions describe a position.
3. Early Robot:
The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel
Čapek (Chapek) in 1935. People first thought robots were cute and like cuddly
toys due to the influence of Hollywood. After the First World War, people started
to think what makes human. They use robots to portray human beings. Robots
were then mainly used as labor force and later also assembled political
meanings.
4. Welsh Language:
The lecture was discussing about welsh language in the year 2005. The speaker
talked about a recent survey which indicated that many people were able to
read, write and speak this language, however, there is a number of people who
were able to understand this language but cannot write and read. He explained
that welsh speaking percentage improved from 2% to 30% from 1987 to 2005.
In conclusion, the lecture was related to a current survey, which showed that
there has been a significant increase in the number of people who could speak
welsh language.
5. Grand project in Paris:
The lecture was discussing about a grand project in Paris in 1890, which was
commissioned by Napoleon and directed by Haussman. The speaker mentioned
that Nap instructed the Haussman to bring air and light to the center of city and
also plant more trees, build boulevard and drain sewages to make the city more
clean and beautiful. The reason for doing this was that Paris had many problems
such as overcrowding, diseases, and crimes. In conclusion, the lecture was
related to the constructions that napoleon had done.
6. The utilization of robots:
This lecture was about developing of robots, which applied to car manufacturers
in the factories. Many robots service in the home for the general purpose. The
special purposes change. Vacuum robots have been purchased by many
bachelors. 25000 robots have been sold out in a year.
7. Water on Mars:
The research conducted on the habitability of Mars indicates the prior existence
of liquid water. There are some similarities such as polar caps, atmospheres and
water climate. The evidence is that researchers found several elements which
are essential to form water (hydrology), such as calcium carbonate, salt,
mineral, and perchlorate. Consequently, we can speculate that water used to
exist in liquid form on the surface and underground of Mars and it may be a
hospitable planet long time ago.
8. Green Revolution:
Transcript:
In 1943 what became known as the green revolution began with Mexico unable
to feed this growing population shouted for help. Within a few years the Fourth
and Rockefeller Foundations founded the international rice research institute in
Asia and by 1962 a new strain of rice called IRAs was feeding people all over the
world. IOH was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world
hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the
genes of plants and so IRH was created by carefully crossing existing varieties.
Selecting the best from each generation further modifying them and finally
finding the best. Here’s the power of modified crops. IR8 with no fertilizer
straight out of the box produce five times the yield of traditional rice varieties in
optimal conditions with nitrogen it produced 10 times the yield of traditional
varieties. By 1980 IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a
year instead of just on doubling the yield and by 1990 using more advanced
genetic manipulation techniques. IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The green
revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.
Keywords:
Green revolution/ rice resources/IR8/ feeding the world/ the 1st big modified
crop/ world hunger/technology/ directly manipulation of plants' genes/ selecting
the best/ different generations/no fertilizer/optimal conditions/Nitrogen/ 10
times more yield production/advanced genetic manipulation
techniques/IR72+A16
9.
Loggerhead Turtles „ Geomagnetic cues help young loggerhead turtles navigate
the open ocean during their epic 8,000-mile journey between leaving their natal
beaches in Florida, and returning 5-10 years later to breed. Researchers have
just worked out how they do it. Hatchling loggerhead sea turtle is tethered via a
soft cloth harness, or "bathing suit," to an electronic tracking system that
monitors its steering in response to different magnetic fields.
10. Climate change
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of
global climate change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing
emission of so-called greenhouse gases_ primarily carbon dioxide_ into the
atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so
commercial interests, groups of concerned individuals and national governments
have been gripped by what amounts to mass panic about what to do about it. To
many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian 'Population Bomb' of 1968 appears about to
explain in the world's face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of
population growth which outpaces agricultural production capacity with
predictably catastrophic results for humanity. And his three-part crisis scenario
does indeed seem now to be present; a rapid rate of change, a limit of some
sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich's work was roundly criticised at
the time, and later, from many quarters, and much of what he predicted did not
come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk that the climate
scientists have got it wrong? Is not in everyone's interests to apply the
precautionary principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their predictions_
now, rather than at some future time? As the chairman of the intergovernmental
panel on climate change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri has recently pointed out, eleven
of the warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the past
twelve, while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.
11.
Aristotle:
Aristotle thinks rhetoric is different from truth. Rhetoric is the body, but truth is
the spirit, the soul, rather than the body. Some people do not understand truth
because they are rational. We should use rhetoric to help people to understand
the truth. If you want to make people get into truth, you have to use tricks
because truth itself is abstract.
12. Superhuman strength:
Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when
in the face of disaster, some people are said to have summoned up incredible
physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big
John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners
escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea,
but we're going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for
an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength.
13.
Narratives:
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of
description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation.
Sometimes we have to use visual description, mainly when we do not witness
the scenario. I was born during the Second World War, and my hometown is XX,
for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have
mentioned this or that when you talked to me ... when asked her about the
shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the
shelter. From her response, I could get more visual evidence as I can to write
my book.
14.
Bilingual education parents should not use two languages to educate their
children. Most parents suppose bilingual education can benefit children, but it is
not always beneficial in reality. Bilingual education can easily confuse children
when parents explain and talk about the same content in two different
languages.
15. Australia’s changing role:
The lecture is about Australia’s changing role. The speaker mentioned that
Australia has changed its role in trading with the world. He discussed that in the
past Australia was isolated from UK and USA, but it has now become a famous
destination due to rise of Asian countries especially china. He explained that
Japan is ranked in the first position and China will become the number one in the
future. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the role of Australia in trading
with world.
16. Vitamin D:
The lecture is about the vitamin D concentration in people. Vitamin D is not a
real vitamin but one type of pro-hormone, it is produced by the skin when skin is
exposed to sunlight, then it can travel via the bloodstream to have effects on
other parts of the body. There have been advancements in technologies that
could measure the fat content of Vitamin D, which has shown that people often
suffer from Vitamin D deficiency because of their diet or reducing the sun
exposure. In the end, the speaker stressed that we should be aware of fat-
soluble vitamins, which could produce intoxication. The formation of Vitamin D
can be affected by climate. For example, people need more Vitamin D
supplements during winter when they wear more clothes due to the lack of
sunshine. Some regions where people are less exposed to sunlight don't have
enough Vitamin D compared to those who live near the equator.
17.
Water on Mars:
The research conducted on the habitability of Mars indicates the prior existence
of liquid water. There are some similarities such as polar caps, atmospheres and
water climate. The evidence is that researchers found several elements which
are essential to form water (hydrology), such as Calcium Carbonate, Salt,
mineral, and Perchlorate. Consequently, we can speculate that water used to
exist in liquid form on the surface and underground of Mars and Mars may be a
hospitable planet long time ago.
18.
Universe civilization:
The lecture was discussing universe civilization. The speaker mentioned that the
universe produces 100 of planets annually, however, only an average of seven
planets are suitable for high civilization. He discussed that most of planets are
not suitable for living since they are either so cold or hot. He explained that only
20 percent of planets can support human to survive. In conclusion, the lecture
was related to the possibility of living in the other planets
19. Edmund Wilson:
This lecture talks about Edmund Wilson. He comes from a very different world
and is the focal point an American culture. He believes that literature is a part of
life for everyone as for conversation. In over 50 years, he is a dedicated literary
journalist. „Edmund Wilson (May 8, 1895 — June 12, 1972) was an American
writer and critic who notably explored Freudian and Marxist themes. He
influenced many American authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose
unfinished work he edited for publication. His scheme for a Library of America
series of classic national works came to fruition through the efforts of Jason
Epstein after Wilson's death.
20. Water challenge:
Today I want to talk about water, and the…the law that surrounds drinking
water, to talk about its quality, talk about what your rights are to clean water, to
also give you a sense of what key threats are to drinking water, what your
exposure might be, and what we might do about it, both legally but also
personally. Water is a critical component of our environment and our bodies,
your body is close to 70% water. You can go for several weeks two to three on
average without food, you can only go for about four minutes without air, and
you can go for maybe four or five days without water before you die. So water is
absolutely critical, and one of the key arguments I want to make today is that
it's a largely neglected area of environmental law, given the rapid increase in our
knowledge about chemical threats to water quality, and where those threats
come from.
21.
Energy consumption:
This is a 40-watt light bulb. If you leave it on all the time, it uses one kilowatt
every day. And it’s possible to express all forms of power consumption using this
unit of the light bulb. I started measuring everything around my house, around
my office. And I found some surprising things. First, I plug in a phone charger.
And it didn’t even register on this power meter. It uses one hundredth of a light
bulb of power. So I don’t think the phone chargers can be our NO.1 phone
energy consumption. Just taking one hot bath everyday uses the same energy,
same power of five light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. And I found I’ve been
steadily using 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot
water. And that surprises me. Transport is one of the biggest forms of energy
consumption, and it uses about a third about our energy. If you drive an average
car 50 kilometres a day, that corresponds to adding 40 light bulbs on all the
time. Today, the average British person is using 125 light bulbs of power. That’s
125 light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. That’s huge.
77. Stem cells

Transcript:

Stein cells are cells that are undifferentiated, meaning they do not have a
specific job or function. While skin cells protect your body, muscle cells contract
and nerve cells send signals, stein cells do not have any specific structures or
functions.

Stein cells do have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in your body.
Your body uses stem cells to replace worn-out cells when they die. For example,
you completely replace the lining of your intestines every four days. Stem cells
beneath the lining of your intestines replace these cells as they wear out.
Scientists hope that stem cells could be used to create a very special kind of
personalized medicine, in which we could replace your own body parts with, well,
your own body parts.

Stem cell researchers are working hard to find ways in which to use stem cells to
create new tissue to replace the parts of organs that are damaged by injury or
disease. Using stem cells to replace damaged bodily tissue is called regenerative
medicine. For example, scientists currently use stem cells to treat patients with
blood diseases such as leukaemia. Leukaemia is a form of cancer that affects
your bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside your bones where
your blood cells are created. In leukaemia, some of the cells inside your bone
marrow grow uncontrollably, crowding out the healthy stem cells that form your
blood cells. Some leukaemia patients can receive a stem cell transplant. These
new stem cells will create the blood cells needed by the patient's body.

There are actually multiple kinds of stem cells that scientists can use for medical
treatments and research. Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells are found
in small numbers in most of your body's tissues.

Answer: Significantly focusing on the fact which is mentioned is stem cells and
it comprises that stem cells do not have any specific structures or functions.
Additionally, it denotes that stem cells do have the potential to become all other
kinds of cells in your body, so they can be used to replace worn-out body cells.
Considering the most substantial insights, it can be concluded that stem cell
researchers are trying to find ways in which to use stem cells to create new
tissue to replace damaged organs, and there are actually multiple kinds of stem
cells that scientists can use for medical treatments.

23.
Wildlife in Africa:
The lecture demonstrated research regarding the relationship between food and
income in Africa. Their main livelihood is from wildlife, especially the fish which
can provide a high level of protein. Although most of the people grew fish to live,
they were still suffering from the poverty. Therefore, their income is closely
associated with food. Wildlife is important for people's livelihood, especially fish.
Billions of people in the world rely on fish as their main food source, the source
of protein, and source of income. As the food source, fish is beneficial to health,
whereas a source of income, it alleviates poverty. It is expected that fish
industry will become the prime source of foreign income.
24.
Industrialization:
The lecture illustrated the influence of industrialization on European society in
the 18th and 19th centuries. Specifically, the creation of power machines and
factories provided numerous job opportunities, and it facilitated production
efficiency and ability to transport raw materials. Industrialization also resulted in
the urbanization movement, and that citizens prefer to live closer to the
factories. Thus, the western world changed from rural and agricultural to urban
industrial.
25. Language death:
The lecture was about language death, which comprised a mainstream issue and
changing people's mindsets. The spokesperson described thinking explicitly
about language, and the fundamental essence of the interest of the general
population in language emphasized the significance of language games.
Ultimately, although word origins could be inferred evidently from the emotion
and drama, the corresponding impacts of language endangerment were
acknowledged.
26.
Childbirth rate in Europe:
The lecture is about childbirth rate in Europe. The speaker mentioned that in the
recent years, European females have no interest to get birth to the babies. This
particularly is the case for people under age of 30. He explained that these
phenomena have had serious detrimental effects of development of males. He
finally concluded that low birth rate causes some family issue and
unemployment.
27.
(With a picture of a little girl playing Violin) If you want to master a skill, you
have to practice and make it perfect. For example, if you want to learn to play
the violin, you need practice. If you practice every day and solitary practices.
You have to understand your weakness during the practice. For example, when
you learn mathematics, and you find you are not good at geometry, then you
will have to practice more on geometry. Even for those who are talented, they
also need to practice.
28.
Space time:
If we want to talk about relativity, we have to talk about space-time. Space-
time is the four dimensional world we live in We need four numbers to specify a
point in space. Also, the four dimensional world is the arena of physics,
everything happens physically in space time.
29.
Australian expensive housing Australian housing price has increased dramatically
recently as Australian has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic
growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the mortgage rate was half.
Therefore, everyone can afford to borrow money from banks to buy the house.
However, the house price has been soaring now because of the increase in
immigration and purchasing power.
30.
Performance of boys and girls:
The lecture is about how boys and girls score marks in English and Math. He
mentioned that girls perform better than boys in English around 10 percent
higher, however there is no clear difference for Math exam. He discussed their
performance highly depends on their cognitive, physical and social factors. He
explained that they develop the cognitive knowledge during preschool. In
conclusion, the lecture was related to the performance of girls and boys in math
and English exams.
31.
The lecture was about main definitions of globalization. First of all, it would mean
international communication and trading between countries, which consequently
leads to a significant growth in travelling and the relationship of international
companies. Secondly, the speaker stressed about the importance of having an
integrated economy strategy, which increases the interdependence between the
economies of different countries. Finally, he explained about transaction,
consuming and producing goods.
32.
English language change was a challenge to speakers why can't we change it
because it has some standardized spelling and universal education format. So it's
very hard to change the entire language. Secondly, there is variety in the English
language from the number of villages’ regions, so it's wise to have a universal
one.
33. Social identity **(new):
The lecture talks about the information of the concept of social identity. He has
studied several aspects of social identity including social identity threats. As for
the social identity, it is part of the personal identity, including age, s ex, region,
religion, etc. He raised two questions about why social identity is important and
what influence it will have on us.
34. Pull and push **(new):
(Force is done by either push or pull. - When you push or pull the
trolley/shopping cart, it will experience forces. - But force does not necessarily
move the object. The object can experience forces but be stationary at the same
time. Even when an object is pushed or pulled by forces, it doesn’t mean that
the object will move.)
35. Role of Language:
Languages develop unconsciously when people try to communicate with each
other. The rule of language is the convention. Every language is unique, valuable
and not translatable since the meaning of a word in different languages is not
the same. Language reflects own culture, represents personal thinking and
understanding. It is important that a simple language should be documented for
human beings. Different languages need to be documented as they are of human
heritage
36. Stanford university conference:
A lecture held by Stanford University stressed the importance of management
and leadership in the business school. Learning management and leadership was
introduced as the educational purposes by the lecturer. Students should be
responsible and accountable for the quality and management performance and
identify how it could happen appropriately and learn how it could be properly
achieved. In the end, the speaker concluded that accomplishments should be
attained by people themselves instead of depending on the others.
37.
NEW
Only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has
adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index of government policy,
and actually has a good deal of success in education and in health and in
economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather
sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's
happiness. They are the only country to go that far.
38. Biomedical:
The first group of people that realize we can learn from ourselves in Engineers.
They invented machines to study the human body, to cure disease and study
physiology. By using those complex machines, they can study how human brains
function and process. The result of their studies can be utilized to benefit human
can solve problems such as disease, etc.
39. Description: (SST)
This lecture is about two methods of description: these are symbolic language
and body language. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people
tried to communicate with each other. Body language facilitates the development
of sign language, which popularly became hand words.
40. LAWYER (SST)
This lecture is about the study of law, which gives students a really unique
opportunity to acquire a much greater and much more mature level of
understanding and knowledge of law. Law is also helpful for other careers.
Because studying law involves not only legal rules, but analytical approach to the
world around us.
41. Australian housing price
This lecture is about Australian housing prices. Australian housing prices have
increased dramatically in recent years. There are three reasons for growth. First,
due to half of the mortgage rate, people tend to borrow money from banks to
buy a house. Second, people have more purchasing power, which means housing
has become more affordable. Third, the increasing immigrants has resulted in
more demand in housing.
42. Big Bang Theory:
People believed the Big Bang happened 10 to 20 billion years ago. However, by
more precise measurement of particles, it has been proved that it actually
happened 13.8 billion years ago, which fits well that the universe is older than
the oldest star. After the Big Bang, the universe keeps continuous changing.
People still need to understand how the Big Bang happened even though the
origin is known.
43. Misuse of drugs (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY BASED SST)
Drugs used at home can be dangerous. Drugs should be closed and stored
properly so that children do not get access to it, some children can even open a
child proof cap. Some people take drugs for wrong reason. Eg. some drugs used
for bacterial infection cannot be used for virus infection. If drugs are taken
wrong, allergy might happen. If drugs are taken at wrong dosage, under wrong
indication, drug resistance may develop. Recommendations Physicians should
give correct indications Physicians should stress the importance of taking the
drugs right to the patients. Eg. patients should finish the whole course of their
antibiotics.
44. History Course Study:
The lecture is about how curators learn history courses. Curators differ from
other historians is how they interrogate the past; what elements they use to
communicate the past. Curators try to understand material culture as evidence
of other people’s lives as a means to try to understand other people
45. Industrialization and Adam Smith:
In the past, it is previously believed that a nation’s wealth is how much money
people can pile up. However, Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation is
the nation’s ability to produce output. National income is equal to the national
output. With the development of industrialization, Adam Smith agreed that
manufacture should be included in the nation’s wealth.
46. Indian Debt Version2:
The debt today for Indian peasants is so high because of the expensive seeds
which used to be free. And the usage of pesticides increased dramatically due to
the free market and globalization. Peasants have to buy the expensive seeds and
pesticides by borrowing money from the seed companies which also sell seeds
and pesticides to them
47. Globalization:
There are various definitions of globalization. Firstly, globalization means the
increase in international trade transactions across the border. Secondly,
globalization represents an integrated economic system than ever before, which
means one countries economy may rely on other countries for economic growth.
But in the past, they are economically independent while they are now part of
the global economy. So the economy becomes post-industrial and global.
48. INDUSTRIALIZATION:
This lecture is about the Industrialization. Most developed countries have
succeeded in tempering market economy. The industrial revolution has some
negative effects on people, so we pass the legislation about working conditions,
which circumscribes some of the worst kinds of behavior. Eventually, we put
regulations that composed better environmental conditions. Finally, some
damages have been reversed and we have more widely benefits compared to
100 years ago.
49. AMORY LOVINS:
Amory Lovins is an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge but he is
not an academic. He has a consulting company and a house on a snow
mountain. During 30 years, he always thinks up ways to save energy and solve
problems with existed technologies. People tend to think he is crazy. Elizabeth
Colbert wrote a book called Mr. Green about him.
50. Judgement:
A company executive wants to hire a manager. There is a candidate with a good
record and good past performance. But he is not hired, because he is not well-
fitted into this position, although he is highly recommended by his previous
employer. • Another example is that a football coach wants to find a kid player.
People think this kid is excellent at football, but the coach recognized that the
kid has difficulty controlling the football. • In conclusion, it is hard to judge
people how good they are within just 30 minutes to one hour
51. REPUBLICANS:
The lecture is about the need of modifying government power which is a
philosophical question. Meanwhile, the Republican Party and Democratic Party
hold different opinions on this issue. The Republican Party believes the
government should share its power with the states and people, while the
Democratic Party contends the government should hold the big power and
entitlements. However, there always exists private power which is hidden by
government.
52. Shakespeare's poem:
This lecture is about the top ten things that people should know about
Shakespeare. Firstly, Shakespeare’s language is a bit out of date for now and
needs efforts to understand because he did live quite a long time ago. Secondly,
Shakespeare was not only a great poet but also a great theater poet. Thirdly,
Shakespeare’s dramatic poetry consists of interaction between the characters of
the plays.
53. LIVABLE PLANT:
This lecture is about the relationship between civilization and stars. It’s
important to look at stars that are suitable for the development of civilization.
Although there are seven new stars appear every year, only about 20% are
suitable because there are some factors for species to survive and reproduce. In
addition, human beings are the only organism to extend the limits of natural
tolerance range through technology.
54.
Music and language have many similarities because they both involve complex
sequences and they are both forms of communication. It interested philosophers
and scientists to study it. They found some obvious commons that they both
have rhythmic systematic patterns, melody-structured patterns of pitch, syntax,
discrete elements and principles for combining those elements. Also, they both
convey emotion by using sound.
55. Management and leadership:
This lecture is about the purpose of education is to learn management and
leadership. Stanford University Business School promotes leadership in many
areas. And they deliver services with good quality. People should accomplish
assignments on their own rather than relying on others which indicates that the
accomplishments achieved by others don’t mean what you are capable of.
56. Globalization and IT:
This lecture is about globalization and IT. The most important thing in the early
21 st century was the merger of globalization and IT revolution. They drive each
other and take the world from connected to hyper connected and from
interconnected to interdependent. People can feel the huge differences in
anywhere. Everyone is living in the fusion now, but no one can explain.
57. How to Spend Your Life:
This lecture is about what would graduates like to do if money were no money.
Many students want to be painters, poets or writers, but these occupations
cannot earn much money. The speaker encourages students to do what they
really want to do and forge money. If students make the money as the most
important thing, they will waste their life.
58. DRUG ADS:
Drug companies have doubled the money spent on the advertisement on TV
which results in many consumers go to see doctors based on prescription ads on
TV. Although the information in these ads was technically accurate, the tone was
misleading. In addition, none of the ads mentioned lifestyle changes that could
also help treat the condition.
59. We Are Animals:
Many people say that humans don’t do things that animals do. It means we are
not animals, but that's not true. Humans are not plants and microorganisms. We
are living things; we are animals because we can see humans in animals and
animal in us. We can look into animals’ behaviours and find out what made us.
But it’s not easy.
60. Can Food:
This lecture is about canned food which is extremely popular during the Great
Depression, since then, modern food technology rules the way Americans eat
today. Thanks to electrification, farmers could buy appliances, which means
frozen foods were becoming big. However, few people could afford appliances, so
Americans started to think about supermarkets with freezer cases and canned
foods.
61. Fast Radio Burst:
This lecture is about fast radio burst, which is very fast and come from outer
space. It is still a mystery that we don’t know where exactly it comes from.
Moreover, we find it with the best telescope in the world, and we can also do
more detailed researches to understand the burst with the telescope.
62. Washing Machine History:
This lecture is about the history of washing machine, which is a domestic
appliance that allowed for increased leisure time and redefined gender roles in
society. In the past, the whole process for a household’s laundry could take a
large amount of time and labor. Later, with the invention of the electric clothes
washers, which were firstly introduced into America about 1900, the domestic
life was changed.
63. LAWYER (VERSION 2):
This lecture is about why people study law, even if some people don’t want to be
lawyers. Many people study law at university because they want to be lawyers.
But law is not a vocational subject but an academic subject and an intellectual
discipline. Even though studying law at university is insufficient to train students
to become lawyers, it can help students to think and write logically and clearly.
64. New Zealand:
This lecture is about New Zealand, which is a super diverse country. 44% of the
population is not born in New Zealand and there are over 200 ethnicities, which
is almost doubled the academic definition of super-diversity. Auckland will
continue to become younger and browner. Moreover, the super-diversity has
increased financial capital. We also need to mitigate the challenges of social
capital to maximize sustainability in financial capital.
65. Instinct Version 2:
This lecture is about instinct and reflex. Instinct is a term used to describe
unlearned behaviors triggered by environment and it is also related to motivation
and tied to survival. Moreover, instincts are present across species, many
different species rely on instincts. Both instinct and reflex are unlearned behavior
for survival purposes. But reflex is a simple reaction, while instinct is more
complex.
66. Wonder Babies:
This lecture is about wonder babies. There is a study on three groups of seven
months’ babies which are speaking Italian, Slovenia and Italian-Slovenia.
Researchers showed the babies various puppets and then they switched the
situation. The study found that seven months’ babies are used to setting
situations. However, when the situation changes, the bilingual babies notice the
changes very quickly, while others would not notice that.
67. Motivation Version1:
Motivation is the move to action. Some external factors of motivation include
value, interest and inspiration. After the speaker studied psychology, he found
that motivation varies with age. He also found that punishment and rewards are
the basic factors that affect motivation.
68. Recycling Water:
This lecture is about water recycling. We need to recycle water, because we
cannot generate much new fresh water. Fresh water can be generated by
burning hydrogen, but it happened less. The total volume of fresh water cannot
satisfy our demands. Recycling technologies are available for many areas, but
little technology available for home use. On the local level, it’s not a closed loop
in the home.
69. Books:
This lecture is about the good reasons to read the Republic. The first reason is it
is immensely readable which is easy to read and like a vivid conversation.
Second, it was written by a genius and its worth reading. Third, the thought and
content of the book can answer the fundamental question ‘why should we be
good’.
70. English:
English is not a pure language, which has been influenced by other 150
languages in history. English borrow vocabulary and phrases from other
languages. When we focus on history, people from different periods have
different views about this. In Shakespeare’s time, people hated those borrowed
words.
71. The Definition of Risk:
This lecture is about the definition of risk. There are two definitions of the risk.
First, it means the consequence of some kind of particular danger, hazard loss,
while the other one is about possibility, chance and consequence. Moreover,
when it comes to safety which are regarded as a loop. They are free from risks,
and in English, safe means something absolutely safe or sounds safe.
72. Biology, DNA & RNA:
This lecture is about DNA and RNA which are used to store and transmit genetic
and inherited information. Although animals look differently, they are
interconnected. All organisms are based on cells, which means they have the
same chemicals inside of them. All organisms conduct metabolism which
converts energy from one from to another by chemical reactions.
73. Agriculture and Urbanization Version 2:
This lecture talks about the relationship between the agriculture and
urbanization. One farmer grow food can benefit many families in the city. And
the food trade in city also can benefit people in countryside. However, more and
more people don't want to live in countryside anymore, a lot of people move to
urban area, as there are more opportunities in the city. If all people are move to
city, then they start losing jobs, increasing unemployment rate.
74. Environmental Law:
We should consider domestic legislation before considering the international
environmental law. The UK’s first environmental law was ineffective due to there
is no appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions. During the
Industrial Revolution, Adam Smith’s model was applied to some industrialists
which were detrimental to the environment. So, there is a need for
comprehensive statutory controls over the discharge of pollutants.
75. Citizenship Curriculum:
The lecture is about the citizenship curriculum, which is marginalized in the
curriculum. But introducing citizenship is both worthwhile and can be fulfilled as
long as the resources are sufficient. Moreover, it provides core skills for young
people to adapt to the changing world. However, the main problems of
implementing the citizenship curriculum are the lack of commitment of many
school leaders, insufficient training provision and its uncertain place in the
curriculum.
76. King

