This is to certify that Master Sk

Jamil Ahemad of XII-A has

successfully completed the
project rusting of iron under the
guidance of Mrs. Jagnyaseni
Priyadarshini during the academic
year 2019-20 as a partial
fulfillment to chemistry practical
exams conducted by CBSE, New
Delhi.

Teacher’s signature External Examiner’s Signature

I would like to express my sincere
gratitude towards my chemistry teacher
Mrs. Jagnyaseni Priyadarshini for her
valuable support and guidance without
which this project would not have come
forth from my side. I would like to thank
my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions that
have been helpful in various stages of the
completion of this project.
I would like to acknowledge the almighty
God who made all things possible
 introduction
Metals and alloys undergo rusting and
corrosion. The process by which some
metals when exposed to atmospheric
conditions i.e. moist air, carbon dioxide
form undesirable compounds on the
surface is known as corrosion. The
compounds formed are usually oxides.
Rusting is also a type of corrosion but the
term is restricted to iron or products made
from it. Iron is easily prone to rusting
making its surface rough. Chemically,
rust is a hydrated ferric oxide.
 RUSTING AN ELECTROCHEMICAL
MECHANISM

Rusting may be explained by an

electrochemical mechanism. In the
presence of moist air containing dissolved
oxygen or carbon dioxide, the commercial
iron behave as if composed of small
electrical cells. At anode of cell, iron passes
into solution as ferrous ions. The electron
moves towards the cathode and form
hydroxyl ions. Under the influence of
dissolved oxygen the ferrous ions and
hydroxyl ions interact to form rust, i.e.
hydrated ferric oxide.
 METHODS OF PREVENTION OF
CORROSION AND RUSTING

BARRIER PROTECTION:-
In this method, a barrier film is introduced between iron surface and
atmospheric air. The film is obtained by painting, vanishing etc.

SACRIFICIAL PROTECTION:-
The metallic iron is covered by a layer of more reactive
metal such as zinc. The active metal losses electrons in
preference of iron. Thus, protecting form rusting and
corrosion.
ELECTICAL PROTECTION:-

The metallic iron is connected with more active metals

like magnesium or zinc. The active metal has lower
reduction potential than iron and will lose electron in
preference to iron. This method is used for protecting
iron articles which are in contact with water.

ANTI-RUST SOLUTION:-

To retard the corrosion of iron, certain anti-rust solutions are

used.

EXAMPLE:- Alkaline phosphate and alkaline chromates

 AIM

In this project, the aim is to investigate effect of

the metals coupling on the rusting of iron.

Metals coupling affects the rusting of iron. If the

nail is coupled with a more electropositive metal
like zinc, magnesium or aluminum then rusting is
prevented but if on the other hand, it is coupled
with less electropositive metals like copper, the
rusting is facilitated.
1) Two Petri dishes
2) Four iron nails
3) Beaker
4) Sand paper
5) Wire gauge
6) Gelatin
7) Copper, zinc & magnesium strips
8) Potassium ferricyanide solution
9) Phenolphthalein
10) Bunsen Burner
 PROCEDURE

1)At first we have to clean the surface of iron nails with

the help of sandpaper.

2)After that we have to wind zinc strip around one nail,

a clean copper wire around the second & clean
magnesium strip around the third nail. Then to put all
these three and a fourth nail in petri dishes so that they
are not in contact with each other.

3)Then to fill the Petri dishes with hot agar-agar solution

in such a way that only lower half of the nails are
covered with liquids. Covered Petri dishes for one day or
so.

4)The liquids set to a gel on cooling. Two types of

patches are observed around the rusted nail, one is blue
and other is pink. Blue patch is due to the formation of
potassium ferro-ferricyanide KFe[Fe(CN)₆] where pink
patch is due to the formation of hydroxyl ions which
turns colorless phenolphthalein to pink.
 Magnesium Iron nail
on iron nail

Zinc on iron copper on

nail iron nail
 COLOUR OF
S.NO METAL PAIR THE PATCH NAILS RUST

1. IRON-ZINC PINK NO

IRON-
2. MAGNESIUM PINK NO

IRON-
3. COPPER BLUE YES

4. IRON-NAIL BLUE YES

 COPPER ON IRON NAIL
IRON NAIL

ZINC ON MAGNESIUM ON
IRON NAIL IRON NAIL
 ASSOCIATED REACTIONS

The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with

transfer of ions from iron to oxygen. The iron is reducing agent
while the oxygen is oxidizing agent. The rate of corrosion is affected
by water and accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated by effects of
road salt on the corrosion of automobiles.

- The key reaction is the reduction of oxygen

Because it forms hydroxide ions, this process is strongly affected by

the presence of acid. Indeed, the corrosion of most metals by
oxygen is accelerated at low pH.

- Providing the electrons for the above reaction is oxidation of

iron that may be described as follows:-

- The following redox reaction also occurs in the presence of

water and is crucial to the formation of rust:

- In addition, the following multistep acid-base reactions affect

the course of rust formation:-
As do the following dehydration equilibriums:-

From the above equation, it is also seen that the

corrosion products are dictated by the availability of
the water and oxygen. With limited dissolved oxygen,
iron(II)- containing materials are favored, including
Feo and black lodestone or magnetic (Fe₃O₄). High
oxygen concentrations favor ferric materials with the
nominal formulae . The nature of
rust changes with time, reflecting with slow rates of
the reactions of solids.

Furthermore, these complex processes are affected

by the presence of other ions, such as Ca2+ , both of
which serve as an electrolyte, and thus accelerate
rust formation, or combine with the hydroxides and
oxides of iron to precipitate a variety of Ca-Fe-O-OH
species.

Onset of rusting can also be detected in laboratory

with the use of ferroxyl indicator solution. The
solution detects both Fe2+ ions and hydroxyl ions.
Formation of Fe2+ and hydroxyl ions are indicated by
blue and pink patches respectively.
It is clear from the observation that
coupling of iron with more
electropositive metals such as zinc
and magnesium resists corrosion
and rusting of iron. Coupling of iron
with less electropositive metals
such as copper increases rusting.
# BE CAREFUL WHILE HANDLING THE
CHEMICAL.

# WEAR SAFETY MASKS,GOGGLES,APRON

etc. WHILE WORKING.

# WORK UNDER SUPERVISION

# USE GLASS APPARATUS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. WWW.EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/RUST
2. WWW.CLASS12GUIDE.WORDPRESS.COM
3. WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU/METAL_COUPLING
4. NCERT CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOK FOR XII
5. COMPREHENSIVE (PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY-
XII)