Handover Issue 2G Huawei 1.5

OMF010002 Handover
ISSUE 1.5
Wireless
Wireless Curriculum
Curriculum Development
Development Section
Section
Course Contents
Summary of Handover
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
Summary of HO—Purposes of HO
! Purposes of HO
" To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
" To improve network service performance
# To reduce the call drop rate
# To reduce the congestion rate
Summary of HO—Classification of HO
! Classification of HO:
" Emergency HO
# Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO
# Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
# Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
# Interference Emergency HO
" load HO
" Normal HO
# Edge HO
# Layer HO
# Power Budget (PBGT) HO
" Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)

" Concentric Cell HO
Course Contents
Summary of Handover (HO)
! General HO process
! Measurement report preprocessing
! Penalty processing
! Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
! HO judgment
General process of HO Algorithm
M.R. 1
preprocessing OM forced HO
Edge HO
Directed retry
Penalty
processing Layer HO
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO PBGT HO
Basic ranking
RSD emergency Fast moving MS

HO HO
Secondary
ranking Interf. emergency HO Overlaid/underlaid HO
Load Sharing HO
Processing
HO judgement program
1
! Basic ranking and secondary ranking
! HO judgment
Measurement Report Preprocessing
! Measurement Report (MR):

" Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
" Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving
levels from the neighbor cells.
Serving cell Neighbour cell
The downlink
measurement report
of the serving cell
The uplink
The downlink
measurement report of
measurement report of the
MS
neighbour cell (BCCH)
! Period of measurement report

" The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink
# The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
# The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
480ms 4 TCH multi-frames
12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

Measurement Report Preprocess
! MR interpolation
" Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an
update to the basic rank of the cells.
" BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS.
Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost
measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost MR
amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the lost MR
according to the algorithm.
Measurement Report Preprocess
How to interpolate MR?
Continuous MR
flow
MR MR
MR MR MR
Measurement Measurement report

report No. n No. n+4
How to filter MR?
Continuous MR
flow
MR MR MR
MR MR
MR
Filter----Average several continuous MR.

! HO judgment
Penalty Processing
! There are altogether four types of penalty process (second

step of HO algorithm process )
" Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
" Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO
( base on BQ and TA ) is performed.
" Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO
is performed.
" A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an
overlaid/underlaid HO fails.
Penalty Processing
! Penalty on the target cell:

" Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS
to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell B
Penalty Processing
! Penalty on the serving cell:

" Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to
BQ and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
Penalty Processing
! Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to

Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying
in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty Processing
! A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty

time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.
Overlaid Do not
attempt
again after a
Underlaid failed HO!
! HO judgment
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
! Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts

of the HO judgment. Ranking is made through 16bits-
algorithm. The serving cell and the neighbor cells will be listed
in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The ranking
processes include:
" M rule
" K rule
" 16bits ranking
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
!M rule:
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into the
candidate cell list.
For serving cell: RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
i.e : RX_LEV(o) – MSRXMIN(o)-MAX(0,Pa(o)) > 0 ……….. ( 1 )
For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
i.e : Having the same formula as above
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) – P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) – P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.
P : Max_Power_of_MS
Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power

! K rule Criterion:
" After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells
are ranked in descending order according to the receiving level
only.
! The 16bits rule

" Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own
16bits value. The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and
position the cell is in the cell list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal
level and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
# The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis.
# The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
# The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level
of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis,
bit 4th is set to 0.
# The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the
serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is
set to 1.
– Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the
PBGT HO.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position
in Huawei hierarchical network structure.
# When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is
lower than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is
turned off and all bits are set to 0.
# That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this
function take effect.
# Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can
be further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64
different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
! Hierarchical cell structure
U m b re lla
C e ll G SM 900
G SM 900
G SM 900 G SM 900 G SM 900
C e ll
G SM 1800 G SM 1800 G SM 1800 G SM 1800

