Factory Assembly Systems

Catalogue 2006 / 2007

Technologies . Systems . Solutions

 Issue date 01.09.2006

We reserve the right of technical

changes in the course of continous
developement of our products

Layout & Realization:

© awiwa communications
www.awiwa.de
 Factory
Assembly
Systems

Catalogue 2006 / 2007

Technologies . Systems . Solutions

1
 Factory Assembly Systems FAS
As an international partner of
the automotive industry Dürr
stands for leading edge techno-
logy, high quality and customer
proximity.
With the business unit Factory
Assembly Systems (FAS) Dürr
takes also a leading position
within vehicle’s final assembly
and delivers high-end conveyor
technology, products and systems
for assembly processes in the
automotive industry.
Our portfolio of products and
services is based on extensive
process competence which
translates into our products and
which in turn allow FAS to cover
more than 70 % of the total
investment for equipment
required in a final assembly plant
from in-house manufacture.
Included are products such as
marriage systems, axle assembly,
filling systems, all kinds of con-
veyors, complete end-of-line
equipment, glazing systems and
handling equipment.
2
Our customers’ requirements Our main aim is to perpetually
are the main focus of our activi- open new possibilities for our
ties when working out optimal customers, to reduce their costs
process solutions and choosing per unit and to increase their
suitable products in cooperation. competitiveness.
To do this, we draw upon a
comprehensive base of know- FAStplant® – the modular way
ledge and experience resulting of erecting, dismantling and
from customer relations with modifying a complete assembly
nearly all automobile manufac- line is only one example for
turers worldwide, ranging from innovation made by Factory
mass production to up-market Assembly Systems.
production or from compact car
makers to light truck makers. Technologies, systems and
solutions – Dürr FAS is optimally
From planning through to deli- positioned to meet the demands
very and service, FAS accom- that the assembly of future-
panies the entire life cycle of a oriented and cost-conscious
project. Our portfolio ranges automotive plants brings.
from minute items of equip-
ment to turn-key delivery of
entire assembly shops.
With production sites on three
continents and a most profes-
sional project management we
consistently produce high quality
products and ensure schedule
and budget adherence.
Our strength of innovation
results from our high process
competence. Thus, we are set-
ting on intensive development
activities in all fields.
Contents

Factory Assembly Systems FAS 2

Conveyor Systems : : : : : : : : : : 4

Survey/ System Elements : : : : : : : : : : : : 6 - 9

Overhead Conveyors FAStrolley : : : : : : 10 - 17
Floor Conveyors FASfloor : : : : : : : : : : : 18 - 29

Final Assembly : : : : : : : : : : : : 30

Fluid Filling FASprofill : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 32 - 41

Assembly Equipment FASsembly : : : : 42 - 63

Testing Systems FAStest : : : :64

Wheel Alignment : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 66 - 75
Headlight Aiming : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 76 - 81
Driver Assistance Systems Testing : : : 82 - 85
End of Line Function Test : : : : : : : : : : : 86 - 95
In-Line Testing : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 96 - 103

Automation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 104

Survey : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 106 - 107

Basic Software and Components : : : 108 - 109

Elektronics Testing and

Server Systems FAStronic : : 110

Survey : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 112 - 113

Server Systems : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 114 - 121
Test Stations : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 122 - 125
Mobile Diagnostic Systems : : : : : : : : 126 - 133
Measurement Systems : : : : : : : : : : : :134 - 137
Accessoires : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :138 - 141

Advanced Factory Solutions 142

Survey : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 144 - 145

Planning : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 146 - 153
Cross Functions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 154 - 157
FAScontract : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 158 - 167

DÜRR Worldwide : : : : : : : : : : 168

3
4
Conveyor Systems

Survey : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6 - 7
System Elements : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8 - 9

Overhead Conveyors FAStrolley

Power & Free : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10 - 11

Electric Monorail System : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 12 - 13
Twin Trolley System® (TTS) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 14 - 15
Vertical Adjusting Conveyor : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 16 - 17