Transcript:

At the top, you would have a king. Now the king would rule over a kingdom. Now
this is not so easy to govern especially during the Middle Ages. And the king
might owe many people things, especially people who help the king come to
power, helped him depose the previous king or to conquer this land. And so in
exchange for that and to help govern, he might grant land or feasts to other
people. And the key currency in the Middle Ages under the feudal system is land.
And land in exchange for loyalty and service. So this whole thing is a kingdom.
Now right over here, this is a Duchy. And a Duchy will be controlled by a Duke. I
guess I didn't call it duckie because that just doesn't sound as serious. So the
king might grant a Duchy, a Duchy to a Duke and in exchange the Duke would
provide loyalty pledged their fealty. If the kingdom is threatened, the Duke will
fight alongside. The King would provide their own troops if the king wants to go
conquer other territories, same thing, and also provide the king with taxes which
might be in the form of coinage depending on what time and region we are in
the Middle Ages or it might be in the form of a percentage of the agricultural
production from this Duchy.

Answer: In order to maintain power, a king in the Middle Ages needs to grant
land or feasts to his allies in exchange for loyalty and service. Therefore, the
king might grant a Duchy to a Duke and in exchange the Duke would provide
loyalty pledged their fealty and pay tax in the form of coinage or a percentage of
the agricultural production from this Duchy.
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. In which direction does the sun come up? East

2. Where do students provide material and resources at the university? Library

3. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you
where to find specific information? Index

4. How many years are in a decade? 10 Years

5. Which device can be used for telling the time by using the sun? Sundial

6. What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies? Milk

7. What do you call equipment we use to look at stars? Telescope

8. What is the line in the middle of the candle? Candle wick

9. The stars, earth, and moon belong to what system? Solar system

10. What does a Sundial measure? – Time

11. Which part at the end of book can be used for further reading? An index or a
bibliography? – Bibliography

12. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? – Pilot.

13. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have? -
Fracture.

14. How do you call the people who work for a company? – Employees.

15. Which one is more fuel efficient, a small car or a large truck? – A small car.

16. What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys? -
Piano.

17. What is the meaning of “post” in the word “postgraduate”? – After

18. How many days are there added in February during a leap year? - ? 1 day

19. How do you call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines in a hospital? -
Chemist/Pharmacist.

20. Which one would a vegetarian most likely to eat, sandwiches or fruit salad?
– Fruit salad.

21. Which one has a lower humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A desert.

22. If you have a toothache, do you go to a surgeon or a dentist? – Dentist.

23. Animals with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant

24. How many years does a centennial celebrates? - 100 years.

25. What do you call a list in front of a book which outlines the structure of a
book? - Table of Contents

26. Whenever a person goes to an interview, would he be in an enthusiastic

mood or a sad mood? Enthusiastic mood

27. What do we call the piece of paper that proves that you have bought an
item? Receipt

28. Which is not a way of public transportation, Train, Model car or Airplane?
Model car

29. If your teeth are in pain, who do you visit, dentist or psychologist? Dentist

30. What do we call the land of college or university? Campus

31. Which one is the result of economic growth, High unemployment or low
unemployment? Low unemployment

32. What is the name of the instrument used to measure variations in

temperature? Thermometer

33. If you are lost in a city, what should you buy? Map

34. When ice is in the room temperature, what does it become? Water

35. Which of the following is not fiction, unicorn or giraffe? Giraffe

36. In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with
ourselves? Reference materials

37. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life?
Autobiography

38. How many wheels does a tricycle have? Three

39. What is the sweet food produced by bees? Honey

40. Who seats at the cockpit of an airplane? Pilot

41. Which source is more reliable, magazine or journal? Journal

42. What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by the colour white and
black? Piano

43. What do we put in a backpack, Chair or book? Book

44. What is the visible joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm?
Elbow

45. If a newspaper published in 7 days of a week, and a magazine published one

day a week, what is that journal which is published four months a year?
Quarterly journal
46. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday. What is the other day which
commonly starts a week? Monday

47. Where we can find a Crossword? Newspaper

48. What is the location of the index within a book? End of a book

49. What do tons, ounces, and pounds refer to? Weights

50. What do you call the document that tells your qualification and work
experience? CV / Resume

51. What do we call a period of 1000 years? Millennium

52. A list of books representing some scholarly work for reference?

Bibliography

53. Which device at home is used for waking up? Alarm clock

54. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? Bilingual

55. What is the opposite of stale? Fresh

56. If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweller or a pharmacist?
Jeweller

57. What is the source of solar energy? Sun

58. What do we call a period of 100 years? Century

59. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? –
Extinct

60. Which continent has most of the Indian and Chinese population in the world?
Asia

61. What do we call the material used in carpenter? Wood

62. Today is Thursday; a person has a doctor appointment on Wednesday when

he has an appointment, Today, tomorrow, next week? Next week

63. What is the list of chapters at the beginning of a book? Table of contents

64. What do ornithologists study, human, birds or machines? Birds

65. What is the verb form of the noun Abstention? Abstain

66. Where does the crocodile live? Swamp

67. What is more fuel-efficient, car or truck? Car

67. What is the title of a newspaper called? Headline

68. What’s the colour of the medal that a champion gets? –Golden.

69. “We went somewhere”, how do you understand it’s a past sentence? Went
70. Which kind of transportation involves human effort, horse riding or cycling?
Cycling

71. Whose job is it to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a hospital?
Doctor

72. Two children born at the same time? Twins

73. What is the chemical formula of water or What is the name of H2O? H2O or
Water

74. What does a sundial measure? Time

75. What is the melting snow (ice)? Water

76. What is the name of the planet in our solar system that supports life? Earth

77. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people
together as a sporting event? The Olympic Games

78. What is the red liquid that flows through a body? Blood

79. What organ do cardiologists specialize in? Heart

80. What is haematology related to? Blood

81. What is common between these musical instruments, Guitar, Violin, Cello?
String

82. If a species is described as venomous, what substance it has? –Toxin

83. Under which circumstance would you describe the economy as a good one,
the one with high unemployment or low unemployment? --Low
unemployment.

84. What natural resource is used by a carpenter? --Wood.

85. If you are happy with an agreement, what would you like to put at the
bottom of the contract with the date? --Signature.

86. How many hemisphere does the equator divide the globe into? TWO

87. In mathematics and arithmetic, there are addition, multiplication, division.

What is the other one? --Subtraction.

88. How many days are there in February during a leap year? --29 days.

89. What is the most catching line of the newspaper? --Headline.

90. What is the adjective to describe the creatures that no longer exist? --
Extinct.

91. What is the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material? –Fracture

92. If you have a toothache, do you go to a surgeon or a dentist? - DENTIST

93. What does an altitude measure? --Height.

94. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people
together as a sporting event? --Olympics (Games).

95. What type of food does a vegetarian eat, beef pie or fruit salad? --Fruit
Salad.

96. Which day is between Tuesday and Thursday? --Wednesday.

97. Which part of body do optometrists examine? --Eyes.

98. What can bring astronauts to space? --Spacecraft.

99. What is paper made from? --Trees /wood.

100. What will snow become after it melted? --Water.

101. Oral English is different from academic English, which is the best term to
describe academic English: tolerant or rigorous? --Rigorous.

102. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic
or passive? --Enthusiastic.

103. How do you call the book where you collect all your photos together? --
Album.

104. What is the opposite of convex? --Concave.

105. What is the opposite of still? --Dynamic or active.

106. What electronic device wakes you up in the morning? --Alarm clock

107. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? --
Surgeon.

108. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? --Pilot.

109. What institution helps people save money? --Bank.

110. Which kind of people use periodic table to study? –Chemist

111. When something has increased by triple, how many times does it increase?
--Three times.

112. How do you call someone who likes to drink heavily every day? --
Alcoholic.

113. What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset or debt? --
Debt.

114. Which shape in mathematics has the concept of perimeter and diameter? --
Circle.

115. What material is used both on window and light bulb? --Glass.
116. Which continent do China, India, Korea and Japan locate? --Asia.

117. What do bees collect from flowers? --Pollen.

118. Why are bees so important to agriculture? --Pollination.

119. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? --Bilingual.

120. What is the line between countries? --Boundary or border.

121. Which one is easier to recycle, plastic or paper? --Paper.

122. What is the item of footwear intended to protect and comfort human foot?
--Shoes.

123. Inhalation of which tobacco substance or activity is dangerous? --Nicotine.

124. What century are we now? --Twenty first.

125. In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with
ourselves? --Reserved book.

126. Where do we hang our clothes, closet or drawer? --Closet.

127. One map given and asked about which ocean is on west of it? (Which
ocean is to the west?) --Pacific Ocean.

128. What does ASAP stand for? --As Soon as Possible

129. What do these following belong to: chrysanthemum, roses, daisies, tulip,
etc.? --Flowers.

130. How do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called X-axis
and a vertical line called Y-axis? --Coordinate system.

131. How many wheels does a tricycle have? --Three.

132. Which colour we made by blending black and white? --Grey.

133. What kind of forms are tragedy and comedy? --Literature.

134. Where can you find the index in a book? --At the end.

135. What is the force happened between the relative motion when objects are
rubbed against each other? --Friction.

136. After a busy working day, what do you feel, exhausted or excited? –
Exhausted

137. What does green being helpful for? --Environment.

138. Which one would you most likely to see in the lake, a swan or a crocodile?
--A swan

139. What do we call the place selling gold and silver? --A jewellery shop/A
bullion market.
140. How do you call (describe) the money that citizens must contribute to the
government for public use? –Tax

141. What does the chemical symbol H2O stands for? --Water.

142. If a car is not stopping, what it is doing? --Running.

143. What is the material in the recipe? --Ingredients.

144. What is the hard object in the centre of fruits？ --Core.

145. Where does camels normally appear? --Desert.

146. What is the first paragraph of an essay? --Introduction.

147. Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? --Receive.

148. In a hospital, who is the person that can write prescriptions? DOCTOR

149. What will ice do when it is heated? --Melt.

150. Where can the camel be found? --Desert.

151. Which one has a higher humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A rainforest.

152. Under which circumstance would you describe the economy as a good one,
the one with high unemployment or low unemployment? - Low
unemployment.

153. How do you call the book where you collect all your photos together? –
Album.

154. How many days are there in February during a leap year? - 29 days.

155. When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New Roman” mean? –
Font.

156. Which organ is the blood pumped from? – Heart.

157. How would you describe someone who can speak two languages? –
Bilingual.

158. What is the outer part that protects fruits like oranges and bananas? –
Peel.

159. Where can students borrow reference materials in school? – Library.

160. How do you call the money that citizens must contribute to the government
for public use? – Tax.

161. What kind of clothes and shoes do you wear to keep it comfortable when
hiking? – Hiking outfit.

162. What is the hardest/toughest part of your hand? – Nails.

163. What is the hard object in the centre of peaches, apples and pears? –
Stone.

164. In a grassland or a swamp can you normally see an alligator? - Swamp.

165. If you want to find the map of the US, what type of book should you use? –
Atlas.

166. Where can you find the index in a book? – At the end.

167. What is the electronic device that wake you up in the morning? – Alarm
clock.

168. How do you describe the line that divides a circle in two pieces? – Chord

169. When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or slow? – Quick.

170. Why are bees so important to agriculture? – Pollination.

171. If you are happy with an agreement, what would you like to put at the
bottom of the contract with the date? - Signature.

172. What is the natural material used to make a car tire? – Rubber

173. What does the chemical symbol H2O stands for? – Water.

174. In which reference book can you find synonyms and antonyms? –
Thesaurus.

175. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life? –
Autobiography

176. Which one would you use to describe the desert, humidity or aridity? -
Aridity.

177. When your company’s assets have increased by triple, how many times
does it increase? – Three times.

178. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which
commonly starts a week? - Monday.

179. How do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called X-axis
and a vertical line called Y-axis? – Coordinate system.

180. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? –
Surgeon.

181. What do you use to test the body temperature? - Thermometer.

182. What unit is used to measure a 200-meter sprint, hours or seconds? –

Seconds.

183. Which of the following sports is more dangerous, parachuting or long-

distance running? - Parachuting.
184. What is the force happened between the relative motion when objects are
rubbed against each other? – Friction

185. What is the opposite to “still”? – Moving. / Active. / Dynamic.

186. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people
together as a sporting event? - Olympics (Games).

187. What do you call an equipment we use to look at stars in space? —

Telescope.

188. If someone’s response is simultaneous, is it quick or slow? – Quick.

189. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic
or passive? – Enthusiastic

190. What do you call a very long essay that students have to write for a doctor
degree? – Thesis or dissertation.

191. What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset or debt? – Debt

192. Apart from addition, subtraction, and multiplication, what is the other
mathematical calculation method? – Division

193. Which one is not mythological animal? Unicorn, giraffe, dragon or

mermaid? - Giraffe

194. What do you call the strap that circulates a person in a car or an airplane?
- Seatbelt.

195. How many alphabets are there in English? – 26.

196. How would you describe the process in which snow becomes water? –
Melting.

197. The name of the building where you can borrow books? - Library.

198. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas? Mitigation
or migration? – Migration

199. Which kind of mountain can erupt? Volcano

200. What do we call the book with a list of words, with their meanings?
Dictionary

201. Which kind of book can we find Africa maps? Atlas

202. What does the premises that colleges, faculties, libraries, and locations in
the university called? University Campus

203. Camel lives in which habitat? Desert

204. Which Animal is not a mammal, Butterfly, cow or Goat? Butterfly

205. What is the string or lace for fastening the shoes usually called? Shoelaces
206. What is the antonym of predecessors? Successors

207. What do we call a person who studies ancient bones, rocks and plants?
Archaeologist

208. What is the solid form of water? Ice

209. What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk? Elephant

210. When do we say a couple of children, how many children we mean? Two

211. What is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums? Dentist

212. How many faces does a pentagon have? Five

213. Which field of study relates to the human mind and behaviour?
Psychology

214. What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related words?
Thesaurus
215. In which section of a library can you use the books and materials as
references but borrow them out of the library? - Reserve Collection

216. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what kind of book do you read?
— Fiction books/novels