C e ll
G SM 900 G SM 900 G SM 900 G SM 900

M ic ro C e ll
G SM 1800 G SM 1800 G SM 1800 G SM 1800
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

# Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is
set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.
# Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th
is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.
# Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req.
on candidate cell.
– Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th
is set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell
list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" 12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
# Serving cell: is always set to 0.
# Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0,
otherwise is set to 1.
# When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is
lower than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This function is
turned off and the value is set to 0.
# If the parameter – “Co-BSC/MSC Adj.” in the HO control table is set
to “No”, then this function is turned off and the value is 0.
" 13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the
same concept as the 12th bit.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

# Serving cell criterion:
– Receive level >= layer HO threshold – layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is
set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th—5th bits are set to 0.
– If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
– Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
# Neighbor cell criterion:
– Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is
set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th—5th bits are set to 0
– If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
– Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
# note :
– The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the
value of that individual cell’s value.
– Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the same layer, each of
the neighbor cell’s layer HO threshold value will be the same. Same
concept goes for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the entire
hierarchical layers of the cell.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
" The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type

# Serving cell or Neighbor cells:
# When cell type is extension cell "1.
# When cell type is normal cell "0.
" The 16th bit: Reserved bit

! HO judgment
HO Algorithm
Initializing
M rule
K rule
16bits rule
O&M reason
Forced HO Direct re-try
Emergency HO judgment Send HO command
Load-HO judgment Send HO command
Send HO command
Normal HO judgment
Edge HO judgment
Fast moving HO judgment
Layer HO judgment
Overlaid/underlaid HO
judgment
PBGT HO judgment
Types of HO
! Types of HO :
" Emergency HO
# TA & BQ HO, interference HO, Rx_Level_Drop HO
" Load HO
" Normal HO
# Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
" Fast moving HO

" Overlaid/underlaid HO
Emergency HO
! TA HO criterion :
" TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
! BQ HO criterion :
" The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
" The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell >
DL Qual. Thrsh.
! Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types

of HO):
" Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest 16bits
value.
Emergency HO
! Rx_Level_Drop HO:
" Due to downlink signal level drop
" Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode.
! Requirements for the target cell:

" The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.
Emergency HO
! Interference HO (DL&UL) :
" When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But
Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.

" The target cell is in the cell list.
Cell Load HO
! Cell Load HO Criterions :
" System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
" Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
! Requirements for the target cell

" Load of target cell < Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
Normal HO
! Edge HO Criterion:
" In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor cell’s DL
or MS’s UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO threshold.
Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs. This method
utilizes the P/N rule.

" The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Normal HO
! Layer HO criterions:
" Serving cell :
# No requirement.
" Target cell :

# Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
# Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold + layer cell
hysteresis.
# Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell. The priority
of target cell should be higher than the serving cell’s.
PBGT HO
! PBGT HO Criterions :
" Target cell’s path loss is smaller than the serving cell’s path loss
by the PBGT threshold value.
" Satisfying the P/N rule.
" Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
! Note :
" PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the
system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur in
either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
Fast-Moving HO
! When the serving cell is micro cell :

" When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there
are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high
speed, the criteria is satisfied. MS will be handed over to
umbrella cell.
! When the serving cell is umbrella cell :

" When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater
penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration of time
(penalty time). In this way, the MS will not use the micro cell.
Note :In this case, the micro cell is only used under urgency
conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
! Overlaid/underlaid :
" Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink
receive level and TA value.
underlaid
overlaid
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
! Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:

" TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis Or
RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold RX_LEV hysteresis
" Satisfying P/N rule
! Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:

" TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis and
RX_LEV =< RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis
" Satisfying P/N rule
Question
! Can you list the function of each bit in 16bit ranking?

