Waves

1) Wavelength & Frequency:

To explain shape of a wave,
following equation is used: y=h(x,t)
where y is the transverse displacement of string,t is time an x is location.
Following equation describes function of time
y(x,t) = ymsin(kx-wt) –1

2) Phase & Amplitude:

Amplitude is defined as:
“Maximum distance of an element from mean position”
Where as phase is kx-wt as wave passes through string element, the
phase changes the amplitude determines the extreme values of
displacement.

3)Wavelength & Angular Wave number:

Wavelength is
defines as distance between two consecutive crust or troughs.
Y(x,0)=ymsinkx
Where k is known as angular number of the wave, and we can also write
this equation as
K =2π/𝛄
SI unit is radian per meter.

4)Frequency, Angular Frequency& Period:

Period is defined
as
“”Time taken by element to complete full oscillation”
And w in equation is defined as angular frequency; w= 2 𝛄/T
SI unit is radian per second.
Reciprocal of Time T is defined as Frequency and its relation to angular
frequency is defined as:
 𝟏 𝒘
F= =
𝑻 𝟐𝜦

It is measured in Hertz

5)Phase constant:
It is represented by Ф
y = ymsin(kx-wt+ Ф)

6)Speed of travelling wave:

𝒘 ^
V= = =^f(wave speed)
𝒌 𝑻
i) it tells us wave speed is wavelength per period
ii) wave travelling in negative direction is defined as
y(x,t) = ymsin(kx+wt)

7)Wave Speed on a stretched string:

If a wave travels through
medium such as air,water,steel or a string, it must cause particles to
oscillate when it passes which require mass and energy.

8)Dimension Analysis:
“In dimension analysis we carefully examine all the quantitates to
determine the type of output the equation will produce.”

9)Derivation from Newton’2nd Law:

Consider a small stirng element
of length l within the pulse , an element that form an arc of circle of
radius R making an angle at center of circle.
F= w(πsinθ) = π (wθ) = πl/R

10)Energy of power of a wave:

the string element l is moving in arc
of a circle
i) it has centripetal acceleration toward circle
 𝑣2
a=
𝑅
ii) speed of wave along stretched ideal string only depends upon
tension and linear density of string.
𝛑
v=√
𝑈

11)Kinetic Energy:
When element is rushing through y = 0 rush
position
Its velocity and K.E is maximum
And when element is rushing through y =ym
Its velocity and K.E is minimum

12) Elastic Potential Energy:

It is associated with lebght changes same as for spring.
i) When string element is at y=ym position : it has its normal
undisturbed value dx so its elastic potential energy is zero.
ii) When element is rushing through y=0: it has maximum stretch
and maximum elastic potential energy.

13)Energy transport:
The oscillating string element thus has both
maximum K.E and maximum elastic potential energy.
i) As wave travel along the string energy is transferred to region
with no energy.
ii) Waves transport the energy along the string.

14)Rate of energy transmission:

K.E is given by
dk = ½ dmu2
average power is defined as average rate at which energy of both kind is
delivered by the wave.
 𝒅𝒌
Pavg =2( )avg
𝒅𝒕

15)Wave Equation:
As a wave passes through stretched string,
element moves perpendicularly to the waves direction of travel
By applying 2nds law of motion we can derive Wave equation.
Newton 2nd law in terms of y component is:
F2y- F1y = dmay
where dm = udx
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
acceleration is given by: ay =
𝒅𝒕𝟐

We can relate components as

𝐹2𝑦
= S2
𝐹2𝑥

F2= √𝑭𝟐𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝟐𝒚

π= F2x

F2y = πS2

F1y = πS1

𝒅𝒚
S=
𝒅𝒙

By solving

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝟐
= = (Wave Equation)
𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