217. What do you call the computer that you can carry with you? — Laptop

218. In the solar system, which planet can support life? — Earth

219. If we say primary, secondary, what is next? — Tertiary

220. What is the colour of the medal that a champion gets? — Golden

221. How many wheels does a bicycle have? — Two

222. What do we call the northernmost and southernmost part of the earth? —
Pole

223. What is the music that is recorded for a movie or a film? — Soundtrack

224. Can you name the act of inhaling tobacco substance which is also bad for
your health — Smoking

225. What is the 26th letter we use to write English words? — Z

226. In a hospital, who is the person that can write prescriptions? — Doctor

227. How do you describe a situation that is precarious? — Dangerous

228. Which one is more widespread, Korean, Thai or Hindi? — Hindi

229. What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? — Feather

230. Dog, cat, horse, shoe—which is the odd one out? — Shoe
Writing module: Summarise written text

1. 2014 Olympics

11 February 2009 – Major athletic events around the globe – from the 2014
Sochi Olympics to an annual powerboat race in Norwegian words-are striving to
neutralize their carbon footprint as part of a world- wide climate network, the
United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) said today. The sporting events
are the fates participants to join the network, and are particularly important for
inspiring further global action on the environment, said Achim Steiner, UNEP
Executive Director. Organizers of the 2014 Sochi Olympic and Paralympic Winter
Games – to be held in a unique natural setting between the shores of the Black
Sea and the soaring snow-capped Caucasus Mountains-say they will put an
estimated $1.75 billion into energy conservation and renewable energy.
That investment will be dedicated to improving transport infrastructure,
offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from the use of electricity, air travel and
ground transportation, the reforestation of Sochi National Park and the
development of green belts in the city.
2. Ageing world
We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in
developed countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully
acknowledged. Global communication is “shrinking” the world, and global ageing
is “maturing” it. The increasing presence of older persons in the world is making
people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and multigenerational
society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one
views it positively or negatively.
Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a
demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will
undergo a historic crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of
change in the world’s population parallels the magnitude of the industrial
revolution traditionally considered the most significant social and economic
breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked
beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in much
the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and
sustained movement toward a “global culture”. The demographic revolution, it is
envisaged, will be at powerful.
While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the
challenges as well as the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which
exploration and research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as
social and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of
diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present
themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources
societies stand to again from their contribution.
This ageing of the population permeates all social, economic and cultural
spheres. Revolutionary change calls for new, revolutionary thinking, which can
position policy formulation and implementation on sounder footing. In our ageing
world, new thinking requires that we view ageing as a lifelong and older person.
4. Armed Police in NSW schools
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and
educate students.
The 40 School Liaison Police(SLP) officers have been allocated to public and
private high schools across the state.
Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive
relationships between police and students. But parent groups waned of potential
dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police
relations were already under strain.
Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to
students about issues including shoplifting, offensive behaviour, graffiti and
drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable
Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at
Alexandria Park Community School’s senior campus. Previously stationed as a
crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his
jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross.
Constable Purvis said the full–time position would see him working on the
broader issues of crime prevention. “I am not a security guard,” he said. “I am
not there to patrol the school. We want to improve relationships between police
and schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are coming to the school and
giving them knowledge to improve their own safety.” The use of fake ID among
older students is among the issues he was already discussed with principals.
Parents ‘groups responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a
range of community reactions. “It is a good thing and an innovative idea and
there could be some positive benefits,” Council of Catholic School Parents
executive officer Danielle Cronin said. “Different communities will respond to this
kind of presence in different ways.”
5. Australia education
When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they
often seem to accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time.
Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity often fail to do so because they
Increase breadth or differentiation in offerings in a way that increases
differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality often reflect
differences in students’ social backgrounds because the ‘new’ offerings are
typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well
them. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this point.
The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and
other countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their
modern, knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this
purpose, since the demand for high level skills is widespread and the
opportunities for the low skilled are diminishing.
Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are
countries in which the education system seems primarily to reproduce existing
social arrangements, conferring privilege where it already extreme, the capacity
of schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which
schools’ separate individuals and groups.
6. Australian educational equity
Australians seem to accept that a country cannot achieve both educational
quality and equity at the same time, curriculum reforms fail to improve equity,
however, the need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across
OECD and other countries, improved equity is important for social cohesion
which is often diminished by separating individuals and groups.
It seems that quality and equity in education cannot have both as equity
impedes quality, which it actually mistaken because some curriculum merely
improve differentiation required in quality, such as treating students with various
backgrounds accordingly, but quality and equity improvement both stress on
knowledge economies and social cohesion but some countries are diminishing
these advantages by separating students into groups.
7. Australian indigenous food
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its
indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. ‘There can be
little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian
notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, states that’ A
uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this
country, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as
national symbols relies more upon their association with ‘nature’ and geographic
origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the
premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients native to
the country-after all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous
tomato, Thailand^ to then on-indigenous chili-the reality is that Austrians do not
eat indigenous foods insignificant quantities. The exceptions are fish,
crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes most of which are
unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts
today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native resource, bush
foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a
standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible.
Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and
passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
8. Autism
Autism is a disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social
interaction, and repetitive behaviours. Over the past 40 years, the measured
prevalence of autism has multiplied roughly 10-fold. While progress has been
made in understanding some of the factors associated with increased risk and
rising prevalence, no one knows with certainty what causes autism or what
caused autism prevalence to rise so precipitously. There is, however, a growing
awareness among scholars that focusing solely on individual risk factors such as
exposure toxicants, prenatal complications, or parental education is insufficient
to explain why autism prevalence rates have increased so stunningly. Social and
institutional processes likely play an important role. For example, changes in
diagnostic criteria and an influx of resources dedicated to autism diagnosis may
be critical to understanding why prevalence rates have risen. Increased
awareness and social influence have been implicated in the rise of autism and a
variety of comparable disorders, where social processes mimic the effects of
contagion. Studies have examined the contribution of changes in diagnostic
criteria and diagnostic substitution to rising autism prevalence rates, but the
importance of institutional factors, resources for diagnosis, and greater
awareness have not been systematically assessed. The sociological literature on
health and inequality, however, provides substantial motivation for exploring
how individual- and community-level effects operate to shape the likelihood of
an autism diagnosis.
9. Electric Vehicle – PEV
Here’s a term you’re going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the
acronym PEV. It’s what you and many other people will drive to work in, ten
years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you
will first unplug your car – your plug-in vehicle. Its big on board batteries will
have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100
kilometres through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you’ll plug in your car once again, this time into a
socket that allows power to flow form your car’s batteries to the electricity grid.
One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with
your favourite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of
power from your car’s batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a
blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the
power the distributor buys form your car would not only be most attractive to
you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive
power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your
batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient
engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even biofuel, would
automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could
complete your journey.
Concerns over ‘peak oil’, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood
that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor
vehicles registered world-wide as there are now, mean that the world’s almost
total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the
word, unsustainable.
10. Beauty contest
Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss
Universe and Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has
been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country. These
wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just
harmless reminders of old fashioned values or a throwback to the days when
women were respected for how good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether it’s Miss Universe of Miss Teen
International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say
they are nothing more than symbols of decline.
In the past few decades Australia has taken more than a few faltering steps
toward treating women with dignity and respect. Young women are being
brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by inspiring role
models in medicine such as 2003 Australia of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to
picket beauty pageants on the premise that the industry promoted the view that
it was acceptable to judge women on their appearance. Today many young
Australia women are still profoundly uncomfortable with their body image,
feeling under all kinds of pressures because they are judged by how they look.
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that
thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes
and shapes. In a country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any
one time and 70% of school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact
that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the
mental health of young Australians.
11. Benefits of honey
According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M D, M.P.H. the average American consumes
more than 150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high
fructose com syrup every year. In comparison, we consume only around1.3
pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S. According to new research, if
you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw honey instead,
the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? It’s a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by
bees from the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed
honey that’s been heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike
processed honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional
value and health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to sleep
problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-
loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn syrup.
I’m excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favourite natural
sweeteners today.
12. Children watching TV
Why and to what extent should parents control their Children’s TV watching?
There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much
television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown
that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time
devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of li such
as social development and physical activities decreases. Television is bound to
have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a week
he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the
effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the
child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a
youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and
the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a
central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone
enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the
background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing
that television should be watched selectively?
13. Cities
How can we design great cities from scratch if we cannot agree on what makes
them great ?None of the cities where people most want to live such as London,
New York ,Paris and Hong Kong comes near to being at the top of surveys asking
which are best to live in.
The top three in the most recent Economist Intelligence Units liveability ranking,
for example, were Melbourne, Vancouver and Vienna. They are all perfectly
pleasant, but great? The first question to tackle is the difference between
liveability and greatness.
Perhaps we cannot aspire to make a great city, but if we attempt to make a
liveable one, can it in time become great?
There are some fundamental elements that you need. The first is public space.
Whether it is Viennas Ringstrasse and Prater Park, or the beaches of Melbourne
and Vancouver, these are places that allow the city to pause and the citizens to
mingle and to breathe, regardless of class or wealth. Good cities also seem to be
close to nature, and all three have easy access to varied, wonderful landscapes
and topographies.
A second crucial factor, says Ricky Burdett, a professor of urban studies at the
London School of Economics, is a good transport system. Affordable public
transport is the one thing which cuts across all successful cities, he says.
14. Columbus
On October 12,1492 (the first day he encountered the native people of the
Americas), Columbus wrote in his journal: They should be good servants. I, our
Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for
your Highnesses. These captives were later paraded through the streets of
Barcelona and Seville when Columbus returned to Spain.
From his very first contact with native people, Columbus had their domination in
mind. For example, on October 14,1492, Columbus wrote in his journal, with
fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them.
These were not mere words: after his second voyage, Columbus sent back a
consignment of natives to be sold as slaves.
Yet in an April,1493, letter to Luis de Santangel (a patron who helped fund the
first voyage),Columbus made clear that the people he encountered had done
nothing to deserve ill treatment.
15. Compulsory Voting in Australia
On October 12,1492 (the first day he encountered the native people of the
Americas), Columbus wrote in his journal: They should be good servants. I, our
Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for
your Highnesses. These captives were later paraded through the streets of
Barcelona and Seville when Columbus returned to Spain.
From his very first contact with native people, Columbus had their domination in
mind. For example, on October 14,1492, Columbus wrote in his journal, with
fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to dc what is required of them.
These were not mere words: after his second voyage, Columbus sent back a
consignment of natives to be sold as slaves.
Yet in an April,1493, letter to Luis de Santangel (a patron who helped fund the
first voyage),Columbus made clear that the people he encountered had done
nothing to deserve ill treatment.
16. Cow and grass
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s
underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just
about everything about modern meat.
For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the
cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from
gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed,
plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure.
In exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and
exclusive supply of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants)
have evolved the special ability to convert grass-which single-stomached
creatures like us can’t digest-into high-quality protein. They can do this because
they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive organ in nature:
the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty-
five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria dines on
grass.
17. Multi-life
Life expectancies have been rising by up to three months a year since 1840, and
there is no sign of that flattening. Gratton and Scott draw on a 2009 study to
show that if the trend continues, more than half the babies born in wealthier
countries since 2000 may reach their 100th birthdays.
With a few simple, devastating strokes, Gratton and Scott show that under the
current system it is almost certain you won’t be able to save enough to fund
several decades of decent retirement. For example, if your life expectancy is
100, you want a pension that is 50 per cent of your final salary, and you save 10
per cent of your earnings each year, they calculate that you won’t be able to
retire till your 80s. People with 100-year life expectancies must recognise they
are in for the long haul, and make an early start arranging their lives
accordingly.
But how to go about this? Gratton and Scott advance the idea of a multistage
life, with repeated changes of direction and attention. Material and intangible
assets will need upkeep, renewal or replacement. Skills will need updating,
augmenting or discarding, as will networks of friends and acquaintances. Earning
will be interspersed with learning or self-reflection. As the authors warn,
recreation will have to become “re-creation”.
18. Diasporas
Diasporas -communities which live outside, but maintain links with, their
homelands-are getting larger, thicker and stronger. They are the human face of
globalization. Diaspora consciousness is on the rise: diasporas are becoming
more interested in their origin, and organizing themselves more effectively;
homelands are revising their opinions of their diasporas as the stigma attached
to emigration declines, and stepping up their engagement efforts; meanwhile,
host countries are witnessing more assertive diasporic groups within their own
national communities, worrying about fifth columns and foreign lobbies, and
suffering outbreaks of ‘diaspora phobia. I
This trend is the result of five factors, all of them connected with globalization:
the growth in international migration; the revolution in transport and
communications technology, which is quickening the pace of diasporas’
interactions with their homelands; a reaction against global homogenized
culture, which is leading people to rethink their identities; the end of the Cold
War, which increased the salience of ethnicity and nationalism and created new
space in which diasporas can operate; and policy changes by national
governments on issues such as dual citizenship and multiculturalism, which are
enabling people to lead transnational lives. Diasporas such as those attaching to
China, India, Russia and Mexico are already big, but they will continue to grow,
the migration flows which feed them are likely to widen and quicken in the
future.
19. English dominance and its influence
Firstly, from the macroscopic view, the dominance of English is not precipitated
by the language itself, so the arising of English dominance in international
communication is not solely the dominance of language itself. Just as the
professor Jean Aitchison in Oxford pointed out, the success of a language has
much to do with the power of the people who use it but has little to do with
internal features of the language. It is very obvious in consideration to English.
During the 18th century and 19th century, the influence of the British Empire
began to spread around the world for the sake of industrial revolution, so English
began to become popular. English was used not only in the British colonies but
also in the diplomatic negotiations of non-English-speaking countries.
However, no matter how powerful the adaptively is and how large the area that
the power of English covers, currently, the international status of English mainly
springs from the status of America as a superpower after World War 2.
Besides, with the development of the economic globalization and new political
structure, there is a great need of an international language. As result, English
became the first choice.
20. Geothermal energy
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by
frequent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market?
For East Africa at least, experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More
promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to be
listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy
crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spikes and droughts.
Geothermal energy works by pumping water into bedrock, where it is heated and
returns to the surface as steam which is used directly as a heat source or to
drive electricity production. Source: Energy Information Administration, Energy
in the Western United States and Hawaii.
Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but
these are proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is
intensified by erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and
the leading energy supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company
(KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from 13% to 25% of
its total usage by 2020. The potential of geothermal energy in the region was
first realised Internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when
geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals
have been utilising this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the
perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural
hot lakes.
Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical,
geophysical and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable
for geothermal wells. One area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the
Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits over some of the thinnest continental crust on
Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching, causing
hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting in higher
temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells,
reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up 342℃, far higher
than the usual temperature of 90℃ at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks
is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and
produce electricity.
21. Great managers
What do great managers actually do? there is one quality that sets truly great
managers apart from the rest: They discover what is the unique about each
person and then capitalize on it Great managers know and value the unique
abilities and even the eccentricities of their employees, and they learn how best
to integrate them into a coordinated plan of attack.
First, identifying and capitalizing on each person’s uniqueness saves time
Second, capitalizing on uniqueness makes each person more accountable. Third,
capitalizing on what is unique about each person builds a stronger sense of
team.
22. Greenhouse gas
When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray,
greenhouse gases are produced. In economic term, this creates a classic
negative externality. Most of the cost (in the case, those arising from global
warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision about
how many miles to drive or how much hair spray to use. Because the driver (or
sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities but suffers only part of the cost,
that individual engages in more than the economically efficient amount of the
activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problem
that occurs when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the
countryside with fast-food wrappers, If we are to get individuals to reduce
production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate we must somehow induce
them to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most
widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and taxation,
both of which have been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
23. House mice
According to new research, house mice (Musmusculus) are ideal biomarkers of
human settlement as they tend to stow away in crates or on ships that end up
going where people go. Using mice as a proxy for human movement can add to
what is already known through archaeological data and answer important
questions in areas where there is a lack of artifacts, Searle said.
Where people go, so do mice, often stowing away in carts of hay or on ships.
Despite a natural range of just 100 meters (109 yards) and an evolutionary base
near Pakistan, the house mouse has managed to colonize every continent, which
makes it a useful tool for researchers like Searle.
Previous research conducted by Searle at the University of York supported the
theory that Australian mice originated in the British Isles and probably came
over with convicts shipped there to colonize the continent in the late 18th and
19th centuries.
In the Viking study, he and his fellow researchers in Iceland, Denmark and
Sweden took it a step further, using ancient mouse DNA collected from
archaeological sites dating from the 10th to 12th centuries, as well as modern
mice.
He is hoping to.do just that in his next project, which involves tracking the
migration of mice and other species, including plants, across the Indian Ocean,
from South Asia to East Africa.
24. Human and animals
All non-human animals are constrained by the tools that nature has bequeathed
them through natural selection. They are not capable of striving towards truth;
they simply absorb information, and behave in ways useful for their survival. The
kinds of knowledge they require of the world have been largely pre-selected by
evolution. No animal is capable of asking question or generating problems that
are irrelevant to its immediate circumstances or its evolutionarily designed
needs. When a beaver builds a dam, it doesn’t ask itself why it does so, or
whether there is a better way of doing it. When a swallow flies south, it doesn’t
wonder why it is hotter in Africa or what would happen if it flew still further
south.
Humans do ask themselves these and many other kinds of questions, questions
that have no relevance, indeed make little sense, in the context of evolved needs
and goals. What marks out humans is our capacity to go beyond our naturally
defined goals such as the need to find food, shelter or a mate and to establish
human created goals.
Some contemporary thinkers believe that there are indeed certain questions that
humans are incapable of answering because of our evolved nature. Steven
Pinker, for instance, argues that “Our minds evolved by natural selection to solve
problems that were life and death matters to our ancestors, not to commune
with connecters or to answer any question we are capable of asking. We cannot
hold ten thousand words in our short term memory. We cannot see ultra violet
light. We cannot mentally rotate an object in the fourth dimension. And perhaps
we cannot solve conundrums like free will and sentience.”
25. Labor comparative advantage
With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no
surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the
production of labor-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will
specialize in the production of goods that are human-and physical-capital
intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly-educated labor force and
technically sophisticated equipment in the United States.
The division of global production should yield higher global output of both types
of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of
these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more
expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the
developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-
intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic
implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in
the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and
physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology,
the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products
enable by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-
understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less-
skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.
26. Living in countryside
I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on
a farm I had been seduced for a few years by the idea of being a big shot who
lived and worked in a city rather than only going for the day to wave at the
buses. True, I was familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country
living such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a range of
Flora and fauna including, on one memorable occasion, a dead lamb, the
absence of central heating in farm houses and cottages and a single-track farm
road easily blocked by snow, broken-down machinery or escaped livestock.
But there were many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid-Seventies. Town
born and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm, substantial
Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a much lower income,
persuading her that country had it over town might have been difficult.
27. London
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the
little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3
would be the founder members of what would become the world’s mighty money
capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the
coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big bang in 1986, when
bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London
surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet
the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s hub have now overtaken their
New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they
hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign
exchange trading. And its institutions paid out ￡9 billion in bonuses in
December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary
Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity ‘locusts’
and their hedge fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley
and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the
odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport
systems groan and there’s an ever present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the
time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.
28. Malaysia
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast
Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the
most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20
million visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the
capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once
comprised the world’s tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest.
Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge
on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the
city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a
141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors
have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to
be confused with Indonesians Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped
Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in
the world.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the
Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the
bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous
nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you’re in
Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a
powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the
Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese
streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers.
Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This
island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural
heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
29. Museology
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast
Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the
most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20
million visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the
capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once
comprised the world’s tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest.
Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge
on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the
city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a
141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors
have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to
be confused with Indonesians Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped
Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in
the world.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the
Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the
bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous
nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you’re in
Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a
powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the
Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese
streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers.
Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This
island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural
heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
30. Napping
A large new study has found that people who regularly took a siesta were
significantly less likely to die of heart disease. “Taking a nap could turn out to be
an important weapon in the fight against coronary mortality,” said Dimitris
Trichopoulos of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, who led the study
published yesterday in the Archives of Internal Medicine. The study of more than
23,000 Greek adults-the biggest and best examination of the subject to date-
found that those who regularly took a midday siesta were more than 30 percent
less likely to die of heart disease. Other experts said the results are intriguing.
Heart disease kills more than 650,000 Americans each year, making it the
nation’s NO.1 cause of death. “It’s interesting. A little siesta, a little snooze may
be beneficial,” said Gerald Fletcher, a cardiologist at the Mayo Clinic in
Jacksonville, Fla, speaking on behalf of the American Heart Association. “It’s
simple, but it has a lot of promise.”
While more research is needed to confirm and explore the findings, there are
several ways napping could reduce the risk of heart attacks, experts said.
“Napping may help deal with the stress of daily living, “said Michael Twery, who
directs the National Hert Lung and Blood Institute’s National Center on Sleep
Disorders Research.” “Another possibility is that it is part of the normal biological
rhythm of daily living. The biological clock that drives sleep and wakefulness has
two cycles each day, and one of them dips usually in the early afternoon. It’s
possible that not engaging in napping for some people might disrupt these
processes.”
Researchers have long known that countries such as Greece, ltaly and Spain
where people commonly take siestas, have lower rates of heart disease than
would be expected. But previous studies that attempted to study the relationship
between naps and heart disease have produced mixed results. The new study is
first to try to fully account for factors that might confuse the findings, such as
physical activity, diet and other illnesses. “This study has a number of
advantages,” Trichopoulos said. He and colleagues at the University of Athens
examined 23,681 Greek men and women ages 20 to 86 who had no history of
heart disease or any other serious health problem when they enrolled in the
study between 1994 and 1999. The researchers asked the participants whether
they took midday naps and, if so, how often and for how long. They also asked
detailed questions about their health and lifestyles, such as whether they had
any illnesses that might make them sleep more how much exercise they got and
what they ate. After an average of more than six year of follow-up, 792 of the
study subjects died, including 133 who died of heart disease. Of that group, 94
were nappers. After the researchers accounted for factors that could confuse the
issue, they found that those who took naps frequently were 34 percent less likely
to die of heart disease than those who did not. The biggest nappers–79 people
who took a siesta for 30 minutes or more at least three times a week–had a 37
percent lower risk. Naps appeared to offer the most protection to working men:
Those who took midday siestas either occasionally or systematically had a 64
percent lower risk of death from heart disease. Non- working men had a 36
percent reduction in risk. A similar analysis could not be done in women because
too few died of heart disease.
31. Nobel peace prize
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the
United Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in
excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should
expect from climate change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President AL Gore, has spent much
more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions
are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently labeled “one
sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20 foot sea
level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co winner, the
IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half foot and two feet
over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar
to what the world experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and
what it means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if
sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea
level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no notice of research
showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today.
Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as
their icy habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing.any such
thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of a storm.
The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat
related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention:
rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much
bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim
400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed,
according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change
for the world, global warming will actually save lives.
32. Office space
There has long been a saying, which is also backed up by research, that
improvement of the workplace will have positive impact on worker’s
performance, which means that adding space, greenery and better lights can all
benefit the employees both mentally and physically-efficacy promotion and
loyalty towards the company, and some companies even go further to create a
space that can stimulate their collaboration and creativity, because they think
creativity is also important.
33. Palaeolithic people
The ways of life Upper Palaeolithic people are known through the remains of
meals scattered around their hearths, together with many tools and weapons
and the debris left over from their making. The people were hunter-gathers who
lived exclusively form what they could find in nature without practicing either
agriculture or herding. They hunted the bigger herbivores, while berries leave,
roots, wild fruit and mushrooms probably played a major role in their diet. Their
hunting was indiscriminate; perhaps because so many animals were about they
did not need to spare pregnant females or the young. In the cave of Enlene, for
example, many bones of reindeer and bison foetuses were found. Apparently,
upper Palaeolithic people hunted like other predators and killed the weakest prey
first. They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon suns and migrating
herds of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about cave man, upper Palaeolithic
people did not live deep inside caves. They rather close the foot of clefts,
especially when an overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the
valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they killed. At time, on
the great Russian plains, they built huts with huge boned and tusks collected
from skeletons of mammals
Men hunted mostly with spears, the bow and arrow was probably not invented
until the Magdalenian period that came at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic.
Tools and weapons, made out of wood or reindeer antlers, often had flint cutting
edges. Flint snappers were skillful and traditions in flint snapping were our
chased tor thousands of years. This continuity means that they must have been
carefully thought how to find good flint modules and how to snap them in order
to make knives, buries (chiael like tools) or scrapers, which could be used for
various purposes.
34. Parent’s born order affects their parenting
Parents’ own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they
are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common
examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into “raging battles” with a firstborn
child. “Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the
parent has to be grown up and step out of that battle,” he advises. When
youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they “may not
have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their kids
for their abilities.” But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be
more social, “youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a
harder time with social situations. These parents can be help their eldest kids
loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth
order didn’t seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children,
Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz’s oldest, Joshua mirroring
the age difference between Susan and her own older brother.” I would see
Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me,” she says of the taunting and
teasing by a much older sibling.
“I had to try not to always take Julie’s side.” Biases can surface no matter what
your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. “As a middle myself,
I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me, ” she
says of her reactions to her daughters’ tussles.
“My husband is a firstborn. He’s always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad
for her that the others came so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to
have that attention and then lose it.” Silverstone sees birth order triggers as “an
opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I’ve learned to teach my middle daughter
to stand up for herself. My mother didn’t teach me that. I’m conscious of giving
my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to protect herself.”
Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child’s
personality, ultimately, “we all have free will,” Agati notes. It’s important for
both parents and kids to realize that, despite the characteristics often associated
with birth order, “you’re not locked into any role.”
35. Pascolena
When Namibia gained independence in 1990, teenager Pascolena Flory was
herding goats in the country’s dry, desolate northern savannah. Her job, unpaid
and dangerous, was to protect her parents’ livestock from preying jackals and
leopards. She saw wildlife as the enemy, and many of the other. indigenous
inhabitants of Namibia’s rural communal lands shared her view. Wildlife poaching
was commonplace. Fifteen years later, 31-year-old Pascolena’s life and outlook
are very different. She has built a previously undreamed-of career in tourism
and is the first black Namibian to be appointed manager of a guest lodge. Her
village and hundreds of others, have directly benefited from government efforts
to devolve.
36. Paying for child
Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can
arise following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness.
Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the
University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well
to restore vision ,a few natural lens cells always remain after the procedure.
Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response leads these cells to spread across
the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with vision, causing what’s
known as ‘posterior capsule opacification ‘ or secondary cataract.
UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, DI Michael Worm stone, who led
the study, said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser
surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and posterior
capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient well-
being and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage
the condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed
into a capsular bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which
currently occurs. It is believed that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye
can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away the cell
signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
37. Plant growth
Though exerting experiment on humble pee by placing them in distinguished
conditions, researchers found that with the ability of avoiding hazards, plants are
smarter than people expect, as it chases nutrients when growing, and plants
may surpass human and animal in the efficiency of decision-making on taking
natural advantages, so it is interesting when people adopt similar approach.
38. Plants Research
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and
materials used by humans, and they shape our environment. According to
Ehrhardt and Former, the three major challenges facing humanity in our time are
food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant related.
All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that
eat them Plants are a source of energy production. And they are intimately
involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental
concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction
and waterway pollution.
What’s more, none of these issues are independent of each other. Climate
change places additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So,
plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these problems and moving
into the future. For plant research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and
Former say technological development is critical, both to test existing
hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh hypotheses. If we
are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function
and build the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the
most advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say.
39. Rosetta Stone
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that
covered its surface were quickly copied. Printers ink was applied to the Stone
and white paper was laid over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an
exact copy of the text but in reverse. Since then, many copies or facsimiles have
been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone
accumulated many layers of material left over from these activities, despite
attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the grease from many
thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem.
An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this
famous object was made the centre piece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at
The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all but the
original, ancient material, the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment
progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from
human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printers
ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap,
white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied
in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a protective coating, was
removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom left
corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax
and the white infill.
40. School resource officer (SRO)
Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid
was increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding
referrals to the principal’s office. He found that the high school reported
thousands of referrals a year for bullying and that the junior high school had
recently experienced a 30 percent increase in bullying referrals. Police data
showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying, and assaults after
school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.
A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all
students attending the junior high and high school Interviews and focus groups
were conducted with students – identified as victims or offenders -teachers, and
guidance counsellors. Finally, the South Euclid Police Department purchased a
Geographic Information System to conduct crime incident mapping of hotspots
within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary areas of concern:
the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and response to
the problem; parental attitudes and responses；and student perspectives and
behaviours.
The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university
researcher. They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many
stakeholders that was intended to
respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental
changes included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher
supervision of hotspots. Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher
training courses in conflict resolution and bullying prevention. Parent education
included mailings with information about bullying, an explanation of the new
school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to address the
problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between
homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO.
The SRO also opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio
Department of Education contributed by opening a new training centre provide a
non-traditional setting for specialized help. The results from the various
responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying
incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent in the gym area.
Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among
students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teachers
would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training
sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a
serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about
the problem in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school
environments were not only safer, but that early intervention was
helping at-risk students succeed in school (South Euclid(Ohio) Police
Department,2001)
41. Skip Breakfast
Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid
was increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding
referrals to the principal’s office. He found that the high school reported
thousands of referrals a year for bullying and that the junior high school had
recently experienced a 30 percent increase in bullying referrals. Police data
showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying, and assaults after
school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.
A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all
students attending the junior high and high school Interviews and focus groups
were conducted with students – identified as victims or offenders -teachers, and
guidance counsellors. Finally, the South Euclid Police Department purchased a
Geographic Information System to conduct crime incident mapping of hotspots
within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary areas of concern:
the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and response to
the problem; parental attitudes and responses；and student perspectives and
behaviours.
The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university
researcher. They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many
stakeholders that was intended to
respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental
changes included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher
supervision of hotspots. Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher
training courses in conflict resolution and bullying prevention. Parent education
included mailings with information about bullying, an explanation of the new
school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to address the
problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between
homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO.
The SRO also opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio
Department of Education contributed by opening a new training centre provide a
non-traditional setting for specialized help. The results from the various
responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying
incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent in the gym area.
Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among
students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teachers
would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training
sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a
serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about
the problem in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school
environments were not only safer, but that early intervention was
helping at-risk students succeed in school (South Euclid(Ohio) Police
Department,2001)
42. Songbirds
Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established,
even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are
changing tune.
Laszlo Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied
the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which
information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101
species, In only eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing?
Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because their songs are
quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less
well studied areas such as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for
the oversight. “He emphasized the importance of male sexual display, and this is
what everyone has been looking at.”
The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an
evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that,
in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these
ancient females may have been using their songs to deter other females from
their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to
attract mates.
“It leaves us with a perplexing question, ” says Garamszegi. “What evolutionary
forces drove some females to give up singing?”
43. South African
In around 2300 BP (Before Present), hummer-gatherers called the San acquired
domestic stock in what is now modern day Botswana. Their population grew, and
spread throughout the Western half of South Africa, they were the first
pastoralists in southern Africa, and called themselves Khoikhoi (or Khoe), which
means ‘men of men’ or ‘the real people’. This name was chosen to show pride in
their past and culture. The Khoikhoi brought a new way of life to South Africa
and to the San, who were hunter-gatherers as opposed to herders. This led to
misunderstandings and subsequent conflict between the two groups.
The Khoikhoi were the first native people to come into contact with the Dutch
settlers in the mid-17th century. As the Dutch took over land for farms, the
Khoikhoi were dispossessed, exterminated, or enslaved and therefore their
numbers dwindled.
The Khoikhoi used a word while dancing that sounded like ‘Hottentots’ and
therefore settlers referred to the Khoikhoi by this name-however today this term
is considered derogatory. The settlers used the term ‘Bushmen’ for the San, a
term also considered derogatory today. Many of those whom the colonists called
‘Bushmen were in fact Khoikhoi or former Khoikhoi. For this reason, scholars
sometimes find it convenient to refer to hunters and herders together as
‘Khoisan’.
When European settlement began, Khoikhoi groups called the Namaqua were
settled in modern day Namibia and the north eastern Cape; others, including the
Koran, along the Orange River; and the Gonaqua, interspersed among the Xhosa
in the Eastern Cape. But the largest concentration of Khoikhoi, numbering in the
tens of thousands inhabited the well-watered pasture lands of the south-western
Cape. These ‘Cape’ Khoikhoi would be the first African population to bear the
brunt of White settlement.
The Khoikhoi kept herds of animals such as goat, cattle and sheep and had to
move around to find enough grazing land for their animals. They moved
according to the seasons and only stayed in one place for a few weeks. This
meant that they had to be able to carry all their belongings themselves, or load
them onto the backs of their animals.
Houses had to be very light and easy to erect and take apart. For this reason,
they were made of thin poles covered with reed mats. Even pots and buckets
were made of wood with small handles to make them easier to tie to animals’
backs. They also wore clothes made of leather, like the San.
44. Technology prediction IBM
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted
in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen
computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the
eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the
nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could
have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt
small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have
foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication,
rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’,
seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our
technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate
from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the
technology of the Internet with the development of other information and
communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio
and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question.
You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotext
systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced
that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about
them on-line, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly described them in a
separate article.
45. The importance of Water
Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range
of services they provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth and
environmental sustainability. From food and energy security to human and
environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well- being
and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions
In a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related
resources are managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem integrity
in a robust economy. Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every
person’s basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and behaviours easily upheld
through reliable and affordable water supply and sanitation services, in turn
supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed infrastructure, Water
resources management, infrastructure and service delivery are sustainably
financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as a
resource that avails energy, nutrients and freshwater for reuse. Human
settlements develop in harmony with the natural water cycle and the ecosystems
that support it, with measures in place that reduce vulnerability and improve
resilience to water-related disasters. Integrated approaches to water resources
development, management and use and to human rights are the norm. Water is
governed in a participatory way that draws on the full potential of women and
men as professionals and citizens, guided by a number of able and
knowledgeable organizations, within a just and transparent institutional
framework.
46. The study of human remains
Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record, offering
unique insights into the lives of individuals and populations in the past. Like
many archaeological materials human remains require distinctive and specialised
methods of recovery, analysis and interpretation, while technological innovations
and the accumulation of expertise have enabled archaeologists to extract ever
greater amounts of information from assemblages of skeletal material. Alongside
analyses of new finds, these advances have consistently thrown new light on
existing collections of human remains in museums, universities and other
institutions. Given the powerful emotional, social and religious meanings
attached to the dead body, it is perhaps unsurprising that human remains pose a
distinctive set of ethical questions for archaeologists.
With the rise of indigenous rights movements and the emergence of post-
colonial nations the acquisition and ownership of human remains became a
divisive and politically loaded issue. It became increasingly clear that many
human remains in museum collections around the world represented the traces
of colonial exploitation and discredited pseudo-scientific theories of race. In tbe
light of these debates and changing attitudes, some human remains were
returned or repatriated to their communities of origin, a process which continues
to this day. Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has
emerged from a rather unexpected direction: The British government revised its
interpretation of nineteenth-century burial legislation in a way that would
drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains of any
age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines these extraordinary
events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they raise.
The Emergence of Compulsory Reburial In April 2008 the British government
announced that, henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in
England and Wales should be reburied after a two-year period of scientific
analysis. Not only would internationally important prehistoric remains have to be
returned to the ground, removing there from public view, but also there would
no longer be any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new
techniques and methods emerged and developed in the future. Thus, while
faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and environmental samples could be
analysed and reanalysed in future years, human remains were to be effectively
removed from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists were also
concerned that this might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all
human remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including
prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remains.
47. Tourism industry
Jobs. generated by Travel & Tourism are spread across the economy, in retail,
construction, manufacturing and telecommunications, as well as directly in
Travel & Tourism companies. These Jobs employ a large proportion of women,
minorities and young people; are predominantly in small and medium sized
companies; and offer good training and transferability. Tourism can also be one
of the most effective drivers for the development of regional economies. These
patterns apply to both developed and emerging economies.
There are numerous good examples of where Travel & Tourism is acting as a
catalyst for conservation and improvement of the environment and maintenance
of local diversity and culture. Travel & Tourism creates Jobs and wealth and has
tremendous potential to contribute to economically, environmentally and socially
sustainable development in both developed countries and emerging nations. It
has a comparative advantage in that its start up and running costs can be low
compare to many other forms of industry development. It is strong likelihood
that the Travel & Tourism industry will continue to grow globally over the short
to medium term.
48. Tree ring
Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology works. If
you cut a tree down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards,
starting from the tree’s outside (corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and
thereby to state that the 177th ring from the outermost one towards the center
was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177, or 1828. But it’s less straightforward
to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam because
at first you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. However, the widths of
tree growth rings vary from year to year, depending on the rain or drought
conditions in each year.
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in
Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-
dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring
sequence. Actually the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in
information than the Morse code, because trees actually contain rings spanning
many different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot and dash.
Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by nothing the
sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year,
and also nothing the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in
the past. They then match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same
diagnostic wide/narrow patterns from different beams.
In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending
back for thousands of years in some parts of the world. Each record is valid for a
geographic area whose extent depends on local weather patterns, because
weather and hence tree growth patterns vary with location. For instance, the
basic tree ring chronology of the American Southwest applies (with some
variation) to the area from Northern Mexico to Wyoming.
49. Tribe
Though exerting experiment on humble pee by placing them in distinguished
conditions, researchers found that with the ability of avoiding hazards, plants are
smarter than people expect, as it chases nutrients when growing, and plants
may surpass human and animal in the efficiency of decision-making on taking
natural advantages, so it is interesting when people adopt similar approach.
50. US and Indian engineers
Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States,
engineers and technicians in Indian have the capacity to provide both computer
programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-
tech engineers earn one quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United
States, Consequently, Indian is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than
the United States: India has absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can
produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it
can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that
mean that the United States will lose not only programming Jobs but innovative
technology job, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the
United States and India engage in the international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions-as we do today. While
India mat have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in
determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a
comparative advantage in doing programming in part because of such activity
requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a
comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively
easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The
result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S.
programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift
to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology
innovation India will specialize in programming. The business managers in each
country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative
advantage. As in the past, The U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on
what are called the “best” activities.
51. Voting rights in UK
Voting is important to make your voice heard on issues that concerns you,
however, voting drop in last UK general election voting because young people do
not trust politicians and inconvenience, and accordingly, to encourage people to
vote, government, media and politicians should make considerate effort.
52. Why business is like pebbles in a pond
The history of marketers seeking the advice of physicists is a short one, but an
understanding of the Theory of Resonance may, give communications experts
the edge. Resonance Theory explains the curious phenomenon of how very small
pebbles dropped into a pond can create bigger waves than a large brick. The
brick makes a decent splash but its ripples peter out quickly. A tiny pebble
dropped into the same pond, followed by another, then another, then another,
all timed carefully, will create ripples that build into small waves.
As Dr Carlo Contaldi, a physicist at Imperial College London, explains, a small
amount of energy committed at just the right intervals – the ‘natural frequency’
– creates a cumulatively large effect. Media consultant Paul Bay believes that
just as with the pebbles in a pond, a carefully choreographed and meticulously
timed stream of communication (a monthly ad in MT, for example) will have a
more lasting effect than a sporadic big splash during primetime ad breaks.
Innocent s testament the power of pebbles. Until last year, the maker of
smoothies had never advertised on TV, instead drip-feeding the market with
endless ingenious marketing plays from annotating its drinks labels with quirky
messages rather than communicating through the occasional big and expensive
noise.
53. Wine industry in US
In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created
yet another setback for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act,
also known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale transportation,
importation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purpose.
Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had
become a thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act
allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for
sale by pharmacists with a doctors’ prescription, and medicinal wine tonics
(fortified wines) sold without prescription. Perhaps more important, Prohibition
allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit. juice or
cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes made into concentrate, was ideal for
making wine. People would buy grape concentrate from California and have it
shipped to the East Coast. The top of the container was stamped in big, bold
letters’ caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else fermentation will take place!
Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did just
that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale
of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being
planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.
54. Written Language
The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that
important now. What is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for
storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we
retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s
hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the
agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and
increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created
systems of written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written
language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course
and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-
increasing of emerging IT driven by voice, video, and body movement rather
than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution
of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign
of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving
information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly
getting replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of
education.
55. White brothers
The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that
important now. What is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for
storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we
retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s
hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the
agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and
increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created
systems of written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written
language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course
and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-
increasing of emerging IT driven by voice, video, and body movement rather
than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution
of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign
of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving
information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly
getting replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of
education.
56. Indonesian Volcano
In 1815 on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, a handsome and long-quiescent
mountain named Tambora exploded spectacularly, killing a hundred thousand
people with its blast and associated tsunamis. It was the biggest volcanic
explosion in ten thousand years—150 times the size of Mount St. Helens,
equivalent to sixty thousand Hiroshima-sized atom bombs.
News didn’t travel terribly fast in those days. In London, The Times ran a small
story— actually a letter from a merchant—seven months after the event. But by
this time Tambora’s effects were already being felt. Thirty-six cubic miles of
smoky ash, dust, and grit had diffused through the atmosphere, obscuring the
Sun’s rays and causing the Earth to cool. Sunsets were unusually but blearily
colourful, an effect memorably captured by the artist. J. M. W. Turner, who could
not have been happier, but mostly the world existed under an oppressive, dusky
pall. It was this deathly dimness that inspired the Byron lines above.
Spring never came and summer never warmed: 1816 became known as the year
without summer. Crops everywhere failed to grow. In Ireland a famine and
associated typhoid epidemic killed sixty-five thousand people. In New England,
the year became popularly known as Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death.
Morning frosts continued until June and almost no planted seed would grow.
Short of fodder, livestock died or had to be prematurely slaughtered. In every
way it was a dreadful year—almost certainly the worst for farmers in modern
times. Yet globally the temperature fell by only about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
Earth’s natural thermostat, as scientists would learn, is an exceedingly delicate
instrument.
57. Autism
Autism is a disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social
interaction, and repetitive behaviours. Over the past 40 years, the measured
prevalence of autism has multiplied roughly 10-fold. While progress has been
made in understanding some of the factors associated with increased risk and
rising prevalence, no one knows with certainty what causes autism or what
caused autism prevalence to rise so precipitously. There is, however, a growing
awareness among scholars that focusing solely on individual risk factors such as
exposure toxicants, prenatal complications, or parental education is insufficient
to explain why autism prevalence rates have increased so stunningly. Social and
institutional processes likely play an important role. For example, changes in
diagnostic criteria and an influx of resources dedicated to autism diagnosis may
be critical to understanding why prevalence rates have risen. Increased
awareness and social influence have been implicated in the rise of autism and a
variety of comparable disorders, where social processes mimic the effects of
contagion. Studies have examined the contribution of changes in diagnostic
criteria and diagnostic substitution to rising autism prevalence rates, but the
importance of institutional factors, resources for diagnosis, and greater
awareness have not been systematically assessed. The sociological literature on
health and inequality, however, provides substantial motivation for exploring
how individual- and community-level effects operate to shape the likelihood of
an autism diagnosis.
58. Benefits of honey
According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M D, M.P.H. the average American consumes
more than 150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high
fructose com syrup every year. In comparison, we consume only around1.3
pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S. According to new research, if
you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw honey instead,
the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? It’s a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by
bees from the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed
honey that’s been heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike
processed honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional
value and health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to sleep
problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-
loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn syrup.
I’m excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favourite natural
sweeteners today.
59. English dominance and its influence
Firstly, from the macroscopic view, the dominance of English is not precipitated
by the language itself, so the arising of English dominance in international
communication is not solely the dominance of language itself. Just as the
professor Jean Aitchison in Oxford pointed out, the success of a language has
much to do with the power of the people who use it but has little to do with
internal features of the language. It is very obvious in consideration to English.
During the 18th century and 19th century, the influence of the British Empire
began to spread around the world for the sake of industrial revolution, so English
began to become popular. English was used not only in the British colonies but
also in the diplomatic negotiations of non-English-speaking countries.
However, no matter how powerful the adaptively is and how large the area that
the power of English covers, currently, the international status of English mainly
springs from the status of America as a superpower after World War 2.
Besides, with the development of the economic globalization and new political
structure, there is a great need of an international language. As result, English
became the first choice.
60. Great managers
What do great managers actually do? there is one quality that sets truly great
managers apart from the rest: They discover what is the unique about each
person and then capitalize on it Great managers know and value the unique
abilities and even the eccentricities of their employees, and they learn how best
to integrate them into a coordinated plan of attack.
First, identifying and capitalizing on each person’s uniqueness saves time
Second, capitalizing on uniqueness makes each person more accountable. Third,
capitalizing on what is unique about each person builds a stronger sense of
team.
61. Paying for child
Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can
arise following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness.
Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the
University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well
to restore vision ,a few natural lens cells always remain after the procedure.
Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response leads these cells to spread across
the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with vision, causing what’s
known as ‘posterior capsule opacification ‘ or secondary cataract.
UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, DI Michael Worm stone, who led
the study, said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser
surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and posterior
capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient wellbeing
and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the
condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed
into a capsular bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which
currently occurs. It is believed that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye
can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away the cell
signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
62. Research on Birds- Climate Change
As warmer winter temperatures become more common, one way for some
animals to adjust is to shift their ranges northward. But a new study of 59 North
American bird species indicates that doing so is not easy or quick — it took about
35 years for many birds to move far enough north for winter temperatures to
match where they historically lived.
For example, black vultures have spread northward in the last 35 years and now
winter as far north as Massachusetts, where the minimum winter temperature is
similar to what it was in Maryland in 1975. On the other hand, the endangered
red-cockaded woodpecker did not alter its range at all despite the warming
trend, possibly because it’s very specific habitat requirements precluded a range
shift.
Both of these scenarios could represent problems for birds, La Sorte said.
Species that do not track changes in climate may wind up at the limits of their
physiological tolerance, or they may lose important habitat qualities, such as
favoured food types, as those species pass them by. But they also can’t move
their ranges too fast if the habitat conditions they depend on also tend to lag
behind climate.
63. Books and Television
To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by
television is so different form the one that emerged in the world dominated by
the printing press, it is important to distinguish the quality of vividness
experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by readers. I
believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically
modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centres of the brain that
are used in the process of cocreating the representation of reality the author has
intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the
capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality itself
– and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought.
The simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so
astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the representations of reality
conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an incremental
change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling
and vivid representation of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates
in the conjuring of the reality the book’s author is attempting to depict.
Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process
are continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are
composed of abstract symbols – letters – that have no intrinsic meaning
themselves until they are strung together into recognisable sequences.
Television, by contrast, present to its viewers a much more fully formed
representation of reality – without requiring the creative collaboration that words
have always demanded.
64. Eye surgery – Blindness
Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can
arise following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness.
Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the
University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well
to restore vision, a few natural lens cells always remain after the procedure.
Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response leads these cells to spread across
the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with vision, causing what’s
known as ‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract.
UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr Michael Worm stone, who led
the study, said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser
surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and posterior
capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient wellbeing
and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the
condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed
into a capsular bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which
currently occurs. It is believed that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye
can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away the cell-
signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
65. Frog in Amber
A tiny tree frog preserved in amber is believed to have lived about 25 million
years ago, a Mexican researcher says. The chunk of amber containing the
centimetre-long frog was uncovered by a miner in southern Chiapas state in
2005 and bought by a private collector, who lent it to scientists for study.
Only a few preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone
formed by ancient tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the
frog found in Chiapas was of the genus Craugastor, whose relatives still inhabit
the region. Gerardo Carbot, the biologist with the Chiapas Natural History and
Ecology Institute who announced the discovery on Wednesday, said it was the
first such frog found in amber in Mexico.
Carbot said he would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains to see
whether they contain well-preserved DNA, in order to identify the frog’s species.
However, he expressed doubt that the stone’s owner would allow researchers to
drill a small hole into the chunk of amber.
66. Twins
UCLA neurology professor Paul Thompson and his colleagues scanned the brains
of 23 sets of identical twins and 23 sets of fraternal twins. Since identical twins
share the same genes while fraternal twins share about half their genes, the
researchers were able to compare each group to show that myelin integrity was
determined genetically in many parts of the brain that are key for intelligence.
These include the parietal lobes, which are responsible for spatial reasoning,
visual processing and logic, and the corpus callosum, which pulls together
information from both sides of the body.
The researchers used a faster version of a type of scanner called a HARDI (high-
angular resolution diffusion imaging) — think of an MRI machine on steroids —
that takes scans of the brain at a much higher resolution than a standard MRI.
While an MRI scan shows the volume of different tissues in the brain by
measuring the amount of water present, HARDI tracks how water diffuses
through the brain’s white matter — a way to measure the quality of its myelin.
“HARDI measures water diffusion,” said Thompson, who is also a member of the
UCLA Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging. “If the water diffuses rapidly in a specific
direction, it tells us that the brain has very fast connections. If it diffuses more
broadly, that’s an indication of slower signalling, and lower intelligence.”
Essays:

1. Study needs time, peace and comfort, whereas employment needs the same
thing. Someone says it is impossible to combine those two because one distracts
one another. Do you think this is realistic in our life today?

2. Some people think that life experience is more important than the formal
education provided is schools and universities. How far do you agree with this
statement, and provide examples?

3. Younger employees have more skills, knowledge and more motivated than
older employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree, support your
argument with your own experience?

4. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse?

5. In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. Cashless society seems to
be a reality, and how realistic do you think it is? What are the advantages and?
disadvantages of this phenomenon?

6. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How
widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time causes?

7. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to

combine study and employment. Study and employment distract one from
another. To what extent do you think the statements are realistic? Support your
opinion with examples?

8. Whether design of buildings will have a positive or negative impact on

people’s life and work?

9. It is important to maintain the balance between work and other aspects of

one’s life such as family and leisure activities. Please give your opinion about
how important to maintain the balance and why some people think it is hard to
do?

10. Global problems related to governments and international organizations,

what are the problems and what is your opinion?

11. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than
constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this
position and give your own point of view.

12. Some universities deduct marks from students’ works if given in late, what
are the problems and what is your opinion?
13. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which
do you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and
give the solution?

14. Does a certain type of music affect young children's learning? Agree /
Disagree

15. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How
widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time causes.

16. Schools should organise activities after class. To what extent do you agree?

17. Experience is a more effective way to teach, compared to books.

Experimental learning or traditional learning in high school and university, which
one do you agree is more effective?

18. Some universities deduct marks from students' works if given in late, what
are your views and what action will you recommend to take?

19. Children should take large number of exams or learn more in schools.

20. Whether studying films at school is as important as studying literature? Do

you think school should have curriculum asking students to play old drama and
work for theatre centuries ago?

21. The importance of cars and airplane in modern life. Give example.

22. Medical technology can increase the human’s life expectancy. Is it blessing
or curse?

23. Do you think carless society is realistic and why? What are the advantages
and disadvantages?

24. Whether design of buildings will have a positive or negative impact on

people’s life and work?

25. In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. What are the advantage
and disadvantages of this phenomenon?

26. Students doing part-time jobs - advantages and disadvantages.

27. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on
this? Do you think this is a good or bad change?

28. Should government build more road to allow more vehicle owner or improve
the network of public transport?

29. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to

combine study and employment. Study and employment distract one from
another. To what extent do you think the statements are realistic? Support your
opinion with examples.

30. In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon?

31. Whether design of buildings will have a positive or negative impact on

peoples’ life and work?

32. Do you think careless society is realistic and why? What the advantages and
disadvantages?

33. Which should require more financial support from the government? Health or
education? To what extend do you agree or not. Use your experience.

34. Government should reduce their investment in arts, music and painting.
Agree or disagree.

35. University only requires to apply digital media rather than continuously
upgrading textbook. Agree or disagree.

36. The belching and unauthorised behaviour is unacceptable in modern offices.

How far you support this view? Give your response with justification.

37. More information is available online so library's books are useless. Agree or
disagree.

38. Whether parents should be held legally be responsible for children.

39. Whether universities offer popular culture (?)

40. When you're at the end of your rope, tie a knot and hold on. How far do you
agree with Theodore Roosevelt quote?

41. Nowadays, the bickering has common trend amongst youngsters and
married people. This has led polygamy and high divorce rates. Justify the
response with your positive or negative views.

42. The traditional subjects are soon moving off in last years. Kindly provide the
solutions and ideas to save such subjects.

43. Put the examination at the end of the semester or separated small tests
throughout the entire semester, which one do you agree?

44. Do you think cardless society is realistic and why? What are the advantages
and disadvantages?

45. Workers and nurses should be paid more. What is your opinion?
46. Education is important as it teach ethics and life value as it teaches us
practical things for future employment. What is your opinion?

47. Creativity is inborn skill or can be developed through learning? Your opinion.

48. Transportation vs build a new building

49. Most people with university degree can earn higher salaries than those who
not go to the university, so they should pay full cost of their education. Your
opinion.

50. Moving from rural areas to big cities will provide more opportunities. Your
opinion.

51. How widely of you think the problem spreads that people spend too much
time on work than their personal life and experience time shortage? What
problems will it cause?

52. Younger employees have more skills, knowledge and more motivated than
older employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree, support your
argument with your own experience.

53. The advanced medical technology expands human’s life. Do you think it is a
curse or blessing?

54. Study needs time, peace and comfort, whereas employment needs the same
thing. Someone says it is impossible to combine those two because one distracts
one another. Do you think this is realistic in our life today? To what extent do
you agree with it? Support your opinion with example.

55. Government promise continuous economic growth, but it’s actually an

illusion. Some people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk
about the validity and the implications.

56. Governments and international institution are faced with many global
problems. What these problems could be? Measure
57. In less developed countries, are the disadvantages from tourism as great as
the advantages?
58. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on
this? Do you think this is a good or bad change?
59. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital media rather than
constantly updating textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages
of this position and give your own point of view.
60. As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward
creating better networks of public transportation available for everyone rather
than building more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion?
Give some examples or experience to support.
61. There are more and more situations using credit cards instead of cash. It
seems that cashless society is becoming a reality. How realistic do you think it
is? And do you think it brings benefits or problems?
62. The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life
expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a blessing?
63. Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can
work well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of
teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning can work well in high
schools or colleges?
64. Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children?
Do you agree with this opinion? Support your position with your own study,
experience or observations.
65. Some universities deduct students’ marks if work is given late. What is your
opinion and recommend some alternative actions for this problem?
66. In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is
impossible for a student to combine learning and employment at the same time,
because one distracts the other. Is it realistic to combine them at the same
time? Support your opinion with examples.
67. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How
widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
68. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance
between work and other aspects of one’s life, such as leisure time with family
members. How important do you think is this balance? Why do people find it
hard to achieve?
69. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which
do you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and
give the solution?
70. Some people think that the design of buildings has affect, either positively or
negatively, on where people work and live. To what extent you agree or
disagree.
71. Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can
teach more effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you
agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal
experience.
NEW WFD:

1. The additional cameras have some advantages over traditional form.

2. Children conquer (acquire) their first language without any effort.

3. Students require undergraduate biology degree to enrol in this course.

4. The English degree is a worthy degree of the third year.

5. People have been independent by using phones in everyday life.

6. Relying on natural abilities will not let you (go further) in science.

7. The library will stay open until midnight this week.

8. Practical experiments are fundamental parts of the chemistry course.

9. She is going to do master degree by mathematics.

10. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find the relative solutions.

11. The department is doing research on biology.

12. Urbanization provides emphasis on the expense of other communities.

13. Historical economics is the trick of the subject.

14. Many university lectures can now be viewed on the internet.

15. Three pieces/types of resources are enough for ...............

16. The English degree involves certain placements in thirty years.

17. The course involves pure and applied mathematics.

18. Scientists are unsure when the first man left Africa.

19. It is (very) interesting to observe the development of the language in

toddlers.

20. Farms need to adapt to the changes of climate.

21. Honey can be used as the food and health product.

22. New media journalism is an interesting/exciting area for/to study.

23. Please return the reference book to the correct position on the shelf.

24. Natures are defined as specific chemical compounds.

25. You must hand in your essay in midday on Friday.
26. Artists need to make their work both original and accessible
27. Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language.
28. Governments need to make solar energy more affordable to everyone.
29. A lack of sleep can increase the chance of some illnesses
30. The invention of the printing press increases the demand for paper
31. There are opportunities to receive the grants from most artistic fields.
32. Art students often exhibit their work on the university buildings
33. The office hours will be changed from next term
34. The food crops require a large amount of water and fertilizer.
35. This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.
36. New materials and techniques are changing the way of architecture.
37. This course aims to develop your knowledge of statistics.
38. Professors with higher educational standard trained them extremely
seriously.
39. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on economic history.
40. Eating fish twice a week is an accommodation on a healthy diet.
41. There are many different styles of business management.
42. The northern campus car park is located behind the library
43. University student should purchase the graduation gown for the
commencement.
44. Linguist is the scientist and knowledge of the language.
45. Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world.
46. New media journalism is an interesting area for study.
47. We are rethinking the solutions for the society.
48. Plagiarism in a test is very severe.
49. There is an accounting assessment for finance students.
50. Many universities' lectures can now be reviewed in Internet.
51. The lecture will cover the reason of climate change.
52. Classical mechanism is considered as a branch of mathematics.
53. In statistics, a detailed lecture of view is very important.
54. The goal of the company is to get investment.
55. Designers need to keep up with the social trend.
56. Practical experiments are essential parts of chemical classes.
57. The course involves pure and applied mathematics.
58. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.
59. New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we
live.
60. Classical mechanism is considered as a branch of mathematics.
61. Studying medicine is always with a wide range of opportunities.
62. The course involves pure and applied mathematics.
63. New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we
live.
64. The university provides different facilities for students and staff.
65. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.
66. Practical experiments are essential parts of chemical classes.
67. Designers need to keep up with the social trend.
68. The goal of the company is to get investment.
69. In statistics, a detailed lecture of view is very important.
70. We are dealing with the most challenges that we face today.
71. Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media.
72. Most food constructions require large amount of water or fertilizer.
73. The rising of the sea level indicates climate change.
74. Packages are likely to be used in many computers.
75. He was regarded as the foremost economist at that time.
76. Even simple techniques need to be practiced to become better.
77. While reconciliation is desirable, the basic underlying issues must first be
addressed.
78. Scientists are always asking the government for more money.
79. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.
80. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable
scientists.
81. Clinical practices in nursing prepare students in practical practices.
82. The article (shows) a number of very interesting experiments.
83. You will need to purchase an academic gown for commencement.
84. Students’ concession cards can be obtained by completing an application
form.
85. The researchers are disappointed that their results are proved to be
inconclusive
86. Speed is defined as how quickly a person or an object moves.
87. Journalism faces the crises in the light of the digital revolution.
88. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
89. The business development seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
90. People see stars that were billions of years ago.
91. This paper challenged the previously accepted theories.
92. He is regarded as the foremost economist this year.
93. Even simple techniques need to be practiced to become perfect.
94. Your ideas are sophisticated in seminars and tutorials.
95. Studying history can help you better understand the present.
96. Our study program equips students with central skills for university.
97. Renovation works have been undertaken throughout the building
98. A regional assembly was moved to the devolution of power.
99. The study shows the sense of recent technologies.
100. The career service provides suggestions on how to pass the job interview.
101. Americans have progressively defined the process of plant growth and
reproductive development in quantitative terms.
102. Castle was designed to intimidate both local people and enemies.
103. There are dedicated specialist librarians available all the time.
104. Plants are able to continue growing throughout their lives.
105. Our facilities include five items in the university.
106. Purity is one feature that makes gold expensive.
107. Scientists were unsure when the early man left Africa.
108. Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities.
109. Undergraduates may pay their interests on special stages within specific
programs.
110. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics.
111. Control systems in manufacturing provide a high level of accuracy.
112. The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday
113. As union members, we can influence the change of the university.
114. Horizontal line on the graph indicates there is no period of change.
115. University departments carefully monitored articles and other publications
by faculty.
116. Social science is the study of solving social problems.
117. You are required to complete the research paper by Monday.
118. This newspaper challenges the previously accepted theories.
119. A series of lectures showed economics have been recorded.
120. Consumer confidence tends to increase as the economy expands.
121. There is a significant difference between theory and practice of education.
122. The printers automatically print two sides of each page.
123. While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be
addressed.
124. The same issues featured both explanations of the problem.
125. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the
deadline.
126. Most of these features were part of the previous system.
127. We can’t/cannot consider any increase in our prices at this stage.
128. Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional/practical
practice.
129. Climate change is now/has become an acceptable phenomenon among
reputable scientists.
130. Students have the option to live in college residences or apartments.
131. Radio is one of the most/a popular forms/form of entertainment throughout
the world.
132. She used to be the editor of the student newspaper.
133. Food cannot be eaten in the main library.
134. The artists tied to conservative politicians earned their own roles of critics.
135. The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.
136. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues.
137. You will need to purchase an academic gown before/for the
commencement.
138. Speed is defined as how quickly an object or a person moves.
139. You can contact all your tutors by email.
140. The city’s/cities/cities’ founders created a set of rules that became law.
141. Our professor is hosting the business development conference.
142. Biology involves the study of life of/at all levels.
143. The department is organizing a flight to London in July.
144. Food has become a political issue in the world.
145. Children acquire their first language without any conscious effort.
146. Animal and plant cells have a number of structures in common.
147. All medical students must clean their hands before entering the room.
148. Your statistical information depends on your raw data.
149. Certain organisms can reproduce using just one parent.
150. Being bilingual is not necessarily being having the ability of understanding
two languages.
151. Sound waves are unable to travel through vacuum.
152. Make sure you choose a course that provides great career opportunities.
153. Undergraduates have a wide range of cultural modules to choose from.
154. One function of body fat is to keep the internal organs warm.
155. Social media is criticized of causing internet addiction.
156. Sugar is a compound which consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
157. International exchanges formed the important part of our study program.
158. It is necessary to dress formally for the graduate/graduation ceremony.
159. The bus for London will leave 10 minutes later than planned.
160. If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available
161. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.
162. The city’s/cities/cities’ founders created a set of rules that became law.
163. The application process may take longer than it’s expected.
164. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm
165. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
166. The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion reference to
approach.
167. The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable
argument.
168. When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise their prices.
169. The new paper challenged the previously accepted theories
170. The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab.
171. The toughest part of postgraduate education is funding.
172. Blue whale is the largest mammal ever lived.
173. Those seeking formal extension should contact their faculty for information.
174. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us. ★

175. The shipwreck of this year ruined some artefacts which were interested by
historians.
176. They developed a unique approach to training their employees.
177. The opening hours of the library is reducing during the summer.
178. His appointment to economic culture minister was seemed as a demotion.
180. Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing.
181. The coffee machine (located) on the third floor is not working today.
182. Muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together.
183. The evaluation forms will be reviewed by university personnel.
184. The article reflects a number of very interesting experiments.
185. Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.
186. That means they have so many struggling overlaps.
187. They were/had/have been struggling last year to make their service pay.
188. We hold visiting tours throughout the year for students.
189. Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or
opposite.
190. A celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy.
191. The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus.
192. Our professor is hosting the business development conference.
193. The theme of the instrumental work exhibited more of a demure and
compositional style.
194. The synopsis contains the most important information.
195. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide. ★

196. Good research delivers practical benefit to real people

197. Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk.
198. Before submitting your dissertation your advisor must approve your
application.
199. Your lowest quiz grade has been eliminated from the calculations.
200. The following economic policy lecture has been cancelled.
201. Many graduates of journalism can get jobs in the communications field.
202. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.
203. The teacher asked the group to commence the task.
204. Information technology has changed the way people work today.
205. The library will stay open until midnight this week
206. Two sides have disagreed on how to solve the problem.
207. Honey can be used the food and health product.
208. Babies can distinguish between what is language and what is not.
209. Farms need to adapt to the changes of climate.
210. Psychologists say what we have experienced influences our behaviours.
211. Many university lectures can now be viewed on the internet.
212. Employment figures are expected to be improved
213. Our facilities include five libraries in the university.

214. The northern campus car park is located behind the library.

215. Graphs and charts allow data to be understood more easily.

216. You will learn how to rationally assess your arguments.

217. The shipwreck of this year mined some artefacts which were interested by
historians.

218. It takes a long time to walk to university.

219. Photography can be very useful to geography research.

220. Request for late submissions will not be accepted under any circumstances.

221. International exchanges form the important part of our study program.

222. The transformation of media has changed the way information both used
and studied.

223. Salt is produced from the sea water or extracted from the ground.

224. Make sure you've saved all files before turning off the computer.

225. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.

226. Employment figures are expected to be improved in the next few years.

227. People have been independent by using phones in everyday life.

228. The department works closely with its partners in the business community.

229. Babies can distinguish what is language and what is not.

230. The farmers need to adapt to the changes of the climate.

231. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering
workshop.

232. Government department was doing some crucial works on climate change.

233. The English degree involves certain placements in the third year.

234. You will need to read chapter one before the management class.

235. There is a new chemistry test next week.

236. Audition of the university choir will be held next week.

237. Extracurricular activities can help students to develop more talents.

238. A good structure shows the key points of a paper.

239. The bank is hoping to tap into a fast-growing market.

240. Scholarship applications must be handed in at the end of the month.

241. Many universities' lectures can now be viewed on the Internet.

 Re-order Paragraphs

1.

A. They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any corporation
that invests its resources poorly.

B. They assume that they're using their shareholders' resources efficiently if the
company's performance, especially ROE and earnings per share-is good and if
the shareholders don't rebel.

C. The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold the
conventional view when they stop to think of the equity owners' welfare.

D. So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders

alike, and ensure competitiveness; companies investing poorly shrink, resulting,
perhaps, in the replacement of management.

E. In short, stock market performance and the company's financial performance

are inexorably linked.

Answer: CBADE
2.

A. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.

B. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management

incentives and trim all the fat.

C. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.

D. Take an underperforming company.

Answer: DBCA
3.

A. In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the
welfare state has become a staple of discussion among policy makers and
politicians.

B. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much
deeper than have been acknowledged.

C. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.

D. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect
to the populism of the Daily Mail.

Answer: ADCB
4.

A. After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and
immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him
to send a truck.

B. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria

and Chicago.

C. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail
under any circumstances.

D. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as
the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert
Field in SI. Louis, Missouri.

Answer: DBCA

5.

A. Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the
thought process behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the
TV.

B. Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up

exponentially as well.

C. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and

funky.

D. Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means

an exponential increase in the number of ads that are being made.

E. Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on
daily basis - thanks essentially to improvement in technology - I somehow can't
help but feel that the quality of communication of the message has become
diluted.

Answer: AECDB

6.

A. Beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.

B. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing
their bad practices.

C. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.

D. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than
it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.

Answer: ABCD
7.

A. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty,
plastics are now almost exclusively used.

B. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.

C. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony and the flats
(white keys) were covered with strips of ivory.

D. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.

Answer: BDCA

8.

A. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and

other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways.

B. For one thing, the use of language is universal - all normally developing
children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.

C. But just the opposite is true - language is one of the most complex of all
human cognitive abilities.

D. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it

may seem to be simple.

E. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical

reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.

Answer: ABEDC

09.

A. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to

kitchen to get something to eat

B. Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day
he didn't have the foggiest idea

C. In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that
wiped out his memory.

D. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains
where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.

E. It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than
a century ago - that humans "are mere walking bundles of habits".

Answer: CBADE
10.

A. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to

demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some reason
simply have not developed speech.

B. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4%
of the human genetic code.

C. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are
located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal
cords.

D. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar
some way other than with a voice.

E. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are
incapable of language, that is, a human-like grammar.

Answer: ABCED

11.

A. Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated earnings,
compared to BMW's 19 and are the second cheapest in the sector.

B. A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and

uncertainty about the reason for a share buyback has in recent years left
investors bewildered.

C. The main problem with Volkswagen is the past.

D. Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to

peers due to bad reputation among investors.

E. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.

Answer: DBCEA

12.

A. Professor Fitzgerald and his team studied more than 47000 women.

B. He convinced Professor Fitzgerald of the University of Hill to set up a study

into this matter.

C. Doctor Byron has long held that there is a link between diet and acne.

D. No link was found between acne and traditionally suspect food such as
chocolate and chips.

E. The women were asked to fill in a questionnaire about the diet and about their
suffering from acne.

Answer: CBAED
13.

A. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s,
such as Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford
Smith's transpacific flight the following year.

B. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3,
which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers
exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.

C. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports,
and there were numerous qualified pilots available.

D. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft
and the first liquid-fuelled rockets.

Answer: ABCD

14.

A. Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at the
same steady rate and that the absence of transitional forms can be explained by
Darwin's argument that there are huge gaps in the fossil record and that
transition usually occurred in one restricted locality.

B. Palaeontologists still argue about the origins of major groups; though new
fossil finds since Darwin's time have cleared up many of the disparities in the
fossil record. Even during Darwin's lifetime, some transitional forms were found.

C. Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various
stages in the history of life, evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that
major changes occurred at these points.

D. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an advantage

over other groups and was able to exploit new niches in nature. Climate change
may also have produced a "spurt", as might the extinction of other groups or
species, leaving many niches vacant.

Answer: BACD

15.

A. How do you do battle with your enemy?

B. With regard to defiance, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation
and be prepared to do battle with its enemy.

C. The idea is to destroy the enemy's productive capacity, and depending upon
the economic foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case.

D. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy's productive capacity

means destroying the information infrastructure.
E. But in the industrial era destroying the enemy's productive capacity means
bombing the factories which are located in the cities.

F. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy's productive

capacity, what you want to do is bum his fields, or if you're really vicious, salt
them.

Answer: BACFED

16.

A. Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of
viewpoint characters.

B. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.

C. This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are
well-handled and informative, although occasionally in moving them about the
author's manipulations are a bit blatant.

D. They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes
wrecking wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories
tend to become irrelevant.

Answer: ACDB

17.

A. But in Scotland three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.

B. In most countries it is only the government, through their central banks, who
are permitted to issue currency.

C. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of an

adequate currency.

D. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in shod supply and
of uncertain value, compared with English, Dutch, Flemish or French coin.

E. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.

Answer: BAEDC

18.

A. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.

B. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American
attack such as the one that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.

C. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more
than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La
Florida and St. Augustine the year before.
D. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with
two ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.

Answer: PDBCA

19.

A. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging
from 7 to 8 miles above the surface of the earth.

B. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air

masses.

C. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds
considerably slower than the wind speed itself.

D. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether

tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet
stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and
avoided by westbound aircraft.

Answer: ABCD

20.

A. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure
of an entire building.

B. Ultimately, the scientist say, this approach could enable the design and the
construction of new buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building
methods.

C. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials
could be incorporated as the process goes along.

D. Structure built with this system could be produced faster and less expensively
than traditional construction methods allow.

Answer: ADCB

21.

A. I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another
nest of the same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or
an antenna, and dragged out.

B. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any
two ants belonging to the same community.

C. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants
of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to
different communities.
D. The communities of ants are sometimes. very large, numbering even to
500,000 individuals.

E. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one
another, which is very remarkable.

Answer: DBCAE

22.

A. In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on

the issue with a review article that looked at more than 100 studies on the
health benefits of green tea.

B. They theorized that the 1.2 litters of green tea that is consumed by many
Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.

C. They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to lower
rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking.

D. These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular

health, including preventing blood platelets from sticking together and improving
cholesterol levels.

E. Specifically, (to be more specific), green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL
cholesterol (the "bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the build-up of plaque in
arteries, the researchers wrote.

Answer: ACBDE

23.

A. Julia Backing’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number
of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at
Queanbeyan Primary Schools.

B. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation's first father-led

literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children's
literacy.

C. "There's no program like this in Australia," Ms Bocking said, who devised the
project as the final component of her community education degree at the
University.

D. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms Bocking saw the need
for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on - with the help of more
male role models.

Answer: BACD
24.

A. A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable

orbit of a Sun-like star.

B. Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found five
planets orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62.

C. These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of
Earth. In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size
of Earth.

D. Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet,
but smaller than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.

Answer: ABDC

25.

A. International date line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally

following the 180' meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement,
travellers change dates.

B. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.

C. The same problem would arise if two travellers journeyed in opposite

directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180* of longitude distant.

D. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveller crossing the
date line change his date, thus bringing the travellers into agreement when they
meet.

E. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would
elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the
airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them.

Answer: ABECD

26.

A. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are
not persuaded by information.

B. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.

C. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to
listen to those which offer us some reward.

D. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should

show where the rewards might lie.

E. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a

crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.
Answer: ABCDE

27.

A. In the lobby of an internet search engine company's headquarters in

California, computer screens’ display lists of words being entered into the
company's search engine.