! What is the period of measurement report?
Course Contents
Major HO Parameters Configuration
! Major HO parameter configuration

" 1.[Handover Control Table]
" 2.[Cell Description Table]
" 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table]
" 4.[Penalty Table]
" 5.[Emergency Handover Table]
" 6.[Load Handover Table]
" 7.[Normal Handover Table]
" 8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
" 9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table]
! HO data lookup process

[Handover Control Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommen
name ded value
th th
Co-BSC/MSC It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes, No Yes
Adj. “Yes” means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred.
th th
“No” means that the 12 and 13 bits are shielded and set to
“0”.
Penalty It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover Yes, No No
allowed failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA
or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or
out of the same BSC.
Load HO It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic Yes, No No
allowed load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure
ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener
allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell
congestion rate, and improve network performance. It only
applies in the same BSC or cells at the same level.
MS Fast It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the Yes, No No
moving HO algorithm. It is only recommended in special areas (such as a
allowed highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be
used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied.
[Handover Control Table] -2

Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended
value
RX_Level_Drop It means whether RX_Level_Drop emergency Yes, No No
HO allowed handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS
which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in
advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm
should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it
is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC
must have original measurement report.
PBGT HO It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is Yes, No Yes
allowed allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is
processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping-pang
handover, PBGT handover is only performed between
cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and
meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH.
MS power It means after a handover whether MS is to use Yes, No Yes

prediction after proper predicted transmitting power to access the
HO new channel. This can reduce system interference
and improve service quality (this parameter acts
when intra BSC handover occurs).
[Handover control table] -3

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended
name value
MR. “Yes” means perform measurement report Yes, No Yes
Preprocessing preprocessing on BTS; “No” means preprocessing on
BSC, then the two parameters of “Send original
measurement report” and “Send BS/MS power level”
do not act. “Yes” means decreasing of Abis interface
signaling and BSC load, and improving of network
response time performance. The switch determines
where to perform power control. When it is set to
“Yes”, power control is performed at BTS side. When
it is set to “No”, power control is performed at BSC
side. When setting this parameter, first be clear
whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to
set or not.

name value
Transfer It means whether to send the original measurement Yes, No No
original MR. report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing
on BTS. When it is set to “Yes”, BTS sends not only
processed measurement report but also original
measurement report to BSC.
Transfer It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS Yes, No Yes
BS/MS power to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power
class control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is
available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink
and downlink balance measurements will be affected,
and handover types such as PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover needing power
compensation will be abnormal.

name value
Sent Freq. of It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report Twice per According to
preprocessed is preprocessed at BTS side and sent to BSC the second, Once concrete
MR. Preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts per second conditions
only when “Measurement report pre-processing” is enabled.
For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be
as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At
this time, for handover needing P/N judgment such as edge
handover, layer handover, PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover,
[Cell Description Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value Recommended
name range value
Layer of the Huwei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16 The M900: the 3rd
cell priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room 1st~4th layer
of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex layers M1800: the 2nd
network environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layer
layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and
1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher
priority.
Cell priority Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover 1~16 1
priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of priorities
cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same
layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority.
Layer HO It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking, and it is 0~63 25
Thrsh. also the level requirement on the target cell for interference
handover, layer handover and load handover. Then such level
should be higher than layer handover threshold + layer
handover hysteresis. The layer handover threshold should be
set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter-cell handover
hysteresis.
Layer HO Works together with the Layer handover threshold. 0~63dB 3
hysteresis
[Cell Description Table] -2

name value
Penalty on It is valid when the fast moving handover algorithm is 0~63dB 30
MS Fasting enabled. It is the signal level penalty value on the other
moving HO neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over
to umbrella cell. The parameter is only valid within the
penalty time.
Penalty It means that within this time, the penalty on the other 0~255 40
Time on MS neighbor cells will be exerted after MS is handed over seconds
Fasting to umbrella cell by fast moving HO.
moving HO
Min DL level This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself 0~63 15
0n to be a candidate cell. Too low configuration may easily
candidate cause call drops, while too high a configuration might
cell turn handover too hard to occur.
[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1