Floor Conveyors FASfloor

Skid Conveyor : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 18 - 19
Twin Trolley System® (TTS Inverted) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 20 - 21
FASmatic® : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 22 - 23
Skillet Conveyor : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 24 - 25
Belt Conveyor / Modular Chain Conveyor : : : : : : : : : : : : : 26 - 27
Slat Conveyor : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 28 - 29

5
 Dürr conveyor systems:
Innovative – efficient –
and user-oriented

„Just in time“ or „just in se- In view of increasing demands

quence“ – Dürr conveyor systems
from the Factory Assembly
Systems business unit meet all
requirements for more flexibility
and cost effectiveness. We set
standards in respect of functio-
nality and innovations with our
extensive range of floor conveyors
and overhead conveyors. We
offer maximum reliability with
reduced maintenance effort.
Two examples are our patented
innovation Twin Trolley System®
(TTS) with its modular structure
and FASmatic®, the automatic
guided vehicle. FASmotion, our
system for non-contact energy
and data supply, can be in-stalled
with almost all conveyor techno-
logies. Thus, Dürr FAS continues
with setting new standards for
higher availability and less main-
tenance.
for the reliability of a plant verti-
cal adjustment conveyors with
modern belt technique and
water resisting modular chain
conveyors form an important
part of our portfolio.
Against the background of high-
quality demands we conse-
quently improve our range of
products.
The market success of Dürr FAS
is the result of a continuous
development of our conveyor
systems and the fulfilment of
specific customer demands.

6
 Conveyor Systems
Survey

The Conveyor Systems Your Advantage

Overhead conveyors Floor conveyors High reliability

FAStrolley FASfloor
Low maintenance effort
Power&Free Skid conveyor
Future-proof thanks to
Electric Monorail System TTS inverted standardized product range

Twin Trolley System® (TTS) FASmatic® Non-contact energy and

data transfer optional
Vertical Adjustment Skillet conveyor
Conveyor
Belt conveyor /
Modular chain conveyor

Slat conveyor

7
 Twin Trolley System® (TTS)

In this new technology, the drives are not accommodated in

the trolleys but in the rail. This means that no on-board control
is required. In a further development, TTS is combined with
the Skillet technique.

Electric Monorail System (EMS)

Equally suited to use on pure conveying sections at

high speed and on work lines with adjustable speed.
Further strength of EMS is its quiet and
clean operation.

Vertical Adjusting Conveyor

Vertical Adjusting Conveyors by Dürr stand for precise adjusting

of height and maximum functionality. Its innovative belt techni-
que allows minimized maintenance effort.

Power & Free

Exceedingly rugged and simple chain conveyors.

The scope of application of this conveyor comes to the fore
primarily where machining or processing operations do not
coincide timewise with materials flow.

Slat Conveyors

The convincing features of this conveyor are its

rugged chain drive and its high resistance to moisture,
dirt and high temperatures.

8
 Conveyor Systems
System Elements

FASmatic®

FASmatic® is controlled by a high-capacity supervisory system

and operates with inductive energy and data transfer. On-board
batteries and pits are no more necessary and changes in the lay-
out can be executed with minimized effort.

TTS inverted

TTS inverted is the floor guided version of the Dürr innovation

Twin Trolley System® (TTS). The form-fitting drive system
joins very high acceleration and exact positioning with
minimized spare parts.

Skillet

Skillets, optionally with integrated lifting device, allow an optimum

working level for each section. In touch with state-of-the-art part
logistics, it sets up the backbone of innovative "just in sequence"
production.

Belt Conveyor / Modular Chain Conveyor

As man movers and for vehicle body conveying, belt conveyors

are popular in final assembly. The modular chain conveyor is a
further development of the belt conveyor. It is insensitive against
dirt and requires low maintenance effort.

Skid Conveyor

Plant layouts in body, paint and final assembly shops

are no problem with skid conveyors. Thanks to modular design,
all material flow functions can be built in a flexible manner.