B. Although it’s says that the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or
potentially compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can
be seen by visitors to the world's biggest search company is likely to come as a
shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a private affair.

C. This presents a challenge to internet search companies, which have built a

multi-billion-dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the information
users reveal about themselves online.

D. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to
gain access to the internet user's online histories have, along with consolidation
among online search and advertising groups, thrust the issues of internet privacy
into the spotlight.

E. However, that may be changing.

Answer: ABEDC

28.

A. Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date and
time, arranging accommodation, etc.

B. This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of
partners

C. People always think it's easy to organize a meeting; however, there are many
potentials can hinder the starting time

D. In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care
for the meeting participants.

Answer: CBAD

29.

A. There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses - such as
various Factory Acts to prevent the exploitation of child workers.

B. These markets had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who

were able to act in their own interests, against the interests of both workers and
consumers.

C. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely
capable of responding to social needs and social interests, unlike markets.
D. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to
protect us against powerful interests.

E. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation and following trends, but

they were no good at ensuring social equality.

Answer: EBADC

30.

A. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain
information that can be used to identify the parties nor the transaction history.

B. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.

C. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic
money have to be.

D. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet.

Electronic commerce is one of the most important aspects of Internet to emerge.

E. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure

communication channels and data integrity.

Answer: ABCDE

31.

A. German invasion of Poland official triggered the Second World War.

B. But Polish forces could not defend a long border.

C. In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able
to defend her borders.

D. They lacked compact defense lines and additionally their supply lines were
also poorly protected.

E. Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and
countries were conducting tests to exploit the same.

Answer: ACBDE

32.

A. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study
to examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of
fruits and vegetables.

B. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to
increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven't been doing in the past.

C. The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944
boys and 1,161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004.
D. Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in
1999, Larson and colleagues found.

E. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic
disease. So it's important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching
national objectives for fruit and vegetable consumption.

Answer: EACDB

33.

A. From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome
to Country ceremony.

B. "It's about how we're all so affected by the harbour and its surrounds, how
special it is to all of us and how it moves us," said the Welcome to Country's
creative director, Rhoda Roberts.

C. Fireworks and special effects, including a red "waterfall" from the bridge base,
will turn the structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the
sun sets for the last time in 2015.

D. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal
flag before the 9pm fireworks display.

Answer: CBAD

34.

A. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between
four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
"Boundaries are on maps," says a local logger, "maps are only in Lima," the
capital.

B. In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate

logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.

C. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in

a pocket on the map where a river of the same name

flows into the Urubamba.

D. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.

E. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with

the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict
management plans and sustainable extraction.

Answer: CABDE

35.

A. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their
productive prime.
B. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all
are suffering from some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.

C. There is too much illness, too much suffering.

D. It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is

the rule and good health the exception.

E. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society
than he could be.

Answer: DBCAE

36.

A. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great
areas the available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.

B. However, the floor at the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of
special surveys since 1920.

C. A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid—Atlantic ridge— runs north and south

between Africa and the two Americas.

D. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.

E. Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are as
rugged as mountainous regions of the continents.

Answer: ABCDE

37.

A. The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making,
and it has changed forever how companies do business.

B. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their
impact on the environment.

C. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of

support for strict government regulation.

D. In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In
Japan, people were dying of mercury poisoning.

E. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to

the environment.

Answer: ABCDE

38.

A. But over the past several years, regulators have detected prohibited
substances in some of these products that aren't included on the labels.
B. Their labels list herbs or other natural ingredients that consumers assume are
safe to take.

C. Dietary supplements can appear to be a healthful option for treating certain

health conditions.

D. The drug Sibutramine is one of these substances.

E. It was once approved for weight loss but was withdrawn after concerns arose
that medication could increase the risk of heart attacks.

Answer: CBADE

39.
A. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether
tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the
Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to
gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
B. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air
masses.

C. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds
considerably slower than the wind speed itself.

D. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging
from 7 to 8 mi (11.3-12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.

Answer: DBCA

40.

A. Many countries suffering a shortage of scholars of new energy.

B. Especially engineers about new energy.

C. Become an engineer not only means more opportunities in their career but
will gain more money in their research.

D. With the climate change, the money distributed in energy research will
double.

Answer: ABDC

41.

A. Over the years many human endeavours have had the benefit of language.

B. Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations

would know something about the music of their ancestors.

C. But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify
a tune.
D. It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century
that allowed music to be documented in a physical form.

E. In particular, a written language can convey a lot of information about past

events, places, people and things.

Answer: AECDB

42.

A. Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support
the hypothesis.

B. Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is

correct or incorrect.

C. Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis
is true (or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a specific result.

D. In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something

wrong", such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the
scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations may
not be checked as carefully.

E. The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.

Answer: ABCDE

43.

A. With the industrial development, steel railway was invented in the year 1860,
which then replaced wooden railway.

B. The railways can save time and money.

C. Later on, someone invented a new wagon way.

D. The railway is a good invention, but there were the only wooden railways at
the beginning.

Answer: DBCA

44.

A. Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became

recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created
works of art.

B. My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also
Homo religious.

C. This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
D. But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always
to have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful
yet terrifying world.
Answer: BACD
45.
A. As you practice you can start to think your way through the conscious
competence stage. As driving the stick shift becomes a habit for you, eventually
you can drive without thinking, shifting gears effortlessly while you think about
other things is known as unconscious competence.
B. Competence is a cluster of related abilities, commitments, knowledge, and
skills that enable a person or an organization to act effectively in a job or
situation.
C. Because each level of responsibility has its own requirements, competence
can occur in any period of a person's life or at any stage of his or her career.
D. When you first learn how to drive a stick shift, you very quickly learn that you
don't know how to do it is known as conscious incompetence.
E. Competence indicates sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable someone
to act in a wide variety of situations.
Answer: BECDA
46.
A. Personal behaviour in the workplace impacts on relationships with colleagues,
students and members of the public, and can either positively or negatively
impact on morale and productivity.
B. As a Department of Education employee it is important that your personal
behaviour upholds and demonstrates the values and principles of our
organization.
C. It is your responsibility to be responsive to all reasonable requests made by
members of the public or the school community.
D. It is your responsibility as well to be courteous, respectful and helpful to
people at all times and avoiding all personal interest.
Answer: ABCD
47.
A. Although I've lived in Sudan for the past 15 years, this was one of the few
times I felt like Sudan was truly the heart of Africa thanks to the Festival of the
Nile.
B. The festival was organized by the British Council Sudan in partnership with
Holla.
C. A program funded by the EU, implemented and co-funded by the British
Council Sudan, bringing together youth from Sudan, Ethiopia and South Sudan
in capacity building, leadership and community development activities
representing the Horn of Africa.
D. The British Council hosts an annual arts festival in December, usually
featuring Hip Hop, Jazz, Reggae and/or R&B artists from the United Kingdom
under different themes from year to year.
Answer: ABCD
48.
A. A public school in Flushing, Queens (New York), was the first public non-
charter school in America to offer students an all-vegetarian menu.
B. The all-vegetarian plan (which includes breakfast and lunch) was launched in
2013.
C. This year, the Coalition also helped a second school, the Peck Slip School in
lower Manhattan (New York), become a meat-free school.
D. The school's administration was able to implement an all-vegetarian menu
with the support of the Coalition for Healthy School Food.
Answer: ABDC
49.
A. It is now officially against the law for provisional license holders in NSW to
use their phones in any way while driving.
B. New drivers are statistically eight times more likely to have a car accident
than full license holders.
C. If you get caught using a voice-activated GPS app while behind the wheel -
even if your phone is secured to a hands-free cradle - you will be suspended
from driving for three months.
D. The state government is hoping to reduce this number via a blanket ban on
phone use for all P platers.
Answer: ACBD
50.
A. Through various periods of human history religious iconoclasm connects with
the prohibition of figurative representation.
B. Conception of aniconism in the ancient Near Eastern antiquity differs from the
modern one.
C. Nonetheless, anthropomorphic cult statues were often replaced by divine
symbols.
D. For instance, there was no general ban on images as such.
Answer: ABDC
51.
A. It was accompanied by widespread destruction of images and persecution of
supporters of the veneration of images.
B. The "First Iconoclasm", as it is sometimes called, lasted between about 726
and 787.
C. Next was between 814 and 842. According to the traditional view, Byzantine
Iconoclasm constituted a ban on religious images by Emperor Leo III and
continued under his successors.
D. Byzantine Iconoclasm refers to two periods in the history of the Byzantine
Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and
imperial authorities within the Eastern Church and the temporal imperial
hierarchy.
Answer: DBCA
52.
A. Most people, especially for Pacific Islanders, are aware of the sea level change
which may cause many factors, but none of them has deeper sensation of
flooding than Tuvaluan.
B. Tuvalu, a coral country, consists of nine low-lying islands in the central Pacific
between the latitudes of 5 and 10 degrees south, has the average elevation of 2
meters up to sea level.
C. Meanwhile, the maximum sea level recorded was 3.44m on February 28th
2006 that damaged Tuvaluan's property badly.
D. Local people called the flooding water oozes up out of the ground "King Tide",
that happened almost once or twice a year, which destroyed the plant, polluted
their fresh water, and forced them to colonize to some other countries.
Answer: ABCD
53.
A. Library classification, system of arrangement adopted by a library to enable
patrons to find its materials quickly and easily.
B. While cataloguing provides information on the physical and topical nature of
the book (or other item), classification, through assignment of a call number
(consisting of class designation and author representation), locates the item in
its library setting, and, ideally, in the realm of knowledge.
C. Arranging similar things in some order according to some principle unites and
controls information from various sources.
Answer: ABC
54.
A. The solvent used for this process is carbon disulfide, a toxic chemical that is a
known human reproductive hazard. It can endanger factory workers and pollute
the environment via air emissions and waste water.
B. In this process, cellulose material (such as bamboo) is dissolved in a strong
solvent to make a thick, viscous solution that is forced through a spinneret into a
quenching solution where strands solidify into fiber.
C. This is sometimes called hydrolysis alkalization or solution spinning because
the fiber is “spun" in a chemical solution.
D. There is more than one way to make rayon. The most common way — and
the one widely used for bamboo — is called the viscose process.
Answer: DBCA
55.
A. During this time, he also briefly held a job as an airplane mechanic in Billings,
Montana, working at the Billings Municipal Airport (later renamed Billings Logan
International Airport.
B. Which the academy President Ray Page insisted upon in the event the novice
flyer were to damage the school's only trainer in the process.
C. To both gain some needed flight experience and earn money for additional
instruction, Lindbergh left Montana in June to spend the next few months
barnstorming across Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, as a wing walker
and parachutist with E.G. Bahl and later H.L. Lynch.
D. A few days later, Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that same
machine with instructor-pilot Ira 0. Biffle, although the then 20-year-old student
pilot was never permitted to "solo" during his time at the school because he
could not afford to post a bond.
Answer: DBCA
56.
A. According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies in 2014 a 11-year-old
boy was unable to live with his family, due to child abuse.
B. But upbringing in the foster care system means he has no-one to help him.
It's not his fault, yet he is being penalised for something he can't change.
C. Children like him involved with child protective services were shown to have
consistently low average math and reading standardized test scores.
D. He went to two schools while he was in foster care and one was Barr Beacon
School, formerly Barr Beacon Language College, is a mixed comprehensive for
foster children.
E. One of the recommendations was to send him to his relatives who were
willing to take care until he was 18. This resulted a positive outcome in academic
achievement.
Answer: ABDCE
57.
A. Understanding the origin and evolution of main-belt comets asteroids orbiting
between Mars and Jupiter that show comet-like activity is a crucial element in
our understanding of the formation and evolution of the whole Solar System.
B. Since only a few objects of this type are known, 288P presents itself as an
extremely important system for future studies.
C. Among the questions main-belt comets can help to answer is how water came
to Earth.
D. The various features of 288P wide separation of the two components, near-
equal component size, high eccentricity and comet-like activity also make it
unique among the few known wide asteroid binaries in the Solar System.
Answer: ACBD
58.
A. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility, and the
lands seems refreshed and newly-washed.
B. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of
perspiration that we began to unpack.
C. As a result, dust was everywhere. The city's trees and flowers all looked as if
they had been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.
D. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the monsoon rains
had lasted for only three weeks.
Answer: ADCB
59.
A. This process is endothermic taking heat energy from the surroundings and
cooling the injured part of your body. In this way the cold pack acts like an ice
pack.
B. For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a
mixture of baking soda and citric acid.
C. Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used
by athletes to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag
containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
D. When it is mixed with water in your mouth an endothermic reaction occurs,
taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
E. A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be
endothermic. It takes in energy.
Answer: EBDCA
60.
A. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable
about the outcome that is eventually agreed.
B. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality
of views different from their own and to accept change or compromise.
C. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other
person immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.
D. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss
and resolve an issue on which two people initially have different views.
E. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any
attempt to rush them into an agreement.
Answer: DBCAE
61.
A. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in northern
Kenya, I noticed one that walked very slowly.
B. Elephant expert Iain Douglas-Hamilton told me that this female elephant,
Baby, had been crippled for years, but the other members of the herd never left
her.
C. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where she
was.
D. Depending on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
E. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Baby.
Answer: ABCDE
62.
A. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened
by an earthquake that would devastate the city.
B. The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines and, in
some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their
property—they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage.
C. But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the
great fire that followed.
D. The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and
was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile
San Andreas fault.
Answer: ADCB
63.
A. Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live pay check to pay check, typically shop
in bulk at the beginning of the month when their pay checks come in.
B.” We’re seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure," Duke said at an event
in New York. "There's no doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact."
C. Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year
ago due to rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke
said Wednesday.
D. Lately, they're "running out of money" at a faster clip, he said.
Answer: ABCD
64.
A. Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had
been arrested for the same crime; however, King and his civil rights compatriots
did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for their civil rights
campaign.
B. It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate
her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her place.
C. Parks' arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement,
succeeded in catalysing the Montgomery bus boycott.
D. Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks' good
standing with the community, her employment and her marital status.
E. She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
Answer: BECDA
65.
A. The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the
expense of our human rights reputation.
B. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted
basic.
C. With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to
detention while waiting for a decision on their application.
D. At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's
migration law and policy.
E. Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees fleeing
violence and conflict.
Answer: EBCDA
66.
A. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the
process.
B. Rereading is an important part of the review process.
C. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going
to do.
D. A review is a survey of what you have covered.
Answer: DCBA
67.
A. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of
Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across the time
zones of the world.
B. But the map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now
seems very primitive.
C. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground’s historic difficulty
in grasping the concept of punctuality.
D. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard to
the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.
Answer: ACBD
68.
A. Traveling by truck, horse and donkey, they recorded whoever and whatever
seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests,
quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
B. His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible,
before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the
region’s distinctive culture.
C. Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here,
dispatched a four-member Folklore Research Mission to the northeaster
hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
D. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
Answer: CBAD
69.
A. In language learning, there is a distinction between ―competence‖ and
―performance‖. Competence is a state of the speaker's mind - what he or she
knows.
B. Separate from actual performance - what he or she does while producing or
comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through
performance.
C. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the
Code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
D. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous
flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.
E. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
Answer: ABCDE
70.
A. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but
they are starting to utter warnings.
B. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that
mayoral control can reduce parents' influence on schools.
C. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when
mayoral control is up for renewal—or scrapping.
D. And they pointed to Mr Bloomberg's aggressive style as an example of what
not to do.
Answer: ABDC
71.
A. Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false
memories may raise doubt about the validity of long-buried memories, such as
repeated trauma, it in no way disproves them.
B. During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information. This
is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source
become dissociated.
C. Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some
individuals in no way implies that all memories that arise after suggestion are
necessarily false.
D. False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the
content of suggestions received from others.
Answer: DBCA
72.
A. My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also
Homo religious.
B. Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created
works of art.
C. This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces
D. But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always
to have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful
yet terrifying world
Answer: ABCD
73.
A. In 2005, immigration policy received far more genuine attention on Capitol
Hill, and Members of Congress from both sides of the aisle are now considering
what to do about immigration policy.
B. Their various efforts have focused on a wide variety of changes in current
policy, including improving border security, strengthening employer verification
of employment, establishing a new temporary guest worker program, and
offering some level of amnesty to illegal immigrants currently living in the United
States.
C. At present, these proposals are working their way through the legislative
process.
D. A lopsided, ideological approach that focuses exclusively on border security
while ignoring migrant workers (or vice versa) is bound to fail.
E. However, to achieve results, immigration reform must be comprehensive.
Answer: ABCED
74.
A. Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular
issue.
B. Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased they invariably
share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
C. Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an
issue as it is to invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential
debate.
D. Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
Answer: BACD
75.
A. Roads of rails called Wagon ways were being used in Germany as early as
1550.
B. The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this
was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.
C. By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
D. In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged
wheels.
E. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn
wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagon ways
were the beginnings of modern railroads.
Answer: AECDB
76.
A. There is, however, no search facility.
B. The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts
and oral communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and
translations.
C. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
D. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a
German sociologist.
Answer: DBCA
77.
A. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and
informal.
B. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high
achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them.
C. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea
how difficult it is to master another language.
D. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or
academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty
high level.
E. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial
expressions (“shall we crack on then?”), it makes comprehension harder.
Answer: DBCAE
78.
A. Since only a few objects of this type are known, 288P presents itself as an
extremely important system for future studies.
B. Among the questions main-belt comets can help to answer is how water came
to Earth.
C. Understanding the origin and evolution of main-belt comets — asteroids
orbiting between Mars and Jupiter that show comet-like activity — is a crucial
element in our understanding of the formation and evolution of the whole Solar
System.
D. The various features of 288P — wide separation of the two components, near-
equal component size, high eccentricity and comet-like activity — also make it
unique among the few known wide asteroid binaries in the Solar System.
Answer: CBAD
79.
A. The extinct animal has been described through re-examination of a specimen
that's been in a museum collection since 1951.
B. Researchers think it is a relative of the endangered South Asian river dolphin,
offering clues to the evolutionary history of modern species.
C. The findings have been published in the journal open access Peer J.
D. It then spent decades in the collection of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural
History in Washington DC.
E. The fossil, a partial skull about 22cm (9ins) long, was discovered in south-
eastern Alaska by geologist Donald J Miller in 1961.
Answer: ABCED
80.
A. Protection and subsidies push just the wrong way.
B. De-industrialisation causes problems in economies unable to absorb the
workers released by manufacturing.
C. As manufacturing continues to shrink in an economy, overall growth will
increasingly depend on boosting productivity in services.
D. Policy should therefore focus on removing obstacles (such as trade barriers
and regulation), to such productivity growth, and creating a labour market in
which workers can move freely from factory employment to services.
E. But those who would tackle this by subsidies or trade barriers are missing the
point.
Answer: BECDA
81.
A. Ideally, the brand name you choose should be one that doesn’t require
translation
B. However, if your brand name reflects a key benefit of your service, such as
‘Budget Car Rental’ then you may want to consider translating it for other
markets, though multiple brand names will require more effort to manage.
C. So a made-up word or a compound word can be a good idea – such as Tesco
or Pepsi.
D. In other words, one that’s simple, easy to pronounce and has no inherent
meaning.
Answer: ADCB
82.
A. Drawing on his eleven- year tenure at the New York Tribune (which began in
1852), this completely new collection presents Marx's writings on an abundance
of topics, from issues of class and state to world affairs.
B. Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he
was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth century.
C. Particularly moving pieces’ highlight social inequality and starvation in Britain,
while others explore his ground breaking views on the slave and opium trades.
D. Throughout, Marx's fresh perspective on nineteenth-century events reveals a
social consciousness that remains inspiring to this day.
Answer: BACD
83.
A. Americans bought far fewer new homes last month, according to government
data released on Wednesday that showed sales fell at the fastest rate in 13
years.
B House prices also eased as the median cost of a new home fell 2.1 per cent
from a year ago to $239,800.
C. Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Greenwich Capital, said: "Builders
will probably have to continue to work off bloated stocks of finished homes for
most of 2007."
D. The biggest drop was in the west, where sales fell 37 per cent to an annual
rate of 166,000.
E. The pace of sales fell to 937,000 from a rate of 1.1m the previous month,
while inventories of unsold homes stood at 537,000.
F. However, the Federal Reserve views the overhang of unsold homes as cause
for concern but remains cautiously optimistic the sector is stabilizing and will not
derail the economy
Answer: ABECF
84.
A. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination
employment
B. Unless they are licensed or authorized to do so under the Poisons and
Therapeutic Goods Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2
substances.
C. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or
companies they supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use, supply or
possess the substance.
D. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by
wholesales any substance which is for their therapeutic use and included in
Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
Answer: DBCA
85.
A. However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they
can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
B. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date
recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
C. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if they
exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand.
D. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree time‖) dates
wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in
some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
Answer: CBAD
86.
A. The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe’s deepening integration into the
global economy.
B. It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by
its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first
business in Indonesia.
C. The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor’s bosses finally
listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal’s third offer.
D. Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European steel maker by
2006.
Answer: DBCA
87.
A. Such environment will enable him to develop strength and stability of
character thereby teaching him to face the future without fear or undue anxiety.
B. The finest asset any child can have is a happy home.
C. If he exhibits good judgement in later years, much of the credit must go to
those who trained him.
D. If he fails, it may have been due to troubles in his home, his school or
unsympathetic and hostile relative.
E. It also will give him something worthwhile to live for.
Answer: BAEDC
88.
A. They keep pointing and dragging until tendons chafe and scar tissue forms,
along with bad habits that are almost impossible to change.
B. Most computer users develop disorders because they ignore warnings like
tingling fingers, a numb hand or a sore shoulder.
C. Thus begins the search for relief: painkillers, ice, yoga, herbs, even surgery
D. But cures are elusive, because repetitive stress injuries present a bag of pills
that often defy easy diagnosis.
Answer: BACD
89.
A. The general impressions that skilled negotiators seem to convey is they are
people who keep their cards close to their chest and do not reveal their feelings.
B. Feelings are in themselves not observable and Hu Thwaite’s researchers could
not measure them directly.
C. Hence, they used a surrogate method- they countered the number of times
that the negotiators talked about their feelings or motives.
D. The results showed that contrary to the general impressions, skilled
negotiators are more likely to give information about internal events than are
average negotiators.
E. This contrasts sharply with the amount of information given about external
events such as facts, clarifications and general expressions of opinion.
Answer: ABCDE
90.
A. They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the
replacement of a particular, lost cell type.
B. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow,
blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.
C. Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells' descendant
can turn into any other sort of body cell.
D. Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are diabetes,
motor neuron disease and Parkinson's disease.
Answer: CBAD
91.
A. Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump, though he thinks it unlikely that the
president will keep his promises.
B. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago
and moved to Liberal in search of work.
C. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won
the county of which it forms part.
D. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way. It is also
changing fast. Its big National Beef Packing plant relies on Hispanic migrants.
Four-fifths of the children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
E. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous
among travellers for being free with drinking water.
Answer: EDCBA
92.
A. The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be
written in APA styles.
B. The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
C. A requirement of humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of
your choice.
D. The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
Answer: BDCA
93.
A. I lived in Master Hugh's family for seven years.
B. Mrs. Hugh, who had kindly consented to instruct me, had, in compliance with
the advice and direction of her husband, not only ceased to instruct, but had set
her face against my being instructed by anyone else.
C. In accomplishing this, I was compelled to resort to various stratagems.
D. I had no regular teacher.
E. During this time, I succeeded in learning to read and write.
Answer: AECDB
94.
A. The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be holding the eleventh
neutron summer school at Chalk River on May 8 – 13, 2011.
B. The lectures are aimed at beginning graduate students who have a wide
variety of backgrounds in the sciences, such as physics, chemistry, materials
science, structural biology, mineralogy.
C. For more information, see the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering's
Neutron Summer School.
D. The theory will be presented in a way that should be understood by people in
any of these fields.
Answer: ABDC
95.
A. University of Otago Centre for International Health co-directors Professor
Philip Hill and Professor John Crump share a view that global health is a
multidisciplinary activity.
B. In their work – from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to Indonesia and
beyond – they tap into a wide range of expertise from across the University,
including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular microbiologists, public health
experts, economists and mathematicians.
C. They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research and aid
agencies around the world.
D. For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has been part of a collaborative
tuberculosis research project in Indonesia, with the University of Padjadjaran in
Bandung, West Java.
Answer: ABCD
96.
A. The researchers, led by Nicole I. Larson of University of Minnesota School of
Public Health, found two dips in the intake of fruits and vegetables during the
teenage years.
B. When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers
were eating fewer fruits and vegetables.
C. The study which appears in the February issue of the American journal of
Preventive medicine, looked at eating habits among adolescents in junior high
and high school in Minnesota.
D. Researchers surveyed more than 2000 young about their eating habits in
1999.
Answer: DBCA
97.
A. In the lobby of Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California, computer
screens display lists of the words being entered into the company's search
engine.
B. Although Google says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or
potentially compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can
be seen by visitors to the world's biggest search company is likely to come as a
shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a private affair.
C. That may be changing.
D. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to
gain access to internet users' online histories have, along with consolidation
among online search and advertising groups, thrust the issue of internet privacy
into the spotlight.
E. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search companies,
which have built a multi-billion-dollar industry out of targeted advertising based
on the information users reveal about themselves online.
Answer:
98.
A. After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general
aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from
military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft
became available.
B. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to
provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
C. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller
commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much
wider range of weather conditions.
D. By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de
Havilland Comet, though the first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707,
because it was much more economical than other aircraft at that time.
Answer: ABCDE
99.
A. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them
down. In the Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of
20 hectares a minutes.
B. Trees are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for
paper products, such as newspapers and magazines
C. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
D. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in
order to extract the valuable timber.
E. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the
earth's surface, but they are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in
the tropics.
Answer: ECBDA
100.
A. Innovation is about doing what delights the customer, not just satisfying the
customer.
B. You have to let people think and act outside their corporate ―boxes‖. You
have to create an atmosphere of innovation.
C. Once it has been invented, customers can't imagine ever having lived without
it.
D. But you can't invent revolutionary products in a conservative environment.
E. It's giving the customer something they didn't expect. They can't ask for it
because they can't know what it is before it is created.
Answer: AECBD
101.
A. The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the Maharashtra
Body-Building Association has all the trappings of a drama we are accustomed
to.
B. In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the
apathy of the administrators, which has even led to sanctions from international
bodies, is unpardonable.
C. A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the Indian
Body-Building Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for holding the Asian
Championships in Mumbai in October.
D. It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators often
cause more harm to the image of the country than sportsmen and sportswomen
do through their dismal performances.
Answer: DBCA
102.
A. This evidence suggests that it's the mental drain of the cell phone
conversation, and not simply holding or operating the cell phone, that impairs
driving skills.
B. But it has also placed us in the unique position of being able to destroy
ourselves.
C. Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact
is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we
work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation
D. A new study suggests that doing things that require thinking—like talking on
a cell phone—could in fact be stealing your attention away from the road.
Answer: CBDA
103.
A. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to
negotiate.
B. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of
Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
C. The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the
Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
D. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day
feast of music and dance.
Answer: CBAD
104.
A. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial
than others.
B. It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of
evolution.
C. If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they
do not bother so much with the general complexities of the world around them.
D. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never
afford to relax.
F. So long as the anteater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves, then
they are satisfied and the living is easy.
Answer: ABCED
105.
A. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-
dramatized in order to secure an audience - but not of science itself.
B. While there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty
(which will be seized upon by the news organisations), the role of science within
modern society remains valuable.
C. All development will have a distaff side, but mobile phones can save lives: a
999 call from a remote location on a dark night.
D. In other words I firmly believe that the development of science and the
extension of understanding is a public good.
E. I would not wish us to go back to the dark ages.
Answer: ABCDE
106.
A. On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can drop
off their old equipment to be completely recycled nothing ends up in a landfill.
B. The challenge didn't deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services
department to launch its Electronic Waste Collection Days program.
C. Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is a
daunting challenge considering how much technology we all use today.
D. Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010.
Answer: CBAD
107.
A. Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly
recent developments in science and technology.
B. It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are
important.
C. Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument,
D. But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our
communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable.
Answer: BACD
108.
A. To do this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
B. Motivation is a complicated internal situation that people have. It cannot be
observed directly, but it can affect their behaviour.
C. The job of a manager in a workplace is to get things done through employees.
D. Motivation is something that everyone needs. However, this is easier said
than done.
Answer: DBCA
109.
A. Decades ago, we connected computers and got today’s powerful Internet.
B. However, it has only been over the last few years that we have started to
connect everyday objects using machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies to
create the Internet of Things.
C. What are the possibilities it offers, and the threats it poses?
D. But what does this really mean to you, your company, and your country?
Answer: ABDC
110.
A. The Summits involve Heads of states and governments and other high-profile
world leaders from intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.
B. These conferences have turned into a high-profile level in need to resolve
security issues and make progress in every aspect of human development.
C. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the UN since its
inception.
D. UN Conference venues are designated United Nations territory and governed
by the rules and regulations of the international body.
Answer: CBAD
111.
A. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by
games, and not just as a way of avoiding work.
B. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM
supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has
been clear that computers would dominate that particular game.
C. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of
cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning.
D. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.
Answer: ACBD
112.
A. In Europe e-waste is increasing at three to five percent a year, almost three
times faster than the total waste stream.
B. The current global production of E-waste is estimated to be 20025 million
tonnes per year, with most E-waste being produced in Europe, the United States
and Australasia.
C. The global market for electrical and electronic equipment continues to
expand, while the lifespan of many products becomes shorter.
D. Consequently, large amounts of “e-waste” are constantly generated
worldwide, posing an increasing global challenge for their disposal.
Answer: CBAD
113.
A. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time
specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary societies.
B. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food
than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them
because they cannot protect it.
C. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and
certainly for supporting whole towns of them.
D. A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food
surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard
the stored food.
Answer: DBCA
114.
A. "This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having
to produce them myself," says Mr Maria.
B. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable
them to provide services in a more cost-effective way.
C. He suggests the country's computer services industry can simply outsource
research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
D. This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
E. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills,
says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
Answer: EBDCA
115.
A. The mission intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as
possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began
transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
B. Early in 1938, Folklore Research Mission with four-members was dispatched
to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil.
C. Traveling by truck, horse and donkey, they recorded whoever and whatever
seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests,
quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
D. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
Answer: BACD
116.
A. Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
B. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with
250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable
environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and
sustainable agriculture.
C. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s
most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia
and Mexico.
D. For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco star,
refurbished copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for
20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
Answer: CBAD
117.
A. Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says.
B. “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and
looming over it for the next 10 years,” he says.
C. “Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of
money going into the research side, too.
D. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few
years funding from the research councils has probably doubled.”
Answer: ABCD
118.
A. The study which appears in the February issue of the American journal of
Preventive medicine, looked at eating habits among adolescents in junior high
and high school in Minnesota.
B. When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers
were eating fewer fruits and vegetables.
C. Researchers surveyed more than 2000 young about their eating habits in
1999.
D. The researchers, led by Nicole I. Larson of University of Minnesota School of
Public Health, found two dips in the intake of fruits and vegetables during the
teenage years.
Answer: CBAD
Fill in the blanks