name value
Ncell ID Neighbor cell ID index. 0~255 for
internal cell;
0~799 for
external cell
Min access This offset is based on “Min downlink level of handover 0~63 0
level offset candidate cell”. Different offsets can be defined for different
adjacent cells, and to enter the candidate cell list, the
corresponding adjacent cell receiving signal level must be
higher than the sum of “Min downlink level of handover
candidate cell” and “ Min. Access level offset”.
[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2

name value
PBGT HO It means that PBGT handover is performed when the 0~127,corresp It is around 68 in the
Thrsh. difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the onding to densely populated
serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover --64~63dB downtown, and
threshold. When PBGT handover is enabled, and “Inter-cell around 72 on the
handover hysteresis” > “PBGT handover threshold outskirts.
(corresponding dB value)”, “Inter-cell handover hysteresis”
takes place of “PBGT handover threshold” to act. . PBGT
handover threshold also needs to be adjusted according to
handover performance statistics result.
Inter-cell HO Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving 0~63db It is around 4 in the
hysteresis cell. It is set to reduce “Ping-pang” HO. The hysteresis value densely populated
also needs to be adjusted according to the handover downtown, and
performance statistics result and live network. Flexible around 8 on the
configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and outskirts.
traffic between two adjacent cells.
[Penalty Table] -1

name value
Penalty level The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell 0~63dB 30
after HO fail which has caused a HO failure due to problems such
as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover
re-attempt to that cell again. This value is only valid
within the penalty time for handover failure.
Penalty time Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after 0~60 seconds 10
after HO fail handover failure
Penalty level The signal level penalty value for the original serving 0~63dB 63
after BQ HO cell, to avoid “Ping-pang” handover after emergency
fail handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the
penalty time for BQ HO.
Penalty time Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. 0~60 seconds 10
after BQ HO
fail
[Penalty Table] -2

name value
Penalty The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell, 0~63dB 63
level after to avoid “Ping-pang” handover after TA emergency
TA HO fail handover. It is only valid within the penalty time for ta
handover.
Penalty time Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency 0~60Seconds 10
after TA HO handover.
fail
Penalty time After an overlaid/underlaid handover failure (big circle hands 0~16Seconds 10
after IUO over to small circle or vice versa), within certain time (this
HO fail parameter configuration value) overlaid/underlaid handover
is forbidden for the same call.
[Emergency Handover Table] -1

name value
TA Thrsh. When TA this value, emergency handover is 0~63 bit 63
triggered period
DL QUAL. The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ 0~70, 60
Thrsh emergency handover. When frequency hopping or correspondin
DTX is enabled, RQ becomes worse (normal g to BQ levels
phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The of 0~7
adjustment should also base on the current network
quality and handover statistics. When triggering
emergency handover, the first to select is the inter-
cell handover, the intra-cell handover is only
triggered when there is no candidate cell and the
intra-cell handover is allowed in the serving cell.
UL QUAL. The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ correspondin 60
Thrsh. emergency HO. g to BQ levels
of 0~7

name value
UL Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for corresponding 50, interference
Qual.Thrsh. interference handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is to BQ levels of quality threshold
for interf. enbaled, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this 0~7 must be better than
HO value should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base the emergency
on the current network quality and handover statistics. When quality threshold
triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the
first position and intra-cell handover is permitted, perform
intra-cell handover. Otherwise select the second candidate
cell to perform inter-cell handover.
DL Qual. Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for 0~70, 50
Thrsh. For interference handover. corresponding
interf HO. to BQ levels of
0~7
Paramete Meaning Value range Recommended

r name value
UL Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell 0~63 25
RX_LEV required for interf. HO, when interference handover is
Thrsh. for triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality threshold
interf.HO and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal
threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the
serving cell is in the first position in the cell list, and intra-cell
handover permitted, then start intra-cell HO. Otherwise select
the second cell to perform inter-cell HO.
DL Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell 0~63 30
RX_LEV required for interf. HO.
Thrsh. for
interf HO.