9
F A S t r o l l e y

Technical Data and Dimensions

Overall size 4” Overall size 6”

Chain pitch 4” 6”

Ultimate load approx. 220 000 N approx. 440 000 N

Conveying speed (standard) 0.5 - 18 m/min 0.5 - 18 m/min

Horizontal curves 15 - 180° 15 - 180°

Vertical curves 10 - 35° 10 - 35°

Max. payload capacity, double trolley approx. 2,000 kg approx. 2,400 kg

Higher payload capacities with multiple trolley possible

10

Power & Free systems can be
used both as overhead con-
veyor systems and as floor con-
veyor systems (inverted P & F).
In the automotive industry,
P & F conveyors are used for
in-plant transport in all sectors
from the body shop through the
paint shop to final assembly.
Standardized components of
various sizes are available for
various loads.
Overhead Conveyors
FAStrolley
Power & Free
Owing to the simple, modular
design, it is possible to imple-
ment different functions, such
as buffering, distribution, bran-
ching or stopping very easily
and at low cost.
P & F systems are very rugged
and can be used easily even
under aggravated ambient
conditions, such as high tem-
peratures or aggressive media
or in welding lines.
System Elements
Rail system, including
suspension, consisting of
Power & Free rail in
size 4”and 6”
Chain, including pusher dogs
Horizontal curves
Vertical curves
Transfers
Trolleys
Drive station
Tensioning station
Switches
Stoppers
Lifting stations
Control system
Mode of Operation
A Power & Free system
consists of two rails arran-
ged one above the other.
A chain runs continuously
in the upper rail (power
rail) and this chain pulls
the trolleys in the lower
“free rail” by means of
dog pushers. The bogies
can be engaged and
disengaged as required.
11
F A S t r o l l e y

Technical Data and System Elements

EMS Light EMS Medium EMS Heavy-duty

VDI 500

Aluminum profile
(rail) 180 x 60 mm 180 x 60 mm 240 x 80 mm

Payload capacity
(hanger + load) 500 kg /trolley 750 kg /trolley 1,800 kg /trolley

Transport
speed up to 120 m/min 80 m/min 40 m/min

Curves 15°/30°/45°/90° 15°/30°/45°/90° 15°/30°/45°/90°

in the case of radius 1,000 and 1,500 mm

Switches 45° in the case of radius 750 mm 45° in the case of

Optional rotary switches radius 1,000 mm

Track lengh unlimited unlimited unlimited

12

The electric monorail system
(EMS) is a modular-design over-
head conveyor system for trans-
porting complete vehicles or ve-
hicle bodies and also all pos-
sible attachments, such as doors,
cockpits or seats. The principal
dimensions are standardized in-
ternationally. This system offers
all capabilities of line routing
through an installation. It is also
possible to easily implement
buffer functions, distribution
functions and branch functions.
We are able to supply two ver-
sions of electric monorail system.
EMS Light with
500 kg payload capacity
per trolley:
This version is used primarily for
transporting attachments such
as doors and cockpit and for po-
wertrain components such as
axles and engines. The dimen-
sions of the aluminum profile are
based on the VDI 3643 Regu-
lation.
Overhead Conveyors
FAStrolley
Electric Monorail System
System Elements
Rail, including energy
supply (busbar
or FASmotion)
Single trolley
Double trolley
On-board control
Horizontal curves
Vertical curves
Lifting stations
EMS Medium
up to 750 kg payload Switches
capacity per trolley:
Hanger (with / without lift)
This version is used to trans-
port bodies in white and heavy
components. The principal di-
mensions of the aluminum pro- Field of Application
file are 180 x 60 mm.
Vehicle body transport
EMS Heavy-duty
up to 1,800 kg payload Transport of miscellaneous
hardware and attachments,
capacity per trolley:
such as doors, cockpits and
This version is used to trans- engines etc.
port vehicle bodies in the area
of vehicle final assembly.
The principal dimensions of
the aluminum profile are 240 x
80 mm.
13
F A S t r o l l e y
TTS - Light
Field of Application
Transport of components,
such as cockpits, doors and
powertrain components
in final assembly
Technical Data and Dimensions
Type
Payload capacity (hanger + load)
Conveying speed
on straight sections
Conveying speed in curves
14
TTS - Heavy TTS - Skillet
Field of Application Field of Application
Transport of vehicle bodies, Combination of TTS with
e.g. in final assembly skillet system. Used, for
instance, on work lines
Transportation is performed
using TTS Heavy outside of
the work lines
TTS - Light TTS - Heavy TTS - Skillet
600 kg/2 trolleys 2,500 kg/2 trolleys 2,500 kg/2 trolleys
5,000 kg/4 trolleys 5,000 kg/4 trolleys
up to 150 m/min max. 40 m/min 3 - 7.5 m/min
max. 30 m/min max. 24 m/min –
 Overhead Conveyors
FAStrolley
Twin Trolley System®

