DIGESTION RATE ON FISH

Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani

Student ID : B1B017031
Group : VI
Subgroup :2
Assistant : Ita Purwati

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background

Digestion is reforming food from complex molecules into simple molecules,

such as glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol and other nutrients and is beneficial to the
body of the fish. The speed of breaking down food from the fish body from large
molecules to small molecules that will be absorbed by the fish's body is called the
digestion rate. While the substances needed and which will be absorbed by fish
through blood will also be circulated throughout the body for metabolic purposes
(Murtidjo, 2001).
The rate of digestion is the rate of breaking down food in the body of a fish
from a complex molecule to a simpler molecule and then absorbed by the body of the
fish. Simple molecules that can be absorbed by the body of fish such as glucose, fatty
acids, glycerol and other nutrients. The process of digestion that occurs in the
stomach and can be measured by knowing the rate of gastric emptying (Yuwono,
2001).
The digestive system in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is the process of digestion
of food accelerated by the secretion of digestive glands. The digestive glands of
catfish are composed of the liver and gallbladder. The stomach and intestines can
also function as digestive glands. This digestive gland produces digestive enzymes
that are useful in helping the food destruction process. The digestive gland in
carnivorous fish (catfish) produces protein-breaking enzymes (Mahyuddin, 2011).

B. Purpose

The purpose of this laboratory activity are :

1. To see the digestion rate or the rate of gastric emptying on fish.
2. To know the shape of empty gastric and gastric contains feed.
3. To obtain a skill of isolating the fish gastric.
4. To calculate the rate of gastric emptying.
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Material

The materials that used in this practice are pellets and catfish (Clarias
gariepinus).
The tools that used in this practice are specimen tray, analytical scale,
dissection kit and aquarium.

B. Methods

The methods that used in this activity are:

1. Aquarium was prepared, filled with water as high as 25 cm, and was given the
aeration.
2. The fish was dispersed in the aquarium.
3. The pellet was given to the fish as much as 2.5% of the total weight of the body,
and the fish was left to consume the food for 15 minutes.
4. The total body weight of fish was measured.
5. The fish was dissected, and the gastric was taken and weighed as 0 minutes after
feeding (Bx).
6. Step 4 and 5 was repeated for 30 minutes (By) and 60 minutes (Bz).
7. The graph was made.
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 3.1 The Result of Observation of Gastric Emptying Rate Entourage VI

X (0') Y (30') Z (60')

Group
Bx (gr) Bx (%) By (gr) By (%) Bz (gr) Bz (%)
1 1,12 1,23 0,78 0,82 0,99 0,84
2 1,27 1,3 1,25 1,14 0,97 1,01
3 1,19 1,15 1,12 1,19 1,03 0,91
4 0,92 1,02 1,29 1,17 0,95 0,76

Calculation of digestion rate on group 2 :

1. 0 minutes
Bx % = 1,27/97 x 100 % = 1,3%
2. 30 minutes
Bx % = 1,25/110 x 100% = 1,14 %
3. 60 minutes
Bx % = 0,97/96 x 100% = 1,01%

1.9
Gastric Emptying of Fish (%)

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.1

0.9

0.7

0.5
0' 30' 60'
Observation Time (minutes)

