FM Lab Manual

FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY LAB
[AS PER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME]

SEMESTER – V
PART – A
1. Lab layout, calibration of instruments and standards to be discussed.
2. Determination of coefficient of friction of flow in a pipe.
3. Determination of minor losses in flow through pipes.
4. Application of momentum equation for determination of coefficient of impact of jets on flat and
curved blades.
5. Calibration of flow measuring devices.
 Orifice meter
 Nozzle
 Venturimeter
 V-notch
PART – B
6. Performance on Hydraulic Turbines
 Pelton wheel
 Francis Turbine
 Kaplan Turbines
7. Performance Hydraulic Pumps
 Single stage and Multi stage centrifugal pumps

 Reciprocating pump
8. Performance test on a two stage Reciprocating Air Compressor
9. Performance test on an Air Blower
Scheme of Examination:
ONE question from Part -A: 25 Marks
ONE question from part -B: 40 Marks
Viva –Voice: 15 Marks
Total: 80 Marks
List of Experiments
Sl. Date Experiments Signature of the staff

No.
1 Friction in pipes (major losses)
2 Friction in pipes (minor losses)
3 Orifice meter
4 Venturimeter
5 Flow nozzle
6 Notches apparatus
7 Impact of jet on vane apparatus
8 Pelton turbine
9 Francis turbine
10 Kaplan turbine
11 Single stage centrifugal pump
12 Reciprocating pump
13 Reciprocating air compressor
14 Centrifugal air blower test rig
15 Multistage centrifugal pump

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY MANUAL
Experiment No 1
FRICTION IN PIPES (MAJOR LOSSES)
Aim: To determine the coefficient of friction of the given pipe.

Theory: Friction is defined as the internal resistance offered by the inner surface of
the pipe to the layer of water flowing closer to the inner surface. The amount of
friction depends on Roughness Factor, which is defined as the ratio of relative
roughness to the mean internal diameter of the pipe. Due to the internal friction, there
will be loss of pressure head which is directly proportional to the length and square of
the velocity and inversely proportional to the diameter of the pipe.
Fig: Flow in pipe
The aim of the experiment is to determine the head loss due to friction in a pipe of
given length and diameter with different velocities of flow and then to estimate the
friction factor (coefficient of friction). From the Darcy - Weisbach equation the
expression for the friction factor is given by
Friction factor f =
Where, L = length of the pipe, m
V = velocity of flow, m/s
= Head loss in m of water
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2
f = friction factor or coefficient of friction
D pipe = Diameter of pipe, m
Experimental Procedure:
1. Fill the sump tank with clean water to the full level
2. Note down the length L and diameter of the selected pipe and check whether
the valves of the connections from the selected pipe to the manometer are
open and all other connections to the manometer are off.
3. Open the flow control valve to allow certain amount of water to flow through
the pipe.
1
4. Note down the following reading:
2
a. Manometer reading, Hm in mm and calculate Hf in m using the relation
b. Time taken t for rise of 10cm of water in the measuring tank
5. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment

6. Calculate the coefficient of friction
Input Parameters:
1. Length between pressure tapings, L = 1.5m

2. Inner diameter of G. I pipe, D pipe = 0.027m, 0.019m & 0.015m
3. Inner diameter of PVC pipe, D pipe = 0.027m
4. Density of water, ρ w = 1000 Kg/m3
5. Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81m/sec 2
6. Area of Tank, A tank = 0.125m2
7. Height of water collected, h = 0.1m
8. Time taken to fill the water height, t secs
3
Formulae: SHg =
Speci
fic
1. Area of the pipe in m2 , A pipe =
gravi
ty of
merc
2. Discharge in m3/s, Q =
ury
Sw=
Specific
3. Velocity in m/s, V = gravity
of water
4. Loss of head in meters of water,
Hf = ( ) Hm*
where Hm = Manometer reading in mm

Experimental Observations Table: GI pipe
Diameter of the pipe in m, D pipe = 0.015m
Area of the pipe in m2, A pipe =
SI Manometer reading, Loss of head Time taken in Discharge Velocity, Coefficient
No mm in m of water secs for 0.1m Q, m/s of friction f
3
LHS RHS Hm Hf in m rise of water in m /sec
the tank
1
2
3
4
4
Diameter of the pipe in m, Dpipe = 0.019m
SI Manometer reading, Loss of head Time taken in Discharge Velocity, Coefficient
mm in m of water secs for 0.1m Q, m/s of friction f
No
Hf in m rise of water in m3/sec
LHS RHS Hm
the tank
1
2
3
4
Diameter of the pipe in m, Dpipe = 0.027m

SI Manometer reading, Loss of head in Time taken in Discharge Velocity, Coefficient
mm m of water Hf secs for 0.1m Q, m/s of friction f
No
in m rise of water m3/sec
LHS RHS Hm
in the tank
1
2
3
4
PVC pipe
Diameter of the pipe in m, Dpipe = 0.027m,
SI Manometer reading, Loss of head in Time taken in Discharge Velocity, Coefficient
No mm m of water Hf secs for 0.1m Q, m/s of friction
in m rise of water m3/sec f
LHS RHS Hm
in the tank
1
2
3
4
Graph: a) f vs Hf, b) Hf vs Q
Result:
Experiment No 2
FRICTION IN PIPES (MINOR LOSSES)
Aim: To determine the correction factor (k) for various pipe fittings and valves used
in the pipeline.
Theory: The loss of energy due to change of velocity of flowing fluid is called minor
loss of energy. The minor loss of energy includes the loss of head due to sudden
enlargement, contraction, an obstruction in a pipe, at the entrance to a pipe, at the exit
of a pipe and in various pipe fittings. In case of long pipe the minor losses are small as
compared with the loss of head due to friction and hence may be neglected without
serious error. However, in case of a short pipe, these losses are comparable with loss
of head due to friction.
The aim of the experiment is to determine the head loss due to fittings in a pipe of
given length and diameter with different velocities of flow and then to calculate the
correction factor (k).
1. Fill the sump tank with clean water to the full level
2. Note down the length L and diameter of the selected pipe fittings and check
whether the valves of the connections from the selected pipe to the manometer
are open and all other connections to the manometer are off.
3. Keep the bypass valve fully open and other valves are closed, and start the
pump
4. Maintain the low flow rate through the pipe and wait for steady state condition
5. Note down the following readings,
a. Manometer reading Hm in mm and calculate Hf in m,
6. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment
7. Calculate correction factor
8. Repeat the experiment for other fittings.
Input Parameters:
1. Length between pressure tapings, L = 1.5m