Basic elements

Straight section

Horizontal curve

The innovative Twin Trolley appreciable wear. Provided

System® (TTS) with its modular
drive concept overcomes
upgrade sections without the
need for additional installations.
We can thus implement high
speeds with no slip and no
with flexible hanger, the vehicle
bodies can be lowered to any
working height. It is also pos-
sible to operate with an over- Vertical curve
head skillet line in the further
development, the Skillet TTS.

System Elements

Type TTS - Light TTS - Heavy TTS - Skillet

Switch
Straight rail section 4/5/6/7/8 meters 4/5/6/7/8 meters 4/5/6/7/8 meters

Curves 15°/30°/45°/90° 15°/30°/45°/90° at ––

at radius of 600 mm radius of 1,500 mm

Upgrade/downgrade section max. 30° max. 20° ––

Switches 30°/45°/90° 30°/45°/90° at ––

at radius of 600 mm radius of 1,500 mm

Rail profile material (straight Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Options

section / curve / switch)
Track lengths
extruded profile extruded profile extruded profile
Lifters
unlimited unlimited with 1 push drive
36-84 m, longer Hanger (with / without lift)
lengths on request

Preferred values in bold

15
F A S t r o l l e y

Technical Data

Type Single scissors Double scissors

Stroke up to 2,500 mm up to 4,500 mm

Payload (car body) 3,000 kg 3,000 kg

Lifting velocity max. 10 m/min max. 10 m/min

16
 Overhead Conveyors
FAStrolley
Vertical Adjusting Conveyor

System Elements

Overhead conveyors
(EMS or TTS)

Energy- and data transfer

(non-contact with
FASmotion or
with bus bar)

Upper frame with drive

and safety equipment

Lifting belts with integrated

steel cables

Lift scissors

Subframe

Load carrying equipment

(C, T or 4-arm-hangers)

Field of Application

Overhead conveyor with

vertical adjustment in BIW
paint and final assembly

With monorail and twin trolley Both continuous and intermit-

systems, vertically adjustable tent ope-rations are possible.
conveyor hangers can be used The application of belt techni-
from the body shop right through que reduces the maintenance
to the final assembly shop. Their requirements substantially.
standardized modular design
allows adjusting the height to
the desired position and also
meets high ergonomic require-
ments. The goods to be trans-
ported are loaded and unloaded
by adjacent conveyors.