Group I Group II Group III Group IV

Figure 3.1 Graphic of Gastric Emptying Rate Entourage VI

B. Discussion

Based on the results of group two observation data, the fish gastric weight
percentage in 0 minutes was 1.3%, in 30 minutes which was 1.14%, and 1.01% for
gastric weight in 60 minutes after feeding 2.5% of biomass. It can be seen that the
longer the time after feeding continues to decrease fish stomach weight, from 1.3%
to 1.14%, and finally to 1.01%. This is in accordance with the reference that the
longer the measurement time after being fed, the smaller the weight of the stomach.
This is because large molecules have been digested into smaller molecules and have
been absorbed by the intestine (Yuwono, 2001).
The rate of digestion is the rate at which the food from the fish body breaks
from complex molecules to simpler molecules and then it will be absorbed by the
fish's body. The process of digestion that occurs in the stomach can be measured by
knowing the rate of gastric emptying. The digestive tract in fish starts from the oral
cavity (cavum oris). The mouthhas small cone-shaped teeth on the lower molars and
tongue on the floor of the mouth which cannot be moved and produces a lot of
mucus, but does not produce saliva (enzymes). Food goes into the mouth of the
food then enter the esophagus through the pharynx found in the area around the
gills. The esophagus is cone-shaped, short, is behind the gills and if the food is not
passed the lumen narrows. Food in the esophagus is pushed into the stomach, the
stomach in general is enlarged, the boundaries are not clear with the
intestine ( Sunde et al ., 2004) . Certain types of fish have dead ends to expand the
field of food absorption (Kusrini, 2008). The process of digestion in fish also has to
do with inhibition by the availability of legal restrictions, meaning that the source for
digestion must always be properly guarded so that the fish conditions both internally
and externally (Gumisiriza et al., 2009).
Efficiency of feed utilization will be optimal if the environmental conditions
are in normal conditions, so that the digestive process in the digestive tract of fish
will be more efficient. This causes the body cells to stand in ideal conditions, so that
the physiological processes in the body of the fish will run normally. The amount of
feed that can be consumed by fish per day is one of the factors that influence the
potential of fish to grow optimally and the level of daily feed consumption is closely
related to gastric capacity and emptying (Purnamawati et al., 2017).
 Factors that influence the rate of digestion in fish include internal and
external factors. Internal factors include age, body size, activity, stress, and gender.
External factors include turbidity (on visibility and O2 content), food, and chemical
factors in the waters (O2, CO2, H2S, Ph, and alkalinity). Usually the more fish
activity, the more energy will be needed so that the metabolic process is high and
requires foods that are of a much better and more abundant quality (Kay, 1998).
Optimal feeding rate enhance the intestinal digestive and absorptive function in fish.
Protease and lipase are important digestive enzymes in the digestion lipid and protein
(Xu et al., 2015). The use of feed is related to the very close osmoregulation process
of fish, where the level of feed consumption will decrease in conditions of
hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic media (Kursistiyanto, 2013).
Digestion rates are also influenced by digestive enzymes. This
enzyme serves as a biological catalyst for chemical reactions in the digestion of fish,
enzymes - these enzymes are secreted in the digestive cavity from gastric mucous
cells, their piloric, pancreas and intestinal mucosa (Halver & Hardy 2002). The
presence of enzymes in feed can help and accelerate the process of digestion,
nutrition becomes can be sufficiently available for cultural growth and survival.
Enzymes are proteins have catalysis activities to reduce the activation energy of a
finished substrate the product can go faster (Khodijah et al., 2015). Some examples
of digestive enzymes that function as hydrolysis of macro nutrients are made
possible by the presence of digestive enzymes such as proteases, carboxylase, lipases
and cellulase (Zonneveld et al., 1991). The longer the time after feeding, the protease
enzyme activity in the intestine decreases. This shows that protease enzymes are
produced depending on the conditions of the feed (Yamin et al., 2008).
 IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results it can be concluded that :
1. The digestion rate or gastric emptying on fish can be seen from the
differences precentage of fish gastic weight after the fishes consumed feed
and gastric of fish in emptying condition after feed are retake from the
aquarium in diesere time (0 minute, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes).
2. The empty gastric with the gastric contains feed can know physically. The
empty gastric is more flat and soft if touched than the gastric contains feed
which more prominent and meaty.
3. The isolating of the fish gastric can be done by dissects the body of fish from
porus urogenitalis then to the sde part (left and right) of its body, take the
gastric slowly from lower position and cut the gastric on each tip sides.
4. Disgetion rate of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at 0 minute got 1.3 %, 30
minutes later obatined 1.14%, and 1.01% at 60 minutes later.
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