2. Inner diameter of G. I pipe, Dpipe = 0.027m
3. Density of water, ρw = 1000 Kg/m3
4. Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81m/sec 2
5. Area of Tank, Atank = 0.125m2
7. Time taken to fill the water height, t secs
Observations & Formulae:
2. Discharge in m3/s, Q =
3. Velocity in m/s, V =
4. Loss of head in meters of water,
Hf = ( ) Hm *
Where Hm = Manometer reading in mm
SHg = Specific gravity of mercury
Sw= Specific gravity of water
5. Correction factor k = for all fitting except Expansion case
6. Correction factor k = for Expansion case
Where V1 = velocity at entry section (D1= 15mm)
V2 = Velocity at exit section (D2 = 27mm)

Tabular Column
SI Type of fittings Time Discharge Q Manometer Head in Correction

No. Taken readings meters of factor k
for10cm in m3 / sec mm water Hf
rises in H1 H2
sec.
Contraction
Expansion
Ball Valve
Gate Valve
Globe (Wheel)
Valve
Non Return
Valve
900 elbow
900 bend
Result:
Experiment No 3
ORIFICE METER
Aim: To calibrate and determine the coefficient of discharge for a given orifice meter.
Theory: Orifice meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
through a pipe. It consists of a flat circular plate, which has a circular sharp edged
aperature, which is concentric with pipe.
Fig: Orificemeter
Orifice meter works on the Principle of Bernoulli‟s equation i.e. by reducing cross
sectional area of the flow passage, the pressure difference between the two sections is
developed and the measurement of pressure difference enables the determination of
the discharge through the pipe. It is a simpler and cost effective method of discharge
measurement through pipes and its installation requires a smaller length as compared
with Venturimeter. Generally, it is kept 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe.
The formula for flow rate Q =
Experimental Setup: The experimental setup is a closed circuit system and it has
collecting and sump tanks with pump unit to supply the water to the measuring
devices. The orifice meter is introduced in a pipe line and is provided with pressure
tapping to a manometer for measurement of differential pressure across the orifice.
1. Fill the sump tank with the clean water to the 3/4th of its level.
2. Note down the diameter of the pipe and orifice meter.
3. Connect the differential manometer to the tapings of the orifice meter.
4. Keep the bypass valve fully open and other valves in closed position and
switch ON the pump.
5. Gradually close the bypass valve fully and allow the water to flow through the
orifice meter. Remove air bubbles from the manometer by momentarily
opening and closing the pressure taping valves and observe that all the air is
removed from the manometer and only water is flowing through the air vent
tubes.
6. Close the air vent valves gradually and simultaneously
7. Note down the following readings -Manometer reading, Hm in mm and
calculate Hf in m, and Time taken t for rise of 10cm of water in the measuring
tank
8. Vary the flow rate by opening the bypass valve to any desired position.
Input Parameters and Formulae:
1. Area of the measuring tank, Atank = 0.125m2

3. Time taken to fill the water height t, secs
4. Diameter of the pipe, Dpipe = 0.027m
5. Diameter of the orifice, Dorifice = 0.016m
7. Area of the orifice in m2 , A orifice =

8. Head in meters of water,
Hf = ( ) Hm*

9. Theoretical Discharge in m3/s,

Qth =
10. Actual Discharge in m3/s,

Q 11.
11.Coefficient of discharge, Cd =
For calibrating the orifice meter, it should satisfy the relation of Qact = korifice H n f
Where korifice =
n = slope of the calibration curve.
Experimental Observation Table:

1. Diameter of the pipe in m, Dpipe = 0.027m
2. Area of the pipe in m2, A pipe =
3. Diameter of the orifice in m, Dorifice = 0.016m
4. Area of the orifice in m2, Aorifice =
5. SHg =13.6
6. Sw = 1
SI Manometer Loss of Time taken in Actual Theoretical Coefficient korifice
No Readings mm head in secs for 0.1m Discharge Discharge of
LHS RHS Hm m of rise of water in Qactual, Qtheoretical, Discharge,
water Hf the tank m3/s m3/s Cd
Average
Graph: Plot the calibration graph of log Qact v/s log Hf

Result:
Experiment No 4
VENTURIMETER
Aim: To calibrate and determine the coefficient of discharge for a given Venturimeter.
Theory: A Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid
flowing through a pipe. It consists of a convergent cone and divergent cone and it
tapers the small cross section called throat. The Venturimeter works on the principle
of Bernoulli’s equation.
Fig: Venturimeter
Venturimeter is a simpler and cost effective method of discharge measurement

through pipes. The small sized Venturimeter is suitable for pipes of less than 50mm
diameter.
The formula for flow rate, Q =
Experimental Setup: The experimental set up consists of a sump tank, a measuring tank, a pump and
water recirculation arrangement. The horizontal pipe of 25-NB is connected across the Venturimeter.
It is made of Perspex material for visibility of the water flow. The Venturimeter is connected to a pipe
line and is provided with the pressure tapings to connect to a manometer.
1. Fill the sump tank with clean and soft water up to the 3/4th of its level.
2. Note down the diameter of the pipe and Venturimeter
3. Connect up-stream and downstream tapings of the Venturimeter
with mercury manometer.
4. Keep the bypass valve fully open and Switch ON the pump.
5. Gradually close the bypass valve and allow the water to flow
through the Venturimeter.
6. Remove air bubbles if any from the manometer by momentarily
opening and closing the pressure taping valves and observe all the
air is removed from the manometer and only the water is flowing
through air vent tubes.
7. Close the air vent valves gradually and simultaneously.
8. Note down the following readings,
a. Manometer readings Hm in mm and calculate Hf in m
9. Vary the flow rate by opening the bypass valve to any desired position.