name value
Filter Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal 0~20 10
parameters drop judgment, and together with filter parameter
A1~A8 B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The
corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8
is configuration value minus 10 and B is the
negative configuration value):
C1(nt)=A1×C(nt)+A2×C(nt-t)+A3×C(nt 2t)+
+A8×C(nt-7t)
Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the
uplink measurement report of the serving cell
sent at the time of nt. If C1 (nt) < B, and C (nt) is
below the edge handover threshold, then the
signal level is considered to be of rapid drop.
Filter Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal 0~255 0

parameter B drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation
for A1~A8 of filter.
[Load Handover Table] -1

name value
System flux The pre-condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling 0, 8~11 system 10
Thrsh. for flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high flow levels,
load HO because load handover upon max threshold may cause serious corresponding
effect to the system. to 0, 70, 80, 90
and 95.
Load HO Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is higher 0~7 cell load 5
Thrsh than the threshold, TCH seized in the cell has reaching the levels,
corresponding percentage. corresponding
to 0, 50, 60, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90
Load Req. on The Load threshold for the target cells that can accept MS from 0~7, 2
candidate cell serving cell in load HO, i.e. when the TCH under Idle mode in corresponding
the neighbor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage, to 0, 50, 60, 70,
the cell refuses to accept MS from serving cell handed over due 75, 80, 85, 90
to the load reason.
[Load Handover Table] -2

name value
Load HO This configuration is related to the edge handover 0~63db 25
bandwidth threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS
receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of
margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold +
load handover bandwidth.
Load HO step When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls 1~60 seconds 10
period within the serving cell will send handover request at the
same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor
load, and under certain conditions this will cause the
target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby,
step by step load handover algorithm is used to control
handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of
each step.
Load HO step The whole load HO bandwidth will be divided into several 1~63db 5
level sub-bands by this parameter.
[Normal Handover Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended value
name
Edge HO UL During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink 0~63 25 (without PBGT
RX_LEV receiving level is lower than the value is longer than handover, downtown),
Thrsh. certain time called continuous time, edge handover 15 (single station on
will be performed. If PBGT handover is enabled, outskirts), 15 (with
Corresponding edge handover threshold will be set PBGT handover,
lower. downtown)
Edge HO DL Downlink consideration for edge HO. 63 30 (without PBGT

RX_LEV handover, downtown),
Thrsh. 20 (single station on
outskirts), 20 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)

name value
Edge HO It means that within the time statistics, if the 1~16 seconds 5
watch time time in which the signal level is lower than
threshold is higher than the continuous time,
then margin HO is to be triggered.
Edge valid See the above. 1~16 seconds 4
time

name value
PBGT watch Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 5
time
PBGT valid Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 4
time

name value
Layer HO Statistics time for Layer HO judgment 1~16 seconds 5
watch time
Layer HO Continuous time for Layer HO judgment. 1~16 seconds 4

valid time
[Fast-Moving Handover Table]

name value
MS The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving. 1~10 3
Fast-moving The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of
watch cells system flow, while too small value may cause
inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS.
MS The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If 1~10 2
Fast-moving within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of
valid cells cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal
to or more than N, then the MS will be judged as a fast
moving MS.
MS The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius 0~255 15
Fast-moving (r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS seconds
time Thrsh. passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS
is judged to quickly pass the cell.
[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended value
name
UO signal BTS transmitting Power difference between 0~63db Set according to
intensity underlaid and overlaid may cause MS receiving actual conditions
difference signal intensity difference in underlaid and
overlaid . The parameter uaually indicates the
antenna EIRP difference in dB between underlaid
cell and overlaid cell. According to field
measurement, multi-point measurement is
necessary if the underlaid and overlaid use
different antenna.