1. Fingermarks
Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue
from the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is _______ onto a surface, leaving
behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colorless
__________ materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks
are described as “latent” as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which
means that __________ them at a crime scene can be challenging.
Option: transferred, clarifying, contaminating, stored, locating, meaning
Answer: transferred, contaminating, locating
2.Dog Emotion
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel
________ not only that I can tell what kind of _________ state my pets are in,
but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed scientist, I try
to take a more _________ and pragmatic view. These personal ________ seem
more likely to result from my ________ a good relationship with my dogs.
Option: emotional, desire for, confident, moody, passive, inferior of,
observations, devour, detections, rational
Answer: confident, emotional, rational, observations, desire for
3. National Gallery of Canada
An exhibit that brings together for the first _________ landscapes painted by
French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of
Canada this June. The _________ in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of
London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to _________ together the collection
of 60 Renoir ____________ from 45 public and private collections
Option: paintings, pull, gather, time, period, art, gets, masterpiece,
comes, gallery
Answer: time, gallery, pull, paintings
4. DNA on a Crime Scene
Fingerprints can ______that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As
long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can
help the police to ________ an individual to crack a case. An institute in
London can help ________ DNA and be used to match with the _______ taken
from the crime scenes.
Option: retain, demonstrate, identify, prove, reserve, samples, evidence,
determine
Answer: prove, identify, reserve, samples
5. Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of ________
intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were ________by
the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species
new to _________. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of
the rainforest, and they had no idea of its to humankind.
Option: benefits, value, material, magnificent, awed, owned,
tremendous, species
Answer: tremendous, awed, science, value
6. Music in ancient Egypt
Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society
Although it is thought that music played a _________ throughout the history of
Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered that music
________ to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ ______of
their history. This was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs
were _________(around 3100 BCE) and music was found in many parts of every
day Egyptian life.
Option: need, place, seemed, role, rank, showed, period, established
Answer: role, seemed, period, established
7. Mini helicopter

A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead.
Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned
to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could
mimic the properties of full-size aircraft.

The complex of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when skunk, ____ that
standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay
stable in the air. The researchers realised that a simpler aircraft designed to stay
stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to
boot.

It turns out that nature had _____ them to it. The seeds of trees such as the
maple have a single-blade structure that ____ them to fly far away and drift
safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to______
through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the
behaviour of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able
to copy its design.

The samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter — one was flown in
1952, and others have been attempted since — but it is the first to take
advantage of the samara's autorotation. This allows Ulrich's vehicle to perform
some neat tricks, such as falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using
vertical columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. "We can turn off the motor and
autorotate, which requires no power to sustain," says Ulrich.

Option: spin flourish beaten has meaning sticks design makes allows
caught

Answer: design; meaning; beaten; allows; spin

8. Iceland and volcanic event

On average, Iceland_______ a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since

the Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that has ________the earth's surface has
erupted in Iceland. However, according to a recent

geological hypothesis, this estimate does not include ____ eruptions, which are
much more extensive than those on the land surface.

Option: Interior, covered, experiences, explodes, spread, submarine

Answer: experiences; covered; submarine

9. The American People

The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as
revealed through the ______ of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary.
With a thought-provoking and rich presentation, the authors explore the complex
lives of Americans of all national ______ and cultural backgrounds, at all levels
of society, and in all _______ of the country.

Option: experiences, origins, events, beliefs, regions materials

Answer: experiences; origins; regions

10. International fertility rate

Low fertility is a concern for many OECD countries as they face the prospect of
population ageing. This article _____ makes between Australia and seven other
OECD countries in fertility rates between 1970 and 2004. Changing age ____ of
fertility are also compared and show that for most of the countries, women are
______ childbirth and having fewer babies. The _____ of women's education
levels and rates of employment with fertility are also explored.

Option: sense, correlation, patterns, comparisons, accelerating,

postponing, associations, gaps

Answer: comparisons, patterns, postponing, associations

11. Argument between economists and ecologists

There is a pointless argument between economists and ecologists over which is

_____ more important -the ecosphere or the economy? The materialist ______
is that their fates are interlinked. We know the natural world only by interacting
with it and transforming it: nature ______ us that way. Even if, as some
supporters of 'deep ecology', the earth would be better off without us, it is to us
that the task of saving it falls.

Option: answer, grew, reply, produced, state, development, crisis, argue

Answer: crisis; answer; produced; argue

12. Wind Moving

Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move ________ fast as a racing
car; over 100 miles an _______ Winds can travel around the world. Wind can
make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body ________ when it is
windy Weather forecasters need to ________ the speed and direction of the
wind. the strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force
when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings
and is called hurricane force.
Option: steady, hour, second, as, think, faster, know, along
Answer: as, hour, faster, know
13. Wrinkle Cure
Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in
Melbourne, and PhD student Anita Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure.
Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol,
a patented _________ of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their
faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol. Every
week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment, photography
and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive.
After a month the _________ and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated
side were reduced by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research,
commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a scientific
_________. It’s hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in
cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their
effects. Even when ___________ studies are commissioned, companies usually
control whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.
Option: area, body, rigorous, tract, extract, publication, solid, depth
Answer: extract, depth, publication, rigorous
14. Conservancy
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s
boundary elect a ________ conservancy committee negotiate a legal
constitution, prove the committee’s ability to manage _________, and produce
an acceptable plan for _________ distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once
approved, registered conservancies acquire the __________ to a sustainable
wildlife ___________, set by the ministry. The animals can either be sold to
trophy hunting companies or hunted and consumed by the community. As legal
entities, conservancies can also enter into contracts with private-sector tourism
operators.
Option: eligible, representative, picked, manage, equitable, succeed,
ability, repetitive, rights, quotation, quota, registered
Answer: representative, funds, equitable, rights, quota
15. Seminars
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational ________ is to
provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of
the course. This is founded on the __________ that it is only by actively trying
to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you
can achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand
a point it is highly _________ that you will be the only person in the group in
that position; you will invariably be undertaking a ________ for the entire
group if you come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you
feel you did not fully understand. The seminar is to introduce and _______
discussion.
Option: impossible, assumptions, provoke, service, part, job, role, stir,
theory, unlikely
Answer: role, assumption, unlikely, service, provoke
16. Enigma
Nature is no longer an alien ________ but something immediately beautiful, an
exuberant _______ with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been
called songs for a _________. As long as we have been listening, people have
presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.
Option: wander, enigma, opus, mystery, exuberant, accuse, reason
Answer: enigma, opus, reason
17. McLuhan
McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be _______
into four eras: the acoustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic
age. He ________ the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy,
which was _________ just as the television was starting to become
popular. He _________ the world was entering the fourth, electronic age, which
would be characterized by a community of people brought together by
technology. He called it the "global village", and said it would be an age when
everyone had ________ to the same information through technology. The
"global village" could be understood to be the internet.
Option: access, outlined, released, divided, closed, described, predicted,
highlighted, submerged
Answer: divided, outlined, released, predicted, access
18. Tidal energy
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has _________ $2.49 million
to cover a portion of the cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian
Maritime College at the University of Tasmania, in __________ with The
University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million ‘Tidal Energy in
Australia– Assessing Resource and Feasibility to Australia’s Future Energy Mix’
project will map the country’s tidal energy in unprecedented detail before
assessing its ability to contribute to Australia’s energy needs.
Option: generated, awarded, partnership, part
Answer: awarded, partnership
19. The amount of sleep
The amount of sleep you need depends on many _________, especially your
age. New-borns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children
should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least
nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night
appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough sleep"
may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep.
As you get older, you’re sleeping ________ change. Older adults tend to sleep
more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This
can have many causes including medical conditions and medications used to
treat them. But there’s no evidence that older adults need less sleep than
younger adults.
Getting enough sleep is _________ to your health because it boosts your
_________ system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is
necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you
drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical
performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel
drowsy during the day — even during boring activities - you are not getting
enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. People
whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep.
If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount
of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to _______
the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night’s
sleep.
Option: factors, elements, recognize, immune, reproductive, important,
patterns, beneficial, identify, processes, reasons, respiration
Answer: factors, patterns, important, immune, identify
20. Sea turtles

Like the sea turtles, we are _____ to the bright lights of our phones, tablets,
laptops, and TVs, our minds and bodies becoming ____ as we lose focus and
direction. Each day, we are _______ between the value of tech and the cost to
our health.

Option: struggling, drawn, disoriented, disconnected, up, torn

Answer: drawn; disoriented; torn

21. Western firms

It is often assumed that when Western firms, or any firm for that matter, reach
out across _____ to establish a factory outlet here, an assembly plant there or a
subsidiary in some far-off _____, they do so through directly investing and
thereby wholly owning such facilities. In the 1970s and 1980s, among the low-
cost manufacturing overseas operations, this was indeed often the case, but
increasingly Western firms started to conduct their business at-a-distance
through a variety of indirect means, of which subcontracting became the
principle ______

Option: lines, location, borders, setting, suburb, arrangement

Answer: borders; location; arrangement

22. The Dow Jones Industrial Average

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) reports the average stock price of 30
large, publicly traded U.S. companies. It tends to ______ the state of the stock
market as a whole. Though its name would lead you to believe the DJIA is made
up of only _______ companies, the DJIA in fact contains stocks across many
"industries," not all of which are industrial. The businesses _______ include
financial, food, technology, retail, heavy equipment, oil, chemical,
pharmaceutical, consumer goods, and entertainment.

Option: represented, reflect, cover, industrial, mediocre, covered,

Answer: reflect; industrial; represented

23. Ancient hominin footprints

The discovery of a set of what look like ancient hominin footprints on the island
of Crete could throw our understanding of human evolution into disarray.
Received wisdom is that after _____ from the chimp lineage, our hominin
ancestors were confined to Africa until around 1.5 million years ago. The prints
found in Crete, however ______, to a creature that appears to have lived 5.7
million years ago — suggesting a more complex story. More research is needed
to confirm what kind of animal made them. However, the prints seem to have
been _______ by a creature that walked upright, on the soles of clawless feet
(rather than on its toes), with a big toe positioned like our own, rather than
sticking out sideways like an ape's. It may yet turn out to have been a ______
unknown non-hominin that had evolved with a human-like foot; but the
explanatory paper, in the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, is not the
first to suggest that hominin could have originated in Europe. A few months ago,
a team put forward _____, gleaned from fossils found in Greece and Bulgaria,
that a 7.2 million-year old ape known as Graecopithecus was in fact a hominin.
Option: splitting, existing, guidance, made, belonged, spite, evidence,
previously

Answer: splitting; belonged; made; previously; evidence

24. Participation in sports and physical recreation

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an

individual's health and _______ Regular physical activity is important in reducing
the risk of ______ diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes
and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
_____ at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, _____ every
day of the week, ______ to health benefits.

Option: Slow, wellbeing, contract, chronic, recommend, demand,

preferably, obtain

Answer: wellbeing; chronic; recommend; preferably; obtain

25. Home appliances in the developed world

in the developed world, home appliances have greatly reduced the need for
physical labour. ___ people need to be involved in tasks that once left them little
time to do much else.

For example, the word processor and email have, to a great _____, replaced the
dedicated secretarial staff that briefly flourished with the rise of the typewriter.
At _____ time all copies were made with manual scribes, carefully duplicating
what they read. Then we had carbon paper. Then photocopiers. Then printers.
Then the requirement for physical copy reduced.

An entire stream of labour appeared and disappeared as technology advanced.

