Mauricio, Alyssa Benedict D.

IV – St. John

Assignment in Physics

LIQUID

Liquid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is
the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles
of matter, such as atoms and molecules, held together by intermolecular bonds. Like a gas, a liquid
is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Some liquids resist compression, while others can be
compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a
fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting
phenomena.

LIQUID PRESSURE

When a person swims under the water, water pressure is felt acting on the person's eardrums. The
deeper that person swims, the greater the pressure. The pressure felt is due to the weight of the water
above the person. As someone swims deeper, there is more water above you and therefore greater
pressure. The pressure a liquid exerts depends on its depth.

Liquid pressure also depends on the density of the liquid. If someone was submerged in a liquid more
dense than water, the pressure would be correspondingly greater. The pressure due to a liquid in liquid
columns of constant density or at a depth within a substance is represented by the following formula:

HYDROSTATICS

Hydrostatics is about the pressures exerted by a fluid at rest. Any fluid is meant, not just water. It is
usually relegated to an early chapter in Fluid Mechanics texts, since its results are widely used in that
study. The study yields many useful results of its own, however, such as forces on dams, buoyancy and
hydraulic actuation, and is well worth studying for such practical reasons. It is a branch of physics that
deals with the characteristics of fluids at rest, particularly with the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a
fluid (gas or liquid) on an immersed body. In applications, the principles of hydrostatics are used for
problems relating to pressure in deep water (pressure increases with depth) and high in the
atmosphere (pressure lessens with altitude).

HYDRODYNAMICS

It is the branch of science that deals with the dynamics of fluids, especially incompressible fluids, in
motion. Hydrodynamics refers to the study of liquids in motion. It usually determines the flow of fluids
and a good example would be a pipeline and the flow of petroleum though it. This branch of study is
part of a larger field called fluid mechanics that studies how energy and forces interrelate with fluids.

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per
unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho).
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume

The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This variation is typically small for
solids and liquids but much greater for gases. Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the
volume of the object and thus increases its density. Density is the ratio of mass to volume.

Density is a measure of a material's or object's compactness. As a scalar quantity it has no direction.

Density is a way to describe mass in a continuous system The SI unit of density is the kilogram per cubic
meter [kg/m3].

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance. The
standard substance is usually water for solids and liquids and air for gases. The density of liquid water
under typical conditions on earth is approximately 1000 kg/m3. The density of air at room temperature
near the surface of the earth is approximately 1.2 kg/m3. Specific gravity is a unitless quantity.

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume)
of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the
substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance. The reference substance is
nearly always water for liquids or air for gases. Specific gravity varies with temperature and pressure;
reference and sample must be compared at the same temperature and pressure, or corrected to a
standard reference temperature and pressure. Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally
buoyant in water, those with SG greater than one are denser than water, and so (ignoring surface
tension effects) will sink in it, and those with an SG of less than one are less dense than water, and so
will float. In scientific work the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of
the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It is in industry where specific gravity
finds wide application, often for historical reasons.

True specific gravity can be expressed mathematically as:

where is the density of the sample and is the density of water.

The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and
water in air:

where represents the weight of sample and the weight of water, both
measured in air.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Unlike density, which has units of mass per volume, specific gravity is a pure number, i.e., it has no
associated unit of measure. If the densities of the substance of interest and the reference substance
are known in the same units (e.g., both in g/cm3 or lb/ft3), then the specific gravity of the substance
is equal to its density divided by that of the reference substance. Similarly, if the specific gravity of a
substance is known and the density of the reference substance is known in some particular units, then
the density of the substance of interest, in those units, is equal to the product of its specific gravity
and the density of the reference substance.

TOTAL DOWNWARD FORCE (TDF)

The total downward force can be solved for by applying the formula

mass x acceleration of gravity

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. Archimedes of
Syracuse[1] formulated this principle, which bears his name. The weight of the displaced fluid is directly
proportional to the volume of the displaced fluid (if the surrounding fluid is of uniform density) the
weight of the object in water is less than the weight of object in air, because of the force acting on it
which is called as upthrust. In simple terms, the principle states that the buoyant force on an object is
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid multiplied by the
submerged volume times the gravitational constant, g. Thus, among completely submerged objects
with equal masses, objects with greater volume have greater buoyancy. The formula is as follows:

FINDING SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

A number of experimental methods for determining the specific gravities of solids, liquids, and gases
have been devised. A solid is weighed first in air, then while immersed in water; the difference in the
two weights, according to Archimedes' principle, is the weight of the water displaced by the volume of
the solid. If the solid is less dense than water, some means must be adopted to fully submerge it, e.g.,
a system of pulleys or a sinker of known mass and volume. The specific gravity of the solid is the ratio
of its weight in air to the difference between its weight in air and its weight immersed in water.
Two methods are commonly used for determining the specific gravities of liquids. One method uses
the hydrometer, an instrument that gives a specific gravity reading directly. A second method, called
the bottle method, uses a "specific-gravity bottle," i.e., a flask made to hold a known volume of liquid
at a specified temperature (usually 20°C). The bottle is weighed, filled with the liquid whose specific
gravity is to be found, and weighed again. The difference in weights is divided by the weight of an
equal volume of water to give the specific gravity of the liquid. For gases a method essentially the
same as the bottle method for liquids is used. Specific gravities of gases are usually converted
mathematically to their value at standard temperature and pressure.