name value
RX_LEV Rx level hysteresis, TA threshold and TA hysteresis 0~63 25
Thrsh jointly define underlaid area and overlaid area. It
must be bigger than edge handover threshold, and
the recommended value is: edge handover
threshold + signal intensity difference between
underlaid and overlaid .
RX_LEV Works with Rx threshold. 0~63 5

hysteresis
TA Thrsh. It must be bigger than TA emergency handover 0~63 bit period,

threshold. with 1 bit period
corresponding to
0.55km
TA hysteresis Works with TA threshold. 0~63 bit period

Parameter name Meaning Value Recommended
range value
UO HO watch time P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 5
seconds
UO HO valid time P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 4
seconds

name value
Assign In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are available System System optimization
optimum for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to optimization,
layer the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the overlaid ,
best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid first for TCH underlaid , no
assignment. (3) Select the underlaid first for TCH preferential
assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority.
Assign- If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate, 0~63
optimum filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink
level Thrsh. measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement
report, and compare with “ Assign-optimum Level
threshold”, so as to assign overlaid or underlaid channel.
If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover threshold +
signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid
+ uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and
TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the underlaid :
edge handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance
allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance.

Parameter Meaning Value Recommended
name range value
Pref. subcell When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/Underlaid, there Yes, No Yes
in HO of are two processing methods for incoming handover request
intra-BSC in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment.
(2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in inter-
cell handover request message to BSC to make BSC
allocate optimum channel for MS from underlaid or
overlaid .
Incoming-to- If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a overlaid , None
BSC HO Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this parameter will show which underlaid ,
optimum layer is preferred to provide service for the MS. none
layer
HO Parameters Configuration

" BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It is
sent to MS by system message 5, system message 5-bis and
system message 5ter on SACCH channel.
" MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels of
6 strongest neighbor cells to BSS. This is done through SACCH.
" MR pre-process is done in BTS. Module number, cell number
and CGI of all neighbor cells are derived from Adjacent cell
Relation Table, and Cell Description Table (or External Cell
Description Table) through BCCH and BSIC in the MR.
Summary of BSC HO

" BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic rank of cells
(completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable target, It
sends HO request messages containing the target CGI to MPU
of BSC. According to CGI, MPU derive the module number of
the cell from Cell Module Information Table.
" MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and
step up the ‘inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request’ counter by one.
Course Contents
! Intra BSC Handover

! Intra MSC Handover
! Inter MSC Handover
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
MS BTS1 BSC BTS2 MS MSC
Measurement Report from MS

Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
First SABM
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed
! Attention
" In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH
channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max times,
the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the reason:
HO access failure.
" After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned
TCH channel in the target cell .
" Max resend times of physical information*Radio link connection
timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO DETECT
(120~180ms). This is to make sure that the physical information
reach MS.
MS BTS (Original) BSC BTS (Target) MSC

Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers Channel_Activate
T12++
Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++
Channel_Activate ACK
Handover Command (Old FACCH)
Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++ Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers
RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover
! Handover formula definition

" Internal inter cell radio handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell
handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers )
" Internal inter cell handover success rate

=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming internal
inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
! Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter
cell handover success rate

Intra-MSC HO Signaling process
Signaling intra MSC
MS BTS(original) BSC1 MSC BSC2 BTS (Target)
Measurement Report
Measurement Report Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Handover Required
Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers Channel_Active
Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Successful incoming inter BSC handovers Handover Complete
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
Intra-MSC HO Signaling process
Channel Release process
MS BTS BSC MSC
Disconnect
Release
Release Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP
Channel Release
Deactive_SACCH
First DISC
Release_IND
UA
RF_Release_REQ
RF_Release_REQ_ACK

Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover
Signaling process between MSC
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-REQUIRED MAP_Prepare_HO MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover
Signaling process between MSC
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-REQUIRED MAP_Prepare_HO MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process
! Signaling process – Abnormal conditions