5. Diameter of the throat, Dthroat = 0.0125m
7. Area of the throat in m2 , A throat =

8. Head in meters of water, Hf = ( ) Hm*

Qth =
10. Actual Discharge in m3/s, Qactual =
11. Coefficient of discharge, Cd =
For calibrating the Venturi meter, it should satisfy the relation of Qact = kventurimeter H n f
Where kventurimeter =

2. Area of the pipe in m2, Apipe =
3. Diameter of the throat in m, Dthroat = 0.0125m
4. Area of the throat in m2, Athroat =
5. SHg =13.6
6. Sw = 1
SI Manometer Loss Time taken Actual Theoretical Coefficient kventuri
No Readings mm of in secs for Discharge Discharge of
LHS RHS Hm head in 0.1m rise of Qactual, Qtheoretical, Discharge,
m of water in the m3/s m3/s Cd
water tank
Hf
Average
Graph: Plot the calibration graph of log Qact vs log Hf

Results:
Experiment No 6
FLOW NOZZLE
Aim: To calibrate and determine the coefficient for given flow nozzle
Theory: Flow nozzle is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid flowing through
pipelines of minimum size. It is supported between standard flanges. The flow nozzle works on
the principle of Bernoulli‟s equation. Flow nozzle is used for the flow of fluids containing
solids.
The formula of flow rate, Q =
Experimental Setup: The experimental setup consists of sump tank, a measuring tank, a
pump and water recirculation arrangement. The horizontal pipe of 25-NB is connected across
the flow nozzle and provided with the pressure taping to connected to a manometer.
1. Fill the sump tank with clear and soft water upto the 3/4th of its level.
2. Note down the diameter of the pipe and nozzle.
3. Connect upstream and downstream taping of the nozzle with mercury manometer.
4. Keep the by-pass valve fully open and switch on the pump.
5. Gradually close the bypass valve and allow the water to flow through nozzle.
6. Remove air bubbles if any, from the manometer by momentarily opening and closing the
pressure taping valve and observe all the air is removed from the manometer and only the water
is flowing through air is removed from the manometer and only the water is flowing through air
vent tubes.
7. Close the air vent valve gradually and simultaneously.
8. Note down the following readings - Manometer reading Hm in mm and calculate Hf in m using the
relation,
Hf = ( ) Hm*
9. Time taken t for rise of 10cm of water in the measuring tank.
10. Vary the flow rate by opening the by-pass valve to any desired position and follow step 9.

5. Diameter of the throat, Dthroat = 0.0125m
7. Area of the throat in m2 , A throat =

8. Head in meters of water, Hf = ( ) Hm*

Qth =
For calibrating the nozzle, it should satisfy the relation of Qact = knozzle H n
Where knozzle =

2. Area of the pipe in m2, Apipe =
3. Diameter of the throat in m, Dthroat = 0.0125m
4. Area of the throat in m2, Athroat =
5. SHg =13.6
6. Sw = 1
Where kventurimeter =
SI Manometer Loss Time taken Actual Theoretical Coefficient kventuri

No Readings mm of in secs for Discharge Discharge of
LHS RHS Hm head in 0.1m rise of Qactual, Qtheoretical, Discharge,
m of water in the m3/s m3/s Cd
water tank
Hf
Average
Graph: Plot the calibration graph of log Qact vs log Hf

Results:
Experiment No 7
NOTCHES APPARATUS
Aim: To calibrate and determine the discharge coefficient of the given V-notch,
Rectangular notch and Trapezoidal notch by establishing the relationship between the
flow rate and head over notch.
Theory: A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid through a
small channel or a tank. The sheet of water flowing through a notch is Nappe or Vein.
The bottom edge of a notch is known as Sill or Crest. A notch is usually made of
metallic plates.
Experimental Setup: The Equipment consists of an open approach channel with

wave suppressed is fitted at the downstream end, a surface level hook gauge to
measure the head over the notch, a centrifugal pump, a sump tank and a measuring
tank.
An open approach channel is made of mild steel or stainless steel and the top is open
for observation. The entire channel structure is mounted on mild steel angle frame and
upstream end of the channel which receives the water from the pump and allows it to
flow through the channel. A wave suppressed containing a small sized gravel stone is
provided in the channel to make the flow of water smooth and uniform. A centrifugal
pump with a control valve is provided to vary the flow of water in the channel.
1. Fill the clean water in sump tank up to 3/4th of full capacity

2. Fix the desired notch on its position
3. Mount the hook gauge assembly and insert the wave suppressed basket with
stone gravel into the channel approximately half meter away from the
upstream end of the tank.
4. Start the pump and observe the water flowing in the channel. Wait till the
water level rise to the crest level of notch fixed at downstream end.
5. Stop the pump and wait till the excess water above the crest level drops into
the sump tank.
6. Lower the hook gauge to the water level and note down its initial level, which
is also known as Crest level.
7. Raise the downward hook gauge point to prevent water level and record the
final level, which indicates the head of water flowing over the notch. Tabulate
the readings and measure the actual discharge in measuring tank.
8. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates.
9. Stop the pump, drain the channel and repeat the experiment with different
types of notches.
10. Follow the steps, for different types of notches and tabulate all readings.
Input Parameters and Formulae
1. Area of the measuring tank Atank = 0.25m2