17
F A S f l o o r

Technical Data and Dimensions

Standard Options

Payload (skid+car body) 700/1,400/2,000 kg –

Skid length 4,800 mm 3,400 – 7,000 mm

Transfer rate 60 units/h on request

till max. 100 units/h

Track 900 mm 650 – 1,150 mm

Conveying height 500 mm on request

Roller pitch 1,064 mm 864 / 1,264 mm

Conveying velocity 24 m/min on request

till max. 100 m/min

18

Skid conveyors are modular con-
veyors customized to meet indi-
vidual needs in body, paint and
final assembly shops. Standar-
dized mechanical and electrical
systems using identical compo-
nents permit keeping a reduced
number of spare parts in stock
at maximum reliability (≥ 99.5 %).
Continuous and intermittent
operations are possible.
Floor Conveyors FASfloor
Skid Conveyor
Dürr offers pre-mounted, pre-
installed and tested mechatronic
systems fitted with belts in the
normal temperature range (no
lubrication, thus low mainten-
ance requirements), and fitted
with chains in the high tempera-
ture range (up to 220° C). Thanks
to modular design, all material
flow functions such as buffers
and distribution systems can be
built in a flexible manner.
System Elements
Roller bed
Excenter lift table
Turn- / pivot table
Transfer car
Lifter for normal- und
high temperature area
Scissors lifting table
(hydraulics, belt, spindle)
Skid stacker
Skid locking unit
Transversal belt / chain
Buffer belt / chain
Suspension belt / chain
Process conveyor
through spray booth
Process conveyor
through oven (up to 220° C)
RoDip
Pendulum conveyor
UBS-Shuttle
Field of Application
Skid conveyors for bodyshop,
paint and final assembly
Application in high tempera-
ture area
Application in wet area
Application in ex-area
19
F A S f l o o r

Technical Data

Payload 700 kg
(tooling plate + work piece)

Conveying velocity till 100 m/min

on straight sections

Conveying velocity max. 30 m/min

in curves

Horizontal curve Radius = 1,000 mm

Vertical curve Radius = 2,000 mm

20
 Floor Conveyors FASfloor
Twin Trolley System®
TTS Inverted

Basic elements

Straight section

Horizontal curve

The compact design of the Inver- the range and number of spare Vertical curve
ted TTS conveyor system offers parts that have to be kept in
good body accessibility and the stock. In addition, the skillet ver-
incorporation of a toothed belt sion of this system has the advan-
drive ensures exact positioning. tage of needing fewer drive units.
The high acceleration that is pos-
sible with an Inverted TTS makes
it an ideal system for shuttle Switch
applications. Using identical tech-
nology for both overhead and
floor conveyors reduces the num-
ber of different conveyor systems
required and this in turn reduces

Field of Application

Floor conveyor in body shop,

paint shop and final assembly

Continuous and intermittent

operations are possible

For operation in demanding

environmental conditions
(dirt, temperature), the
toothed belt can be replaced
by chain

21
F A S f l o o r

Technical Data

Chassis- and 4-wheel-concept 4-wheel-concept

steering concept Single wheel-steering Center pivote plate-
front + back steering front + back

Payload (incl. till 3,500 kg

tooling plate)

Running velocity till 60 m / min

Energy transfer FASmotion (non-contact)

Line guidance inductive (non-contact)

Vehicle communication via funk (WLAN)

Superstructure scissors lifting table, lifting device,

tooling fixture

Track length unlimited

References VW Mosel (Golf A5) BMW Leipzig, S-GM Shanghai

VW Mosel (Passat B6) MBUSI Tuscaloosa, KIA Zilina

22
 Floor Conveyors FASfloor
FASmatic®

System Elements

Floor installation

Stationary control

Vehicle underframe
with steering concept

Lifting unit

Tooling fixture (swimming

function optional)

Energy transfer
FASmotion

Line guidance

Data transfer

Safety equipment

Onboard control

Field of Application

Floor conveying in
discrete manufacturing
– Dress-up area
– Unit assembly / fitting
– Sub-assembly conveying

FASmatic® is a new floor con- designed freely, pits are no more

veyor system which is mainly necessary. In energy supply, non-
used in discrete manufacturing contact energy transfer FAS-
for dress-up stations and the motion does replace batteries.
marriage process in general This ensures trouble-free conti-
assembly. It is applicable in con- nuous operation with high availa-
tinuous flow as well as in stop bility and low maintenance effort.
and go-operation and offers
free access from all sides. Its
modular control system is an
open concept composed of
standardized components. The
layout of plant and path can be

23
F A S f l o o r

Technical Data and Dimensions

Payload capacity 2,500 kg (vehicle body)

Conveying speed 0.5 – 7.5 m/min. (adjustable)

Useful stroke of lifting table approx. 1,000 mm

Dimensions Length approx. 6,000 mm

Width approx. 3,000 mm
Other dimensions on request

24

This system is used in the sec-
tors of vehicle final assembly
and body shop.
The skillets are suitable for foot
traffic and may be equipped
with various superstructures
for accommodating the vehicle
bodies. If eccentric lifting tables
are used, the working height
of the vehicle body can be ad-
justed variably so as to ensure
Floor Conveyors FASfloor
Skillet Conveyor
System Elements
Skillets with/ without
lifting table
Lifting tables hydraulic/
with spindle/with belt
Track
Power supply busbar/
non-contact energy
and data transfer
FASmotion
Main drive based on friction wheel
Docking and undocking drives
Roller beds
Cross conveyors
Lifters
an optimum working position. The skillets may also be moved
The skillet can be powered via on roller beds, lifters and cross
conventional busbars or also conveyors outside of the actual
using non-contact energy and skillet lines.
data transfer FASmotion.
Besides the actual skillets, a
skillet line contains the following
chief components: docking
drive, main drive, braking drive,
undocking drive and roller strips
on which the skillets lie.
25
F A S f l o o r

Technical Data

Skid Man mover Vehicle Vehicle conveying

cross conveying conveying special applications

Case of Cross conveying Conveying Conveying of Conveying of

operation for Skid in bodyshell of men vehicles on vehicles on wheels
work, paint and wheels through leak test
final assembly

Distance Standard till 15m Standard till 100m Standard till 100m Standard till 100m
between axles

Payload 700/1,400/2,000 kg 400 kg 3,000 kg 3,000 kg

skid + workpiece on 6m length on 6m length on 6m length

Transport- 4 till 20m/min 0.5 till 10m/min 0.5 till 10m/min 0.5 till 10m/min
velocity

Width 1,400kg 2x100mm maximal 4m maximal 4m maximal 4m

2,000kg 2x200mm

26

A distinction is made in the
case of belt conveyors and mo-
dular chain conveyors in the
sector of vehicle transport bet-
ween man movers and con-
veyor belts for vehicle body
transport.
Man movers:
These are normally 1 to 4 m-
wide belts on which the wor-
kers “ride” at the same process
speed as the main line. The
vehicle body is transported
in an overhead conveyor for
instance while the worker rides
on a man mover below the
vehicle body at the same speed
as the vehicle body itself.
Overhead operations can be
configured ergonomically with
this arrangement.
Vehicle body transport:
The vehicle bodies are normally
transported with their wheels
on the belt or the modular chain.
Floor Conveyors FASfloor
Belt Conveyor /
Modular Chain Conveyor
System Elements
Base frame with track
Modular chain conveyor
Drive unit
Deflection unit,
if applicable
with braking drive
Drive
unit Deflec-
tion unit
Base frame
Basically, there are two types: Drive with track
Type 1:
Wide belt with a width of
approx. 1 to 4 m for transporting
vehicle body and, if applicable,
worker.
Field of Application
Type 2:
Twin-strand belt with a width Skid conveying
of approx. 300 – 500 mm.
Man mover
Modular chain conveyors are a Vehicle body conveying
low cost alternate to slat and
belt conveyors as it is possible Vehicle body conveying
through leak test
to replace single modules, and
their low structure calls for far
smaller pit dimensions. In con-
trast to belt conveyors, these
conveyors are driven by form-fit
connection and not by friction.
Since it is not necessary to
weld belts on site, maintenance
requirements, wear and tear
are notably lower than with
conventional belt conveyors.
27
F A S f l o o r

Technical Data and Dimensions

Distance between axles up to 200 m

Payload capacity approx. 3,000 kg over 6 m length

Transport speed 1 – 7.5 m/min.

Width Double-strand version approx. 300 – 500 mm

Single-strand version approx. 3,000 mm

28
 Floor Conveyors FASfloor
Slat Conveyor

System Elements

Chain with slats

Base frame

Drive unit

Deflection and tensioning unit

Field of Application

Transporting vehicle bodies

Transporting vehicle bodies

in the wet area
(leak test)

On slat conveyors, vehicle bo-

dies are transported through
the body shop or vehicles are
transported through final as-
sembly. Owing to the rugged
chain drive and the high resi-
stance to moisture and dirt, this
system is ideally suited to wel-
ding areas in the body shop, the
car final area and leak test in
vehicle final assembly.

29