C Nova Hedwigia Vol.

102 (2016) Issue 1–2, 129–140

published online July 9, 2015; published in print February 2016
Article

Species of Astrosphaeriella and Fissuroma from palms:

new records for South America and Brazil

Nadja Santos Vitória*1, Maria Auxiliadora de Queiroz Cavalcanti2 and

José Luiz Bezerra3
1
Universidade do Estado da Bahia – Campus VIII,Departamento de Educação,
Colegiado de Biologia, Paulo Afonso, 48608-240, Brazil
2
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de
Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, Recife, 50670-420, Brazil
3
Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e
Biológicas, Cruz das Almas, 44.380-00, Brazil

With 5 figures and 1 table

Abstract: Astrosphaeriella aequatoriensis and A. tornata are reported as new for Brazil. Fissuroma
aggregata and Astrosphaeriella aff. minima are first records for the American continent and A. flori-
dana for South America. The palms Bactris acanthocarpa, Bactris ferruginea, Bactris sp., Elaeis
guineensis, Euterpe oleracea, Mauritia flexuosa and Polyandrococos caudescens are new hosts of
species of the genus Astrospheriella.
Key words: Ascomycota, biodiversity, Pleosporales, taxonomy.

Introduction

Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P.Syd. was originally introduced with the type species
A. fusispora Syd. & P.Syd., recorded from bamboo stems in Japan (Sydow & Sydow
1913). Subsequently, Scheinpflug (1958) added three additional species all of which
occurred on dicotyledonous hosts in temperate regions. This genus was revised by
Hawksworth (1981) who accepted all four species and circumscribed Astrosphaeriella
as an exclusively tropical genus occurring on bamboo and palm plants. The generic
concept was afterwards extended to include five additional species (Hawksworth &
Boise 1985). Hyde & Fröhlich (1998) adopted the extended concept and accordingly

*corresponding author: nadjasv@hotmail.com

© 2015 J. Cramer in Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, www.borntraeger-cramer.de
Germany. DOI: 10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2015/0293 0029-5035/2015/0293 $ 3.00
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reviewed this genus in which they accepted 31species that characteristically occurred
on the petioles of terrestrial palms, bamboo culms and stout grasses. Some species
are also reported from freshwater (Hyde 1994; Tsui et al. 2001; Cai et al. 2003) or
brackish water habitats (Hyde 1992). Additional species were treated by Hyde et al.
(2000), Rogers & Barr (2003), Zhou et al. (2003), Chen & Hsieh (2004), Wang et al.
(2004), Tanaka & Harada (2005), Chen & Huang (2006), and Aptroot (2009).
Currently, Astrosphaeriella is treated as a genus in the Pleosporales and family incertae
sedis by Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010). The Pleosporales is the largest order in the
class Dothideomycetes, including 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species
(Kirk et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2012). This genus is characterized by the cone-shaped
large ascomata composed of carbonaceous firm peridium, with starlike flanges of
ruptured host tissue around the base; the numerous trabeculate pseudoparaphyses in
gel matrix; the bitunicate cylindric-clavate asci; and the narrowly fusiform ascospores
(Barr 1990, Fröhlich & Hyde 2000)
Phylogenetic analyses showed that Astrosphaeriella is polyphyletic, with Astro-
sphaeriella species clustering in four clades: two clades including species with slit-like
ostioles, clustered in Aigialaceae; the clade that includes the generic type clustered
together with Delitschia; and A. africana, which has striate ascospores, deviated from
these three clades and had a basal position in the Pleosporales. Fissuroma is a new
genus introduced to accommodate the two species A. aggregata and A. maculans which
are a sister group (Liu et. al 2011).
The present study is part of a work aimed to identify palm microfungi along the
Brazilian Northeastern coast where 46 Ascomycota genera were found (Souza et al.
2008, Vitoria et al. 2008, 2010, 2011a, b, 2012a, b, 2013, 2014).

Material and methods

Leaves of Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Euterpe oleracea Mart., Bactris ferruginea Burret, B. hirta Mart.,
B. acanthocarpa Mart., Mauritia flexuosa L. and Polyandrococos caudescens (Mart.) Barb.Rodr.
colonized by fungi were collected from December 2008 to November 2010 in Pernambuco (PE) and
Bahia (BA) states, comprising the following municipalities: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Tamandaré
and Recife (PE), Uruçuca (BA).
Fungal structures were examined under a stereoscopic microscope (Carl Zeiss) and measured with
the aid of a magnifying lens provided with a millimeter scale (Holtermann LH-20/10x model).
Morphological features were described, measured, and photographed using a Carl Zeiss microscope.
The samples were mounted with lacto-glycerol cotton blue, acid lactofuchsin and water. Examination
of the microscopic preparations allowed the morphological characterization of the fungal structures,
which were measured with the aid of an ocular micrometer. Measurements are given with the
extreme values in brackets. Photomicrographs were taken using a digital camera (Cyber-shot 4.1
Mega Pixels DSC-P73x), adjusted to the eyepieces of the microscope and the stereoscope. Species
were morphologically identified according to Hawksworth & Boise (1985), Barr (1990), Aptroot
(1995), Hyde & Fröhlich (1997), and Liu et al. (2011). Since the morphology largely conformed to
the previous descriptions, only deviating characteristics are given in the comments. Specimens were
deposited in herbaria Padre Camille Torrend (URM) and Coleção Micológica do CEPEC (Comissão
Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira).

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 Taxonomy

Astrosphaeriella aequatoriensis K.D.Hyde & J.Fröhl., Sydowia 50(1): 86 (1997)

Fig. 1. A–I
Known distribution: Brazil (this paper) and Ecuador (Hyde & Fröhlich 1997).
Known hosts – Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis (this paper) and Phytelephas sp. (Hyde & Fröhlich
1997).
Material examined: BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Reserva Ecológica de
Gurjaú (RESEC), on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 9/VI/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2246).
Comments: The specimen CEPEC 2246 is morphologically similar to A. aequatoriensis
(Hyde & Fröhlich 1997). However, the studied material has larger ascomata (850–
1000 µm diam., 550–720 µm high vs 490–840 µm diam., 190–220 µm high), erumpent,
becoming superficial and asci longer and narrower (117.5–205 × 12.5–17.5(–20) µm
vs 150 × 18–22 µm) when compared with the original description. The ascospores
of the specimen studied are brown (31–)38–68 × 6–9(–11) µm, 3–5-septate, lightly
striated, constricted at the central septum, with a thin mucilaginous sheath, which
conformed to the original description of spores of A. aequatoriensis. This is the first
record for Brazil on a new host.

Astrosphaeriella floridana M.E.Barr, N. Amer. Fl., Ser. 2 (New York) 13: 27 (1990)
Fig. 2. A–I
Known distribution: Brazil (this paper), Thailand (Pinruan et al. 2007) and USA (Barr 1990).
Known hosts – Arecaceae: Bactris ferruginea (this paper), Licuala longicalycata (Pinruan et al.
2007) and Sabal palmetto (Barr 1990).
Material examined: BRAZIL. BAHIA: Uruçuca, EMARC, on dead leaves (rachis) of B. ferruginea,
18/III/2010, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2262, URM 83494).
Comments: The material was identified as A. floridana according to Barr (1990).
Astrosphaeriella floridana was described in petioles of Sabal palmeto in Florida (Barr
1990). Pinruan et al. (2007) also documented this species associated with Licuala
longicalycata Furtado in Thailand. This is the first record for South America on a new
host, the palm B. ferruginea.

Astrosphaeriella aff. minina Aptroot, Nova Hedwigia 60 (3–4): 333 (1995)

Fig. 3 A–J
Known distribution: Brazil (this paper), China (Aptroot 1995) and Indonesia (Aptroot 1995).
Known hosts – Arecaceae: Bactris sp. (this paper) and Poaceae: Bambusa (Aptroot 1995).
Material examined: BRAZIL. BAHIA: Uruçuca, Parque Estadual Serra do Condurú, on spathe of
Bactris sp., 18/III/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2263).
Comments: Few ascomata were found on the host surface. The fungus was classified
as Astrosphaeriella aff. minima (Aptroot 1995), after analysis of morphological
characteristics and comparison with related species. The specimen CEPEC 2263 has
narrower ascospores (20–)22.5–27(–32.5) × 3.8–5 µm, hyaline when young and pale
brown when mature. In the original description, A. minima has very pale brown, wider

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Fig. 1. A–I: Astrosphaeriella aequatoriensis (CEPEC 2246). A. Appearance of ascomata on host
surface. B. Section of ascoma. C. Ascus and pseudoparaphyses (arrow). D. Ascus. E–I. Ascospores.

spores (24–29 × 7–8 µm). This is the first record of Astrosphaeriella aff. minima for
the American continent on a new host.

Astrosphaeriella tornata (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) D.Hawksw. & Boise, Sydowia 38:
119 (1985) Fig. 4. A–D
Known distribution: Brazil (this paper), Mexico (Martín & Lavin 1999) and Surinam (Hyde &
Fröhlich 1997).
Known hosts – Arecaceae: Bactris sp. (this paper), unknown palm (Hyde & Fröhlich 1997) and
wood from bambusoid grass (Martín & Lavin 1999).

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Fig. 2. A–I: Astrosphaeriella floridana (CEPEC 2262). A. Appearance of ascomata on host surface.
B. Section of ascoma. C. Pseudoparaphyses. D. Ascus. E–I. Ascospores.

Material examined: BRAZIL. BAHIA: Uruçuca, Parque Estadual Serra do Condurú, on spathe of
Bactris sp., 18/III/2009, Nadja S.V., (CEPEC 2263).
Comments: The material was as A. tornata according to Hyde & Fröhlich (1997).
In their description, A. tornata has shorter ascospores (46–56 × 6–8 vs 50–75 × 6–8
µm), but other morphological features are similar. This is the first record A. tornata
for Brazil.

Fissuroma aggregata (I.Hino & Katum.) R.Phookamsak., J.K.Liu, E.B.G.Jones &

K.D.Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51:145 (2011) Fig. 5. A–H
Known distribution: Brazil (this paper), Japan (Tanaka & Harada 2005) and Thailand (Liu et al. 2011).

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Fig. 3. A–J: Astrosphaeriella aff. minima (CEPEC 2263). A–B. Appearance of ascomata on host
surface. C. Section of ascoma. D. Ascus and pseudoparaphyses. E–J. Ascospores.

Known hosts – Arecaceae: Bactris ferruginea, E. guineensis, E. oleracea, M. flexuosa and

P. caudescens (this paper). Poaceae: Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. heterocycla var. pubescens,
S. kurilensis and an unidentified bamboo (Tanaka & Harada 2005, Liu et al. 2011).

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Fig. 4. A–G: Astrosphaeriella tornata (CEPEC 2264). A. Appearance of ascoma on host surface.
B. Section of ascoma. C. Asci and pseudoparaphyses. D. Ascus. E–G. Ascospores.

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Fig. 5. A–H: Fissuroma aggregata (CEPEC 2247). A–B. Appearance of ascomata on host surface.
C. Section of ascoma. D. Pseudoparaphyses. E. Ascus. F–H. Ascospores.

Material examined: BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Reserva Ecologica de

Gurjau (RESEC), on dead leaves (rachis) of E. oleracea, 8/XII/2008, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2247, URM
83489). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Cabo de Santo Agostinho (RESEC), on dead leaves (rachis)
of E. oleracea, 9/VI/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2248). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Cabo de Santo
Agostinho (RESEC), on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 16/XI/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC
2249, URM 83490). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Cabo de Santo Agostinho (RESEC), on dead

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Table 1. Synopsis of Fissuroma species.

Taxa Asci (µm) Ascospores (µm)

F. aggregata (I.Hino & Katum.)
R.Phookamsak, J.K.Liu, E.B.G.Jones & 155–197 × 15–18.5 38.5–54 × 7–10.5
K.D.Hyde
F. aggregata (CEPEC 2247) 70–177.5 × 15–27 32–60 × (5–) 6–12 (–14)
F. maculans (Rehm) J.K.Liu., E.B.G.Jones
65–125 × 10–17 29–38 × 4–8
& K.D.Hyde

leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 2/IX/2010, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2250). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO:

Tamandare, Reserva Biologica de Saltinho (REBIO), on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 20/
XI/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2251). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Tamandare, Reserva Biologica
de Saltinho (REBIO), on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 3/IX/2010, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC
2252). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Recife, Recife, Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, on dead leaves
(rachis) of E. oleracea, 18/XI/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2253). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Recife,
Recife, Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, on dead leaves (rachis) of E. oleracea, 6/IX/2010, NadjaS.V.,
(CEPEC 2254). BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Recife, Recife, Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, on dead
leaves (rachis) of M. flexuosa, 6/IX/2010, Nadja S.V., (URM 83491). BRAZIL. BAHIA: Urucuca,
EMARC, on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 19/III/2009, NadjaS.V., CEPEC 2255). BRAZIL.
BAHIA: Urucuca, EMARC, on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 7/VII/2009, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC
2256). BRAZIL. BAHIA: Urucuca, EMARC, on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 18/III/2010,
NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2257), on dead leaves (rachis) of P. caudescens (URM 83492), on dead leaves
(rachis) of B. ferruginea, 18/III/2010, NadjaS.V. (CEPEC 2258, URM 83493). BRAZIL. BAHIA:
Urucuca, EMARC, on dead leaves (rachis) of B. ferruginea, 13/VII/2010, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2259),
on dead leaves (rachis) of E. guineensis, 13/VII/2010, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2260), on dead leaves
(rachis) of P. caudescens13/VII/2010, NadjaS.V., (CEPEC 2261).
Comments: These collections were identified as Fissuroma aggregata according to Liu
et al. (2011) in spite of some differences of ascus and ascospore sizes (Table 1). This
fungus was originally described as species of Melanopsamma by Hino & Katumoto
(1955), but this placement is not suitable, because this genus is characterized by
collabent ascomata, reddish-brown peridium, unitunicate asci and ellipsoid ascospores.
Tanaka & Harada (2005) transferred this taxon to Astrosphaeriella, based a broad
generic concept as suggested by Hyde et al. (2000) that includes Massarina-like species
having ascomata with slit-like ostioles. According Liu et al. (2011), placement of this
species in Fissuroma is supported by the molecular data.
In the literature, there are no records of F. aggregata on Arecaceae species. So far,
F. aggregata was found in Japan and Thailand on bamboo culms (Tanaka & Harada
2005, Liu et al. 2011). This is the first record of F. aggregata for the Americas on five
new hosts of the Arecaceae family: B. ferruginea, E. guineensis, E. oleracea, M. flex-
uosa and P. caudescens.

Discussion

The genus Astrosphaeriella was well represented with four species: A. aequatoriensis,
A. floridana, Astrosphaeriella aff. minima, and A. tornata. Only one species of

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Fissuroma was found, F. aggregata. These species represent new records either for the
Americas, South America or Brazil. Several new host plants have also been found in this
study, but generally confirmed the particular range of Arececeae and woody Poaceae
as hosts. Some morphological characteristics were also deviating from the original
descriptions, but because of the lack of molecular data, a relatively conservative and
broad species concept was applied instead of naming new species. Future molecular
analyses might be helpful to clarify whether different hosts (particularly Arecaceae vs
Poaceae) and minor morphological differences justify the separation of new taxa. Our
findings demonstrate the importance of field collection and morphological analysis in
tropical and subtropical latitudes for biodiversity inventories.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. K.D.Hyde for collaboration, CAPES-MEC Brazil and CNPq-Brazil
for scholarships and CEPLAC for facilities and laboratories use to conduct part of this research.

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Manuscript submitted September 19, 2014; accepted May 22, 2015.

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