2. Height of water H =0.1m
3. Time taken to fill the water height, t sec
4. Theoretical discharge V notch, Q th =
where θ = 60º & 90º
5. Theoretical discharge Rectangular notch, Q th =

where b = 0.1m
6. Theoretical discharge Trapezoidal notch, Q th = +
For calibrating notches,
V notch, K notch =
Rectangular notch, K notch =
Tabular Column:
1. 60º V-notch
SI Head over notch Time taken in Qactual Qtheoretical Cd Knotch
No 10-2m sec for 0.1m
h1 h2 h2-h1 rise of water
1
2
3
4
2. 90º V-notch
1
2
3
4
3. Rectangular notch
1
2
3
4
4. Trapezoidal notch
SI Head over notch Time taken in sec Qactual Qtheoretical Cd
No 10-2m for 0.1m rise of
h1 h2 h2-h1 water
1
2
3
4
Graph: Plot log Qact vs log Hnotch

Result:
Experiment No 8
IMPACT OF JET ON VANE APPARATUS
Aim: To determine the coefficient of impact by comparing the momentum in a fluid
jet with force generated when it strikes a fixed surface or validating Newton’s second
law of motion.
Theory: The momentum equation based on Newton’s 2nd law of motion states that the
algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction
equal to the rate of change of momentum in that direction. The external forces include
the component of the weight of the fluid and of the forces exerted externally upon the
boundary surface of control volume. If a vertical water jet moving with velocity „V‟
made to strike a target (Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will be
exerted on the target by the impact of jet.
Fig: Impact of Jet

Applying momentum equation in z- direction, force exerted by the jet on the vane,
Fz is given by F = ρQ (Vz out- VZ in)
For flat plate, Vz out= 0
Fz = ρQv
For hemispherical curved plate, vz out= -v, vz in= v
Fz = 2 ρQv
Where Q= Discharge from the nozzle (Calculated by volumetric method)
V= Velocity of jet = (Q/A)
Experimental Setup: Impact of jet on vanes apparatus consists of nozzle of known
diameter, vane, a device measuring force on jet, a rotameter to measure flow rate and
pumping device.
1. Open the front acrylic door and fill water upto 3/4th level.
2. Keep bypass valve rotameter valve open
3. Fix the desired jet and vane in position. Close the door and lock it.
4. Now start pump and pumps water back to the tank through bypass line.
5. Note the rotameter reading and weighing balance scale reading
6. Gradually increase the pressure to 1kg/cm2, 1.5kg/cm2 & so on.
7. Record values at each step and Change the vane and repeat the experiment with same jet.
8. Tabulate all reading and calculate theoretical force exerted on vane in each
case, and compare with actual force exerted on vane indicated by weighting
scale.
9. Calculate coefficient of impact in each case.
1. Diameter of nozzle or Jet, Djet = 0.004m, 0.005m & 0.0065m
2. Cross section area of the jet, m2, Ajet =
3. Impact velocity of jet, m/s, V = Q/A

4. Theoretical force on Flat Vane, kgf, Ftheoretical = ρAV2
5. Theoretical force on Hemispherical Vane, kgf, Ftheoretical = 2ρAV2
6. Theoretical force on Inclined Vane, kgf, Ftheoretical = ρAV2 Sinθ
where, θ = angle of inclination of the vane = 60º
7. Coefficient of impact, Ci =
Tabular Column
Jet dia, Type of Rotameter Discharge, Actual force on Vane, kgf Theoretical Coefficient
m vane reading Q, m3/s Weight balance reading force, kgf of
in LPM impact, Ci
Flat
0.004 Inclined
Hemispherical
Flat
0.005 Inclined
Hemispherical
Flat
0.0065 Inclined
Hemispherical
Graph: Plot a) Factual vs Q & b) Factual vs Ftheoretical

Result
Experiment No 9
PELTON TURBINE
Aim: Study performance characteristics of turbine at various heads, speed and load.
Introduction: Hydraulic (or water) Turbines are the machines, which use the energy
of water (Hydro-power) and convert it into Mechanical energy. Thus the turbine
becomes the prime mover to run the electrical generators to produce the electricity,
viz., hydroelectric power. The Turbines are classified as impulse & reaction types. In
impulse turbine, the head of water is completely converted into a jet, which impinges
on the turbine runner, it is the pressure of the flowing water, which rotates the runner
of the turbine. Normally, Pelton turbine (impulse) requires high heads and low
discharge.
Description: The experimental setup consists of Centrifugal pump set, Turbine unit,
sump tank & Venturimeter arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as
recirculating water system. The centrifugal pump set supplies the water from the sump
tank to turbine through Venturimeter & control valve situated on the delivery line of
the pump set and a sphere valve before entering the turbine. The water after passing
through the Turbine unit flows back to sump tank.
The loading of the turbine is achieved by a brake drum with rope & spring
balance, provision for measurement of turbine speed (digital RPM indicator), Head on
turbine (pressure gauge) are built in on the control panel.
1. Fill filtered clear water into the sump tank up to ¾th its full capacity
2. Keep the control valve situated above the delivery of the pump set in fully
closed position, and the sphere valve in half open position.
3. Start the pump, gradually open the control valve slowly to open position so
that the turbine achieves its full speed.
4. Wait till the speed of the turbine maintained constant.
5. Load the turbine by turning the hand wheel situated on the load frame clock
wise observing the dial spring balance to any desired minimum load
6. Allow the turbine speed to stabilize
7. Record the readings indicated on pressure gauge, dial balance RPM indicator
and head across Venturimeter
8. Continue loading the turbine in steps up to its full load and record the
corresponding readings at each steps
9. After the experiment is over bring the turbine to no load condition by rotating
the hand wheel on the load frame in anti-clock wise direction and close the
flow control valve and stop the pump.
10. Tabulate all the recorded readings and calculate the input power, output power
& efficiency of the Turbine.
Observation Table:
1. Diameter of pipe = 50mm (0.050m)
2. Diameter of throat = 30mm(0.030m)
3. Diameter of brake drum = 225mm(0.225m)
4. Diameter of rope = 16mm (0.016m)
Constant Speed Condition:
SI Turbine Gauge Head Gauge Spring Flow Input Brake Turbine

No speed reading over reading in balanced rate Q power power efficiency
N P turbine m reading m3/sec IP BP %
Rpm Kg/cm2 H h1 h2 Kg kW kW ηturb
meters
1
Constant Head Condition:
SI Turbine Gauge Head Gauge Spring Flow Input Brake Turbine

No speed reading over reading in balanced rate Q power power efficiency
N P turbine m reading m3/sec IP BP %
Rpm Kg/cm2 H h1 h2 Kg kW kW ηturb
meters
1
1. Head on turbine: H = (10 x P) m

Where P is the pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2
2. Flow rate of water:
Q th =
where
g = 9.81m/s 2 , Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.62
b = Width of notch = 0.12m, Hnotch =Head over the notch, m
3. Input power IP( Hydraulic power ):
IP = kW
Where, w = 9810 N/m3
4. Brake Power BP: ( Output Power)
BP = kW
where,
R = radius of the brake drum = 0.156m
(S2-S1) = Spring balance reading in kgf
N = Turbine speed in rpm
5. Turbine efficiency %
η turbine =
Graph:
Constant Speed Characteristic – a) ηmech vs Q & b) Hturbine vs Q
Constant Head Characteristic – a) ηmech vs N & b) BP vs N

Result:
Experiment No 9
FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim: To study performance characteristics of turbine at various heads, flow rates and
loads.
Experimental Procedure (CONSTANT HEAD):
1. Fill filtered clear water into the sump tank up to ¾th its full capacity.
2. Keep the gate valve situated above the pump in fully closed position, turbine
guide vanes in half open position.
3. Start the pump, gradually open the butterfly valve slowly to full open position
so that turbine achieves its full speed
4. Wait till the speed of the turbine & generated voltage maintained constant.
5. Put on the first electrical load switch and record the corresponding voltmeter,
Ammeter, Pressure gauges on venturimeter & Head over the turbine(pressure
gauge on the panel).
6. Continue increasing the load on the Turbine step by step by switching ON the
consecutive load switches one by one, & Record the corresponding readings of
Voltmeter, Ammeter.
7. Change the Turbine guide vane to any desired position (between Half open to
full open conditions) by operating the hand wheel situated at the rear end of
the Turbine to repeat the experiment on varied condition by following steps 7
& 8 (If desired).
8. After the experiment is over bring the turbine to no load condition by
switching OFF the load switches one by one and simultaneously closing the
Butterfly Valve to closed condition (care must be taken to avoid sudden
increase in speed/ Volts while switching off the load switches) & stop the
pump.
Tabular column Constant
Head Condition
SI Pressure Pressure Head Flow Input Output η turbine

Turbine Speed N
H metersHead over the turbine
Gauge Gauge over rate power power

Alternator
No
reading reading venturi Q kW kW
P in meter m3/sec
Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 h*10 in
m
h1 h2 V I
Constant Speed with Variable Head
Sl Pressure Pressure Head Flow Input Output η turbine

Turbine Speed N
Load, Watts

Alternator
No
reading reading in venturi Q Kw Kw
P Kg/cm2 meter m3/sec
Kg/cm2  h*10
in m
h1 h2 V I
1. Head on turbine: H = (10 x P) m

where P = pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2 ( on the panel)
2. Flow rate of water Q =
where
Diameter of the pipe dpipe = 100mm
Diameter of the nozzle dnozzle = 54mm
Area of pipe Apipe = m2
Area of the throat Anozzle = m2
Pressure difference across the Venturi in meters of water, H venturi
Coefficient of discharge Cd = 0.9
IP = kW
4. Output Power
BP = kW
where ηGen = 75 %
5. Turbine efficiency η turbine =
Graph
1. Constant Head with Variable Load Characteristic – a) ηmech vs N & b) BP vs N
2. Constant Speed with Variable Load Characteristic– a) ηmech vs H & b) Q vs Hturbine
Result:
Experiment No 11
KAPLAN TURBINE
Aim: To study performance characteristics of turbine at various heads, flow rates and
speeds
.
Experimental Procedure (CONSTANT HEAD):
1. Fill filtered clear water into the sump tank up to ¾th its full capacity.
2. Keep the gate valve situated above the pump in fully closed position, turbine
guide vanes in half open position.
3. Start the pump, gradually open the butterfly valve slowly to full open position
so that turbine achieves its full speed
4. Wait till the speed of the turbine & generated voltage maintained constant.
5. Put on the first electrical load switch and record the corresponding voltmeter,
Ammeter, Pressure gauges on orificemeter & Head over the turbine (pressure
gauge on the panel).
6. Continue increasing the load on the Turbine step by step by switching ON the
consecutive load switches one by one, & Record the corresponding readings of
Voltmeter, Ammeter.
7. Change the Turbine Runner Blades to any desired position by operating the
hand wheel situated at the rear end of the Turbine to repeat the experiment on
varied condition by following steps (If desired).
8. After the experiment is over bring the turbine to no load condition by
switching OFF the load switches one by one and simultaneously closing the
Butterfly Valve to closed condition (care must be taken to avoid sudden
increase in speed / Volts while switching off the load switches) & stop the
pump.
Tabular Column
Constant Head with Variable Load
Sl Pressure Pressure Head Flow Input Output η turb

Turbine Speed N
Load, Watts

Alternator
No
reading reading in orifice Q Kw Kw
P Kg/cm2 meter m3/sec
Kg/cm2 
h*10
V I
h1 h2 in m
Constant Speed with Variable Head
Sl Pressure Pressure Head Flow Input Output Turbine
Turbine Speed N
Load, Watts
„H‟ metersHead over the turbine

Gauge Gauge over rate power power efficiency
Alternator
No
reading reading in orifice „Q‟ Kw Kw % η turb
3
„P‟ Kg/cm2 meter m /sec
Kg/cm2 
h*10
h1 h2 in m V I

1. Diameter of the pipe, Dpipe = 180mm
2. Diameter of the orifice, Dorifice = 90mm
3. Head over turbine, H = (10 x P) m
where P is the pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2 ( on the panel)
4. Flow rate of water, Q =
where,
Apipe =Area of pipe, m2
Athroat = Area of the throat, m2
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.62
Horifice =Pressure difference across orifice in meters of water
IP = kW
6. Output Power
BP = kW
7. Turbine efficiency η turbine =

Graph:
Constant Head with Variable Load Characteristics – a) ηmech vs N & b) BP vs N
Constant Speed with Variable Head Characteristic a) ηmech vs Hturbine & b) Q vs Hturbine
Result:
Experiment No 12
SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim: To conduct performance test on a Single stage Centrifugal pump test rig.
1. Fill clear soft water into the sump tank approx. to its full capacity (little less than
its full capacity)
2. Keep the outlet control valve (Gate valve) and Butterfly valve situated at the
bottom of the measuring tank fully open.
3. Prime the pump if necessary.
4. Start the pump by pushing “Green” button on the starter, the Red reset button
Glows, bring the speed control knob to “Zero” position by turning it in anticlock
wise direction
5. Push the Reset knob once and turn the speed control knob in clockwise direction
very slowly.
6. Water starts flowing into the measuring tank and drains into sump tank.
7. Observe the readings indicated on Vacuum gauge, pressure gauge, energy meter
reading by counting 5pulse against time with a stop watch.
8. Close fully the butterfly valve situated at the bottom of the measuring tank and
observe the rise in water level in the piezometer record the time taken for 10cm
rise in water level on piezometer with the help of a stop watch. Open the butterfly
valve to drain the water back to sump tank.
9. Vary the flow rate by operating the outlet control valve in clock wise direction to
any desired position (in steps).
10. The experiment can also be conducted at different speeds by varying the speed
control knob.
11. After the experiment is over bring the speed control knob to „Zero‟ position and
stop the pump by pushing Red button on the starter.
12. Tabulate all the readings and calculate Input power to the pump, outlet power of
pump, discharge, efficiency at each step.

2. Height of water collected, h= 0.1m
3. Time taken to fill the water height, t, sec
4. Discharge Pressure, Pd, kgf/cm2
5. Suction Pressure, Ps, mm Hg
6. Manometric Head, Hm =
7. Actual discharge, Q act =
8. Power input to motor (kW), IP=
where
ηmotor= 0.75, ηtransmission = 0.9
9. Output Power ( delivered by the pump) kW, OP =
Voltmeter reading, V
Ammeter reading I
Spring
Speed of Vacuum Ps in Delivery Time taken Discharge Head Hm
balance
SI No pump in mm of Hg pressure Pd in for 10cm rise Qact in meters of IP, kW OP, kW ηo
reading W
RPM kgf/cm2 of water, t in m3/sec water
in kg
sec
10. Overall efficiency of the pump η =
Tabular Column
Constant Head
Constant Speed
Ammeter reading I
Spring
Speed of Vacuum Ps Delivery Time Discharge Head
balance
SI pump in in pressure taken for Qact Hm IP, OP, ηo
reading
No RPM mm of Hg Pd in 10cm rise in meters kW kW
W in
kgf/cm2 of water, t m3/sec of
kg
in sec water
Graph:
Constant Speed with Variable Flow Characteristics – (a) ηo vs Q & (b) Hm vs Q
Variable Speed with Constant Head Characteristics – (a) BP vs N & (b) Q vs N
Result:
Experiment No 13
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim: To study the performance and characteristics of reciprocating pump and to determine
the efficiency of the pump
Theory: Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. It mainly consists of a piston

reciprocating inside a cylinder thus performing suction and delivery strokes. The cylinder is
alternately filled and emptied by forcing and drawing the liquid by mechanical motion. This
type is called positive type. Delivery and suction pipes are connected to a cylinder. Each of
the two pipes is provided with a non-return valve. The function of which is to ensure
unidirectional flow of liquid. It generally operates at low speed and is therefore to be coupled
to a motor with V-belt. It is stable for small discharge and high heads. Generally these pumps
are used for feeding small boilers, for lifting water to a higher heads & for pumping light oil.
The present test rig allows the students to understand and draw the operating characteristics at
various heads, flow rates and speeds.
1. Fill water in air vessel.

2. Keep the delivery valve fully open.
3. Fill the sump tank with clean soft water.
4. Select the desired speed by adjusting the step cone pulley - motor base handle.
5. Switch on the mains, the mains on indicators glow, now switch on the pump, water starts
flowing to the measuring tank.
6. Note down the pressure gauge, vacuum gauge reading and time for number of revolutions
of energy meter disc at full opening of delivery valve.
7. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known
time, and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
8. Repeat the experiment for different openings of delivery valve and note down the
readings as above
9. Repeat the experiment for different speeds and repeat the steps.
10. Tabulate the readings.
11. After the experiment is over switch off the mains and keep the delivery valves fully open.
12. Calculate the efficiency of the pump.

2. Height of water collected, h= 0.1m
3. Time taken to fill the water height, t, sec
4. Discharge Pressure, Pd, kgf/cm2
5. Suction Pressure, Ps, mm Hg
Where,
η motor= 0.75, η transmission = 0.9

Tabular Column
Constant Speed
Ammeter reading I
Spring
Speed Vacuum Ps Delivery Time Discharge Head
balance
SI of pump in pressure taken for Qact Hm IP, OP, ηo
reading
No in RPM mm of Hg Pd in 10cm rise in meter kW kW
W in
kgf/cm2 of water, t m3/sec s of
kg
in sec water
Graph
Constant Speed with Variable Flow Characteristics - (a) ηo vs Q & (b) HT vs Q
Result:
Experiment No 14
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

Aim: To study the working of two Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor and to determine the
Volumetric Efficiency.
Introduction: Compressed Air is a form of Energy used extensively for such operations as
Pneumatic Machines & Tools, Material Handling, Construction, Mining, etc. Compressor is a
device used to compress air to a pressure higher than the atmosphere. Generally, Compressors
fall into any of the following categories namely reciprocating and rotary Compressor.
1) Release all the air from the tank and close the outlet valve.
2) Ascertain sufficient measuring fluid in U tube manometer.
3) Switch – ON the mains and observe the indicators glow.
4) Keep the outlet valve closed.
5) Switch – ON the starter and run the compresses.
6) Open the valves provided on LP and HP Cylinders Connected to the respective
pressure gauges on the panel in such a way that the fluctuation of the needle is
arrested.
7) Maintain the pressure at 1 Kg / cm 2 by adjusting the outlet valve and record the
following readings: manometer deference, time for n revolution of energy meter,
temperatures at 1, 2, 3, & 4 position RPM, LP and HP gauge pressure.
8) Stop the compressor and release all the air form the tank.
9) Tabulate the readings and calculate volumetric efficiency.
1. Bore diameter of Low Pressure Cylinder, DLP = 0.07m

2. Bore diameter of High Pressure Cylinder, DHP = 0.05m
3. Stroke of the compressor, L = 0.085m
4. Diameter of orifice, Dorifice = 0.028m
5. Area of orifice in m2, Aorifice =
6. Coefficient of Discharge for orifice, Cd = 0.62

7. Energy meter constant, EMC =200rev/kWh
8. No of revolutions of energy meter disc, K =5
9. Time taken by the Energy meter for K revolution = T in sec
10. Intermediate Pressure, Ps, kgf/cm2
11. Delivery Pressure at Stage 2, Pd, kgf/cm2
where ρwater = 1000kg/m3, ρair = 1.161kg/m3

ΔH = Manometric difference reading in mm
13. Swept volume of the compressor (Low pressure) in m3/s
Vs =
14. Actual volume of air compressed in the compressor in m3/s

Vact = Cd Aorifice
15. Volumetric efficiency ηvol =
16. Input Power, kW, IP =

where η motor= 0.75, η transmission = 0.9
17. Output Power, kW OP =
Where n = Polytropic index = 1.3

R = Characteristic gas constant for air = 0.287J/kgK
T1= Temperature at entry to low pressure side compressor
18. Mechanical efficiency of the compressor, ηmech =

Tabular Column
SI Speed of Suction Delivery Reciever Energy meter Difference in Temp. Temp. Actual Swept Vol. Head Hm Input Output Mech.
No compressor in Pressure Pressure pressure in reading for 5 Manometer Suction Delivery volume volume Efficiency in m of Power in Power in Efficiency
RPM Stage 1 Ps Stage 2 Pd kgf/cm 2 rev. in T sec reading in mm side, T1 in side, T2 Vact in Vs in ηvol water kW kW ηmech
in kgf/cm2 in kgf/cm2 of water deg.K in deg.K m3/sec m3/sec
62

63

Result:
Experiment No 15
CENTRIFUGAL AIR BLOWER TEST RIG
Aim: To study the performance of a centrifugal air blower at various operating conditions
Introduction: The equipment has been designed as an experimental unit to study the
performance characteristics of centrifugal Blower at various operating conditions. The test rig
mainly consists of centrifugal blower handling air as the medium of flow and is driven by a
foot mounted A.C. Motor. The test rig has provisions for varying the following parameters
like discharge and impellers of the blower. Three interchangeable impellers (backward,
forward, and straight) have also been supplied for studying the performances. These
parameters have been used to draw the standard performance curves; covering the head Vs
flow rate and Efficiency v/s flow rate at constant Speed.
Description:
BLOWER-MOTOR UNIT:
I. The Blower-Motor unit consists of a centrifugal blower with interchangeable
Impellers, driven by a foot mounted A.C. Motor of 2800 rpm 3hp capacity. The
whole unit is mounted on heavy frame work. (No foundation is necessary for
installation of test rig).
II. The outlet of the blower is a straight duct of size 300 mm x 400 mm and 2.5mt
length and is fixed with butterfly type of valve at outlet. A pitot tube is provided
inside the duct for measurement of velocity distribution across the duct and six
equiangular (60o) tapings have been provided on the periphery of the blower
casing
CONTROL PANEL:
I. The control panel is equipped with starter, energy meter, digital speed indicator
with Sensor (the speed pick up sensor is mounted on the blower shaft),
manometers for flow (pitot static and pressure head) and pressure distribution in
the blower casing, with necessary indicators and switches.
1. Connect the control panel input power cable to 3ph A.C.supply, with neutral and
earth.
2. Keep all the Switches /controls in off position.
3. Switch On the mains and observe the 3ph light indicators glow.
4. Switch „ON‟ the MCB to put on the panel meters.
5. Ascertain sufficient measuring fluid (water) in manometers & the direction of
rotation of the blower as indicated on the casing.
6. Keep the outlet butterfly valve fully open (Situated at open end of the duct).
64

7. Switch on the starter so that the motor speed builds up to the rated rpm.
8. Keep the pitot tube half way above the bottom of the duct.
9. Record all the readings indicated by manometer, energy meter (Time for 5pulse ) at
valve full open position.
10. Change the valve to any desired position between fully open as fully closed position
in steps and record the all readings at each step.
11. Tabulate all the readings and calculate.
12. Repeat the experiment on different impellers
13. After the experiment switch off the motor and electrical mains.
1. Cross section area of duct, Aduct = 0.12m2

2. Energy meter constant, EMC = 200rev/kWh
3. Time taken for n revolutions, t, sec
4. Discharge, Q = Aduct* Vavg
Where, Average velocity Vavg = directly from anemometer at 4 different position at the inlet
of the blower in m/sec
5. Input Power, kW, IP = IP =
where η motor= 0.75
6. Output Power, kW, OP =
where �𝑎𝑖� = 1.29Kg/m3
7. Blower efficiency, ηblower =
Tabular Column
Time for 2- Pitot tube

Speed of Ha = Input Output Blower
SI Gate rev. of Discharge
blower h1 h2 Δh Δh* Power in Power in efficiency
No opening Energy Q in m3/s
N rpm 868.5 kW kW ηblower
meter, secs
65

66

Result:
67

Experiment No 16
MULTISTAGE CENTRIGUFAL PUMP
Aim: To study the performance characteristics of a Multistage Centrifugal Pump test rig.
Theory: A pump may be defined as mechanical device which converts the mechanical
energy to hydraulic energy, thus delivers the flow of liquid from lower level to the
higher level. The principal of operation of a multistage centrifugal pump is similar to
single stage centrifugal pump. A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is
called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft
or on different shafts. Depending on whether, to produce high head or to discharge
more quantity of water.
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2. Switch on the electrical supply and start flowing to the tank
3. If water is not flowing, pump the sump as the centrifugal pump requires
priming to remove the air inside the volute casing and suction side.
4. Keep the delivery and suction valve on
5. Run the pump at the rated speed of motor
6. Note down the pressure gauge stage 1, delivery head stage 2, vacuum gauge,
energy meter readings
7. Operate the butterfly valve of measuring tank to measure the actual flow rate
8. Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve and note
down the readings
9. After experiments is over, switch off the mains and keep the delivery and
suction valve a full open position.

3. Time taken to fill the water height, t sec
4. Energy meter constant, EMC = 600 rev/kWh
5. No of revolutions of energy meter disc, K=5
6. Time taken by the Energy meter for K revolutions = T sec
7. Discharge pressure at stage 1, Pd1 kgf/cm2
8. Discharge pressure at stage 2, Pd2 kgf/cm2
9. Suction pressure, Ps, mm Hg
Where, η motor= 0.70

68

Tabular Column
SI Speed of Vaccum Delivery Delivery Energy Time Discharge Head Input Output Efficiency
No the pump Ps in mm pressure pressure meter taken for Qact of Power Power ηo
rpm of Hg Stage1, Pd1 Stage2, Pd2 Reading for 0.1m rise m3/sec water in kW in kW
in in 5 rev in t of water t Hm in
2
Kgf/cm Kgf/cm2 sec sec m
69

Result:
Viva Questions
1. List the properties of fluid.

2. Define: Density, Sp gravity, Sp weight, Viscosity, Compressibility, Capillarity,
Surface Tension.
3. State, Newton‟s law of viscosity
4. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
5. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
6. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
7. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
8. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
9. Define relative density
10. What is vacuum pressure?
11. What is absolute zero pressure?
12. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
13. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
14. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
15. Mention few discharge measuring devices
16. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
17. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
18. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.
19. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?
20. What is meant by Co efficient of discharge?
21. What is orifice plate?
22. What do you mean by vena contracta?
23. Define coefficient of discharge.
24. State Bernoulli‟s Theorem.
25. Write down Hagen Poiseuille equation.
26. Write down Darcy - weisback's equation
70

71

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FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY LAB

[AS PER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME]

 Single stage and Multi stage centrifugal pumps

Sl. Date Experiments Signature of the staff

1 Friction in pipes (major losses)

2 Friction in pipes (minor losses)

7 Impact of jet on vane apparatus

11 Single stage centrifugal pump

13 Reciprocating air compressor

14 Centrifugal air blower test rig

15 Multistage centrifugal pump

Aim: To determine the coefficient of friction of the given pipe.

Fig: Flow in pipe

Where, L = length of the pipe, m

V = velocity of flow, m/s

= Head loss in m of water

g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2

f = friction factor or coefficient of friction

D pipe = Diameter of pipe, m

4. Note down the following reading:

a. Manometer reading, Hm in mm and calculate Hf in m using the relation

b. Time taken t for rise of 10cm of water in the measuring tank

5. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment

1. Length between pressure tapings, L = 1.5m

4. Loss of head in meters of water,

where Hm = Manometer reading in mm

Diameter of the pipe in m, Dpipe = 0.027m

1. Length between pressure tapings, L = 1.5m

1. Area of the pipe in m2 , A pipe =

4. Loss of head in meters of water,

5. Correction factor k = for all fitting except Expansion case

6. Correction factor k = for Expansion case

Where V1 = velocity at entry section (D1= 15mm)

V2 = Velocity at exit section (D2 = 27mm)

SI Type of fittings Time Discharge Q Manometer Head in Correction

The formula for flow rate Q =

Input Parameters and Formulae:

1. Area of the measuring tank, Atank = 0.125m2

6. Area of the pipe in m2 , A pipe =

7. Area of the orifice in m2 , A orifice =

Where Hm = Manometer reading in mm

9. Theoretical Discharge in m3/s,

10. Actual Discharge in m3/s,

n = slope of the calibration curve.

Experimental Observation Table:

Graph: Plot the calibration graph of log Qact v/s log Hf

Venturimeter is a simpler and cost effective method of discharge measurement

Input Parameters and Formulae:

1. Area of the measuring tank, Atank = 0.125m2

6. Area of the pipe in m2 , A pipe =

7. Area of the throat in m2 , A throat =

Where Hm = Manometer reading in mm

10. Actual Discharge in m3/s, Qactual =

11. Coefficient of discharge, Cd =

n = slope of the calibration curve.

Experimental Observation Table:

1. Diameter of the pipe in m, Dpipe = 0.025m

Graph: Plot the calibration graph of log Qact vs log Hf

The formula of flow rate, Q =

9. Time taken t for rise of 10cm of water in the measuring tank.

1. Area of the measuring tank, Atank = 0.125m2

6. Area of the pipe in m2 , A pipe =

7. Area of the throat in m2 , A throat =