We freed ourselves of one kind of work; we just replaced it ______ another.
Option: one, to, Fewer, extent, Less, point, number, with
Answer: Fewer, extent, one, with

26. University Science

University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology
bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering
chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry.
The society _________ that as few as six departments (those at Durham,
Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain ________ by 2014.
Most recently, exeter University closed down its chemistry department,
________ it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees.
The closures have been blamed on a ______ in student applications, but money
is a _________: chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with
English, for example - and some scientists __________ that the way the
government concentrates research ___________ on a small number of top
departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the _________.
Option: predicts, focusing, concluded, question, motive, blaming,
projects, prosperous, fall, factor, rise, say, funding, problem
Answer: predicts, open, blaming, fall, factor, say, funding, problem
27. Sportswomen’s records
Sportswomen' records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper
records don't ________, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to
put too fine a _________ on it, while we still have a_______. After all, if the
records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are _______too.
Option: appear, focus, admit, exist, opportunity, point, chance, lost,
disappear
Answer: exist, point, chance, lost
28. Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a general term for inter specific interactions in which two species
live together in a long-term, intimate association. In everyday life, we
sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a ___________ that benefits
________ parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept
and can include __________, lasting relationships with a ________ of positive
or negative effects on the participants.
Option: connection, both, variety, either, distant, close, relationship
Answer: relationship, both, close, variety
29. Kashmiri
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring
at the ____________ of the annual influx of _________. From May to October,
the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras
carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed
Japanese. Carpet- sellers _______ their skills, as did purveyors of anything
remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided
unusual ________. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy
___________ and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business
people _________, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake
stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked
their __________, proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped
and murdered.
Option: lives, prediction, accommodation, income, bolted, attacked,
competed, honed, land, sharp, life, situation, money, waters, tourists,
prospect
Answer: prospect, tourists, honed, accommodation, attacked, bolted,
lives
30. Environmentalists
Although environmentalists have been _______ about this situation for decades,
many other people are finally beginning to realize that if we don't act soon it will
be too late. The good news is that more and more businesses and governments
are beginning to __________ that without a healthy environment the global
economy and everything that depends on it will be seriously endangered. And
they are beginning to take positive action.
Option: positive, explain, useful, neutral, warning, understand, caution
Answer: warning, understand
31. Just-in-time
‘Just-in-time’ is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally
referred to the production of goods to meet customer _________ exactly, in
time, quality and quantity, ________ the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the
product or another process _________along the production line. It has now
come to mean producing with __________ waste. ‘Waste’ is taken in its most
general sense and includes time and resources as well as materials.
Option: where, claim, demand, maximum, whether, further, minimum
Answer: demand, whether, further, minimum
32. Anthropologists
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is _______ ________
and more completely moulded by his _________ than civilized man. This
contains an element of truth. Simpler societies are more________, in the sense
that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far ___________diversity of
skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced societies. Increasing
individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced
society, and as a result those who live in those societies are less individual. In
this sense, individualism is a necessary product of modern _________ society,
and runs through all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious
error to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the
growing strength and cohesion of society.
Option: less, larger, individual, objective, society, element, individual,
uniform, advanced, advent, latest, smaller, factor
Answer: less, individual, society, uniform, smaller, individual, advanced
33. Planes
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three
______ as __________ planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today.
There will be __________ of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner_______,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid-
air________, and with commercially operated rockets carrying _______and
tourists into space.
Option: thousands, satellites, collisions, much, altitudes, many, times,
time, least, piles, traffic, passengers
Answer: times, many, thousands, altitudes, collisions, satellites
34. Shark’s Personalities
Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks’
________ may help scientists learn more about what drives their choice of
things like prey and ________. Some sharks are shy, and some are outgoing;
some are ________, and some prefer to stick close to what they know,
information that could prove useful in making sense of larger species-wide
behaviour ________. But unfortunately for misadventure-prone clown fish
everywhere, all of them, save for a handful of animated Disney exceptions, still
see fish as food, not friends.
Option: personalities, habits, dangerous, habitat, patterns, habitant,
inhabitants, traits, extrovert, adventurous
Answer: personalities, habitat, adventurous, patterns
35. Omniscience
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as
Johnson said, is of two _________, you may know a thing yourself, and you may
know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know yourself
must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the __________ of
information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come
the _________ and use of reference books— the working of one book in
connection with another—and applying your own _________ to both. By this
means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever
we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does
not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, knowledge and
proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I
believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be ________ to
idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.
Option: sorts, sources, importance, value, origins, intellectual,
intelligence, expense, originalities, kinds, smartness, contributed, price,
devoted, contributory
Answer: kinds, sources, value, intelligence, contributory
36. Colourful Poison Frogs
Colourful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great _________ to ancestors
that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last
10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests.
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a __________ source of
diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest ________ of biological
diversity on Earth. The finding runs ________ to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the __________ forest itself.
“Basically, the Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs,” says
graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs there have
come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian
biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major
role.”
Option: reservoirs, essential, major, diversity, accordant, basin, tropical,
counter, territories, rain
Answer: diversity, major, reservoirs, counter, tropical

37. Neuroscientists
We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired
to mimic other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological
experience in the observer.
Human beings tend to _________ actions that they see. Physiologically, our
brains include mirror neurons, which _________ to actions that are seen as if we
are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and
automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal _______
watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc. Neural networks in our
brains are stimulated by the ‘shared representations’ generating feelings within
us that ________the experience of those we are observing.
Option: nonsense, nuances, display, chords, aim, moderate, imitate,
reflect, react
Answer: imitate, react, nuances, reflect
38. Jupiter’s moon Europa
Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that
Jupiter's moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it
may not be the __________ place for life to exist as was thought possibly to
be the case. __________, all the information we have about Europa comes from
the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study. _________the
general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water ice harbouring a salty
subterranean ocean kilometre below, researchers studying the most
________measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears
the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids, ________, they
accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the
ocean below.
Option: ideal, although, recent, whereas, ideally, however, virtually,
thus, actually
Answer: ideal, Virtually, Although, recent, however
39. Health professionals
People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the _______
population, because illness increases with age. However, the _________ of the
population who visited complementary health __________ was highest between
the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over
contrasted with the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased
steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this difference might include lower
levels of ________ of complementary therapies by older people. Alternatively,
older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people
because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally
lower.
Option: acceptance, ordinary, proportion, independence, contrasted,
majority, controlled, elder, general, health, therapists, doctors
Answer: general, proportion, therapists, acceptance
40. Children skip school
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures
revealed today. ________ children played truant this spring term compared with
the spring term last year. Children missed 3m unauthorized days of school last
term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a ________ group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account
for more than three-quarters of all those on unauthorized absence, are more
likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same ________ last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not _______by their school
last term, compared with 0.9% for the same term last year. More than 60% of
all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
Option: hardcore, discussed, Fewer, agreed, way, period, most
Answer: Fewer, hardcore, period, agreed
41. Volcanoes
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere every year but the gas is usually _______. When a volcano erupts,
carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't __________in one
spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped __________under enormous
pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense ________, it can push out
oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
Option: cloud, focused, concentrated, dangerous, harmless,
underground, underwater, aimed, air, harmful, atmosphere
Answer: harmless, concentrated, underground, cloud
42. Science Warn Global Warming
You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming sooner; I think
that there are several reasons. We were from the 1970s until the end of the
century _________ the important global problem of stratospheric ________
depletion, which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it and
succeeded but had little time to spend on climate change. Climate science was
also neglected because twentieth-century science failed to _________ the true
nature of Earth as a ________ self-regulating entity. Biologists were so carried
away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see that living things were
tightly coupled to their material environment and that evolution concerns the
whole Earth system with living organisms an ____________ part of it. Earth is
not the Goldilocks planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It
was in this favourable state some two billion years ago but now our planet has to
work hard, against ever increasing heat from the Sun, to keep itself _______.
We have chosen the worst of times to add to its difficulties.
Option: focusing, on, alive, ozone, distracted by, integral, habitable,
responsive, decide, recognize
Answer: distracted by, ozone, recognize, responsive, integral, habitable
43. Civil society and the market
For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state
that were seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate
about civil society ultimately is about how culture, market and state ______ to
each other. Concern about civil society, however, is not only relevant to central
and eastern Europe and the developing world. It is very much of ________ the
European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the
1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of society - and not
only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in
Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to go in
trying to ________ the frequently divergent interests of non-governmental
organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing _________that
international and national governments have to open up to civil society
institutions.
Option: accommodate, adjust, adapt, definition, recognition, fun, relate,
attach, interest to
Answer: relate, interest to, accommodate, recognition
44. Tokyo’s Sky tree
Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Sky tree, one of the world’s
monster skyscrapers, is 40 meters long and immensely detailed. But _______
massive this form of digital art becomes-and it's a form subject to rampant
inflation-Inoko’s theories about seeing is based on more modest and often pre-
digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises
there), then computer games, he recognized when he started to look at
traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something _______: something
about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been
taught that photographic lenses, _____________ the conventions of western art
were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the
real world on to a flat surface. ______ Japanese traditions employed “a different
spatial logic”, as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, which is
“uniquely Japanese”.
Option: however, therefore, different, in common, similar, along with,
but, so
Answer: however, in common, along with, But

45. Fiction and Life

The precise relationship between fiction and life has been debated extensively.
Most modern critics agree that, whatever its apparent factual content or
verisimilitude, fiction is finally to be regarded as a structured Imitation of life and
should not be confused with a literal __________ of life itself. While fiction is a
work of the imagination rather than _______, it can also be based closely on
real events, sometimes experienced by the author. In a work of fiction, the
author is not the same as the narrator, the voice that tells the story. Authors
maintain a distance from their characters. Sometimes that distance is obvious
for instance, if a male writer tells a story from the point of view of a female
character. Other times it is not so obvious, especially if we know something of
the author’s life and there are clear connections between the story and the
author’s life. The writer of fiction is free to choose his or her subject matter and
is free to invent, select, and ________ fictional elements to ______ his or her
purpose. The elements of fiction are the different components that
make up a work of fiction. All literature explores a theme or significant truth
expressed in various elements such as character, plot, setting, point of view,
style, and tone that are essential and specific to each work of fiction. All of these
elements bind a literary work into a consistent whole and give it unity.
Understanding these elements can help the reader gain insight about life, human
motives, and experience. Such insight is one of the principal aims of an effective
work of fiction; when readers are ________ to perceive it, they develop a sense
of literary judgment that is capable of enriching their lives. The following
sections describe elements that should be considered in the ________ of fiction.
Option: move, rationality, reality, complete, arrange, able, transcription,
analysis, achieve
Answer: transcription, reality, arrange, achieve, able, analysis
46. The sun and the moon
From the time of the very early from the time of the very earliest civilizations
and he lives in, about how it was created and about how it will end. In these
distant times the sun was seen to make its daily _________ across the sky. At
night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and
on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens
was dotted with tiny specks of light. They _________known as the stars. It was
thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the
_______ of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was
well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly
positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took
centuries; in fact, it took millennia, for man to ________ the true nature of
these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them
and to _________ their positions in the sky.
Option: secret, determine, assume, predict, secrets, seemed, became,
journey
Answer: journey, became, secrets, determine, predict
47. Steven Pinker
Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book “The Language
Instinct”, has called music “auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted
to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental faculties.” If it ________
from our species, he said, “The rest of our lifestyle would be _______
unchanged.” Others have argued that, on the _________, music, along with art
and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence would have a
brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music
enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is
ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music
instinct as much as a language _________, and could not rid ourselves of it if we
tried.
Option: sense, virtually, vanished, contrast, remained, instinct, contrary
Answer: vanished, virtually, contrary, instinct
48. Sociology
Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, it
is usually ________ as one of the social sciences (along with _______ like
psychology) and was _________ as a subject in the late 18th century (through
the work of people like the French writer Augusta Comte). However, the subject
has only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the 20th century
through the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott
Parsons (names that will be visited throughout this course). One name that you
may have heard of-Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism)-has probably
done more to stimulate people’s interest in the subject than anyone else, even
though he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in a period before sociology became fully
established as an academic discipline. Sociology therefore, has a reasonably long
history of development, (150-200 years) ________ in Britain it has only been in
the last 30- 40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the education
system has achieved a level of importance equivalent to, or above, most of the
other subjects it impossible to study.
Option: classes, classed, designed, subjects, projects, established, set,
subject, course, acceptance, tolerance, although, but
Answer: classed, subjects, established, although
49. Most Respected Companies
Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times.
Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the _______
time? Rather predictably they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill
Gates, and Microsoft. ________ has achieved their world class status through
playing nice. Weich is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his
business ______ and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions
Microsoft has had one of the ______ profile cases of bullying market dominance
of recent times- and Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where
he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.
Option: current, past, neither, either, both, through, finish, by, highest,
biggest, achieve
Answer: current, neither, through, highest
50. Concept of Culture
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe
during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This ________ of culture reflected
inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the world. This
understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with
nature or non-civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some
countries are more civilized than others, and some people are more cultured
than others. Anything that doesn’t FIT into this category is labelled as chaos or
anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the
progressive refinement of human ________.
In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine,
high fashion or haute couture, museum-calibre art and classical music. The word
cultured referred to people who knew about and took part
in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might
_______ that classical music is more refined than music by working-class
people, such as jazz or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples.
Option: behaviour, idea, argue, concept, results, state, thought, insist
Answer: concept, behaviour, argue
51. Sea turtle hatch light pollution
The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light
pollution is an increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit.
This type of pollution is ___________ high in coastal regions of tropic and
temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth
and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these
locations, particularly those whose ecology or behaviour depends, ________, on
natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have detrimental
effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when
they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under
natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early
morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-
directed orientation to the water, __________ mostly on light cues that attract
them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on
beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them __________
from the sea and _________ with their ability to orient in a constant direction.
Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of
hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.
Option: Depending, by the way, exceptionally, to move away from,
disturb, to stay away from, interfere, in some way, specifically, relying
Answer: exceptionally, in some way, relying, to move away, interfere
52. Ikebana – Version 1
More than simply putting flowers in a _______, ikebana is a disciplined art form
in which nature and __________ are brought together. Contrary to the _____ of
a particolored or multi-coloured __________ of blossoms, ikebana often
emphasizes other areas of the _________, such as its stems and leaves, and
puts emphasis on shape, line, and form.
Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The
artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's color
combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the
arrangement.
Option: vase, container, flowers, disposition, expertise, humanity, idea,
belief, blossoms, arrangement, plant, expression, complications,
combinations
Answer: container, humanity, idea, arrangement, plant
53. Microorganism
Although for centuries preparations derived from living _________ were applied
to wounds to destroy _________, the fact that a microorganism is _______ of
destroying one of another species was not ________ until the latter half of the
19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on
the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to
_________ use.
Option: matter, built, injection, concern, therapeutic, able, lives,
established, infection, capable, entertainment
Answer: matter, infection, capable, established, therapeutic
54. Women’s participation in labor force
With the increase in women’s _________ in the labor force, many mothers have
less time _________ to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there
has been increasing ________ that the father’s role and _________ with a child
is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income
provider to teacher, career, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid
work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and
mothers in families.
Option: relationship, precipitation, partnership, available, affordable,
recognition, recession, participation
Answer: participation, available, recognition, relationship
55. The Ministerial Staffing System
The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far
larger and further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands
for help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly competitive and
professionalized political environment have been key drivers of the staffing
system's development. But there has not been commensurate growth in
_______ to support and control it. The ________ framework for ministerial staff
is ______________and ad hoc.
Option: operations, operating, current, arrangements, manufacturing,
fragmented
Answer: arrangements, operating, fragmented
56. Computational thinking
Developing computational thinking helps students to better _________ the world
around them, many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes
on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to ________ how to
program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human
skills that will become _______ as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless,
governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of
computer programming have ________ on England's curriculum for children
from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children
will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High
School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what ______
computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
Option: understanding, dumped, learn, thinking, obsolete, introduced,
featured, drives, makes, watch
Answer: understand, learn, obsolete, featured, makes
57. Good looks win votes
It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics
have tried. The _______ is that beauty is in the eye of the ______, and you
cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in
the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious_______?
It’s hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him
politically as well as _________.
Option: difficulty, beholder, audience, truth, physically, mentally, wink,
smirk
Answer: difficulty, beholder, smirk, physically
58. Active Reading
Reading is an active process, not a ________ one. We always read within a
___________ context and this affects what we notice and what seems to
matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we
__________ it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also _______the
strategies we use to read the text.
Option: specific, volume, digital, passive, approach, predominate,
ingrained, determine
Answer: passive, specific, approach, determine
59. UW course description
The UW course descriptions are ________ regularly during the academic year.
All announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to
change without _______ and do not constitute an _________ between the
University of Washington and the student. Students should assume the
responsibility of ________ the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more
current or specific information.
Option: updated, new, consulting, agreement, notice, alarm, contract,
enquiring
Answer: updated, notice, agreement, consulting

60. Purpose of TV Advertising

From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is
advertising on TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or ______
their _______? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the
main _________ between programs and commercials that commercials are for
real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials
for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature, some children are
able to __________between programs and commercials and are aware of the
intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
Option: known, distinguish, difference, exercise, disparity, lines,
conflict, practice, tell, aware
Answer: practice, lines, difference, distinguish
61. Plagiarism
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism
within student’s work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in
students’ assessed work ________ electronic detection software called Turnitin.
This software ________ students work _______text on the Internet, in journal
articles and within previously _______ work (from LSBU and other institutions)
and highlights any matches it ________.
Option: to, finds, realizes, based, on, against, distinguish, compares,
through, submitted, given
Answer: through, compares, against, submitted, finds
62. Sustainable Job Growth
“Sustainable Job Growth” is a motto for many governments, especially in the
aftermath of a recession. The problem of ‘job quality’ is less often addressed and
may be seen as __________ job growth. The sentiment ‘any job is better than
no job’ may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the
context of high unemployment. However, if the _________ between improving
the quality of _______ jobs and creating new jobs becomes greatly imbalanced
towards the latter, this could increase work stress among ______ and future
workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British
Academy Policy Centre Report on Stress at Work highlights these_______, and
describes the context, determinants and consequences of work-related stress in
Britain.
Option: impeding, hindering, balance, problems, existing, equality,
current, matters, concerns, recent, obstruct, consisting, ongoing
Answer: hindering, balance, existing, current, concerns
63. The Origins of Music
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and
use it as a way of protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The
music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap – _____
who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that
may not have a definitive answer. One ______ researcher, however, has
proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in
the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of
Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic
musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ –
the playful voices mothers _______ when speaking to _________ and toddlers.
As the theory goes, an increased human brain size caused by evolutionary
changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier
births, more fragile infants and a _______ need for stronger relationships
between mothers and their new-born babies. According to Parncutt, who is
based at the University of Graz in Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to
strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant’s survival.
Option: shows, adopt, children, ensure, individuals, necessary, convey,
people, infants, critical, leading, means, protect, reflects
Answer: reflects, leading, adopt, infants, critical
64. E-learning
E-learning is the new way forward. We believe ______ in e-learning. Our
innovative approach open up new ________ for busy professionals that simply
did not previously exist the _________ to combine a prestigious Master’s
program with a demanding professional and personal ________. Our small
virtual classrooms facilitate ____________ interaction and collaboration among
professionals from all over the world.
Option: passionately, opportunities, chance, occasion, life, existence,
interaction
Answer: passionately, opportunities, chance, life, intensive
Fill in the blanks
1. How I Feel About My School questionnaire

The How I Feel About My School questionnaire, designed by experts at the

University of Exeter Medical School, is _______ to download for free. It
_________emoticon-style faces with options of happy, ok or sad. It asks
children to rate how they feel in seven situations including on the way to school,
in the classroom and in the playground. It is _________ to help teachers and
others to _________ with very young children on complex emotions.

The project was supported by the National Institute for Health Research
Collaboration for Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula.

Professor Tamsin Ford, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the

University of Exeter Medical School, _______ the design, involving children to
give feedback on which style of questionnaire they could relate to best. She said:
"When we're _________ out research in schools, it can be really hard to
meaningfully assess how very young children are feeling. We couldn't find
anything that could provide what we needed, so we decided to create
something."

A) available, legal, portable, approachable

B) symbols, tells, uses, transmits

C) designed, noticed, set, prone

D) communicate, bargain, satisfy, calm

E) received, led, knew, investigated

F) settling, deducing, making, carrying

Answer: available, uses, designed, communicate, led, carrying

2. Superintelligence

A superintelligence is any intellect that is vastly outperforms the best human

brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom,
and social skills. This definition leaves open how the superintelligence is
__________ - it could be in a digital computer, an ensemble of networked
computers, cultured cortical tissue, or something else.

On this definition, Deep Blue is not a superintelligence, since it is only smart

within one narrow domain (chess), and even there it is not vastly superior
_________ the best humans. Entities such as corporations or the scientific
community are not superintelligences either. Although they can perfonn a
number of intellectual feats ________ which no individual human is capable,
they are not ________ integrated to count as "intellects", and there are many
fields in which they perform much worse than single humans. For example, you
cannot have a real-time conversation with "the scientific community".

A) conducted implemented opened attained

B) at, to, by, in

C) at, for, of, by

D) sufficiently, potentially, positively, directly

Answer: implemented; to; of; sufficiently

3. Granular materials

Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W.

Morris, is the showmanship. In one stunt that he has demonstrated in settings
ranging from high school classrooms to television studios, the University of
Toronto _________ loads clear plastic tubes with white table salt and black sand
and starts them rotating. What transpires in the tubes usually knocks the socks
off of any __________ bystander? Instead of mixing into a drab gray sameness,
the sand particles slowly separate into crisp black bands cutting across a long,
narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands disappear and new
ones arise. "It's a parlour trick," Morris says. Not to deny its entertainment
value, this _________ of how strangely granular materials can behave is also an
authentic experiment in a field both rich in fundamental physics and major
practical consequences.

A) pharmacist, physicist, psychologist

B) unsuspecting, uncomfortable, unprecedented

C) exhibition, theory, demonstration

Answer: physicist; unsuspecting; demonstration,

4. Linda Finch –

An American Heroine Over sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished

mysteriously in the Pacific during her attempt to become the first person to
circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda Finch, a San Antonio
businesswoman, accomplished pilot, and aviation historian, recreated and
completed her idol's last flight as a to ________ the aviation pioneer's spirit and
vision.

On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator took off from Oakland
International Airport, California, in a restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same
make and model aircraft that Earhart used on her last journey. The mission to
fulfil Amelia Earhart's dream was called "World Flight 1997." Although Ms. Finch
was not the first to __________ Earhart's around-the-world journey, she was
the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch closely followed the same
route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and
a half months later when she back ___________ at the Oakland Airport on May
28.

Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily
through an web site part of a free multimedia educational program called "You
Can Soar," provided by the project's sponsor.

A) tribute, compensation, tribunal, tributary

B) start, attempt, terminate, attend

C) swum, landed, launched, walked

D) interactive, educational, intangible, illegal

Answer: tribute; attempt; landed; interactive

5. Skeletal remains

In 1959, the partial skeletal remains of an ancient woman estimated to be

10,000 years old were unearthed in Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island, one
of the eight Channel Islands off the southern California coast. They were
discovered by Phil C. Orr, curator of anthropology and natural history at the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The remains of the so-called Arlington
Springs woman were recently reanalysed by the ________ radiocarbon dating
techniques and were found to be approximately 13,000 years old. The new date
makes her remains older than any other known human skeleton found so far in
North America.

The discovery __________ the popular belief that the first colonists to North
America arrived at the end of the last ice age about 11,500 years ago by
_________ a Bering land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska and north-
western Canada. The earlier date and the location of the woman's remains on
the island adds weight to an alternative theory that some early settlers _______
have constructed boats and migrated from Asia by sailing down the Pacific coast.

A) latest last formal new

B) challenges distinction district defies

C) cross crossed remembering crossing

D) able should may not

Answer: latest; challenges; crossing; may

6. Teens writing

Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to

________ a good grade, to stay in touch with friends, to share their artistic
creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or
otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when
they can _____________ topics that are relevant to their lives and interests,
and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the opportunity
to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them
_________ with interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also
serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also _________ writing for an audience
motivates them to write and write well.

A) get skip avoid carry

B) communicate debate select use

C) educate blame present introduce

D) regard provide learn report

Answer: get; select; present; report

7. Fingerprints

Fingerprints, referred to as "fingermarks" in forensics, are formed when residue

from the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is ________ onto a surface, leaving
behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colourless
___________ materials such as soap, moisturiser and grease. These
fingermarks are described as "latent" as they are generally invisible to the naked
eye, which means that __________ them at a crime scene can be challenging.

A) linked, transferred, related dug

B) contagious, contacting, contemporary, contaminating

C) locating, locking, studying, looking

Answer: transferred, contaminating, locating

8. 'The best way to experience the museum

The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor down. One
emerges from the elevators into a spacious hallway. At some hours, museum
staff members are giving small hands-on __________ of techniques such as
quillwork. These activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These
small surveys of the museum's vast holdings are called "Windows on the
Collection." Appearing on every floor in the halls that __________ the rotunda,
these display cases serve as a kind of visible storage, presenting a panoply of
objects and materials. Their arrangements are artistic, and their contents
perhaps __________ designed to jar the visitor. For example, the largest case
on the fourth floor displays animal imagery of all sorts. Older __________ of
birds, mammals and sea creatures ____________ alongside witty contemporary
works such as Larry Beck's version of a Yup'ik mask made of rubber tire treads
and metal tools, and Jim Schoppert's "Walrus Loves Baby Clams" mask.
Recently-made ivory carvings challenge the common distinction between so-
called "authentic fine art" and commodity (a distinction which may be passed in
the academic world, but which still holds strong among much of the general
public).

A) demonstrations lessons show class

B) mistreat overlook disregard disrespect

C) especially positively probably intentionally

D) shape sculptures samples bunch

E) appear control happen come

Answer: demonstrations; overlook; intentionally; sculptures; appear