" The following conditions will cause HO failure
# MSC-B fails to identify the target cell.
# MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell.
# The target cell has no channel available.
# VLR-B has no HO number available.
# HO error or unsuitable data.
Inter MSC HO—Subsequent HO process
Roaming
MS MS
E MSCb' VLRb'
MSCa MSCb VLRb BSS2'
BSS2
Radio transmission signal measurement

HO REQUIRED (target cell table)
Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number)
Perform HO
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type)
(target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number)
Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON)
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI
ACM
Subsequent HO ack.
HO COMMAND HO DETECT
HO COMPLETE
Send end signal (MAP)
ANS
End signal (MAP)

Release HO report Release HON
CLEAR COMMAND
CLEAR COMPLETE
Release (TUP)
Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb
~
~~ End signal (MAP) ~ Release HO report Release HON
Release (TUP/ISUP) Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
Inter MSC HO—Subsequent HO process
! Subsequent HO
MSC-A MSC-B MSC-C

MSC-C
Highway
Inter MSC HO Signaling process
! Statistics counter—same as
Intra MSC HO, Statistics is
handled by BSC
! HO formula-- same as Intra
MSC HO
Basic process of HO Signaling process
1. There is no “HO request” information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed
and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, “Channel
activation” information is sent to it directly.
2. When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving
cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through “Ho-Required”. When MSC finds
the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends “Ho-Request” to the BSC of the target
cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following
procedure.
3. When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its
“LAI and GCI Table” (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and
send “Prepare-HO” message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The
message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate HO
number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends “HO-Request”
message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in
the indication) from VLR-B, and sends “Prepare-HO acknowledgement” to serving
MSC after received “HO-Request acknowledgement”, to execute the next procedure.
Intra-BSC HO and Inter-BSC HO
! Major differences:
" Inter BSC HO transfers “HO-REQ” message through MSC, with
CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message.
" Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages, it is
handled inside BSC.
" Intra BSC HO only sends “HO-Performed” to MSC upon
completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time.
" In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO request .
Question
! What is the content of PHY INFO? When will the system

send this message to MS?
! Why Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >=
Internal inter cell handover success rate?

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OMF010002 Handover

" Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)

Summary of Handover (HO)

RSD emergency Fast moving MS

! Measurement Report (MR):

Serving cell Neighbour cell

! Period of measurement report

480ms 4 TCH multi-frames

12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

How to interpolate MR?

Measurement Measurement report

How to filter MR?

Filter----Average several continuous MR.

! There are altogether four types of penalty process (second

! Penalty on the target cell:

! Penalty on the serving cell:

! Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to

! A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty

! Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts

candidate cell list.

For serving cell: RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))

i.e : RX_LEV(o) – MSRXMIN(o)-MAX(0,Pa(o)) > 0 ……….. ( 1 )

For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET

i.e : Having the same formula as above

MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.

Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power

! The 16bits rule

! Hierarchical cell structure

G SM 1800 G SM 1800 G SM 1800 G SM 1800

G SM 900 G SM 900 G SM 900 G SM 900

" The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

" The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

" The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type

" The 16th bit: Reserved bit

Emergency HO judgment Send HO command

Load-HO judgment Send HO command

" Fast moving HO

! Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types

! Requirements for the target cell:

! Requirements for the target cell:

! Requirements for the target cell

! Requirements for the target cell:

" Target cell :

! When the serving cell is micro cell :

! When the serving cell is umbrella cell :

! Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:

! Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:

! Can you list the function of each bit in 16bit ranking?

Summary of Handover (HO)

! Major HO parameter configuration

! HO data lookup process

[Handover Control Table] -1

[Handover Control Table] -2

MS power It means after a handover whether MS is to use Yes, No Yes

[Handover control table] -3

[Handover control table] -4

[Handover control table] -5

[Cell Description Table] -1

[Cell Description Table] -2

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended