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Abstract— The capability curves are used for loading the investigation of the effect of some issues such as load variation
synchronous generators as a useful and essential tool. Moreover, or transmission line characteristics on the capability curves [1].
one of the important applications of the capability curves is
setting the relays. The main purpose of the proper loading and Capability curves are provided by manufacturers in
accurate setting of the relays is stable operating of the standard condition1. They are used for loading the synchronous
synchronous generators in desired margins. Therefore, the generators in different operating conditions without exceeding
accurate calculation of the curves is significant. Although in the the designed limits. Some of the most important aspects which
papers some methods and formula for calculating and drawing are presented in the P-Q plan by the capability curves are
the capability curves have been presented, the obtained results do dynamic stability, steady state stability, stator and rotor current
not coincide with the original capability curves provided by the limits and thermal restrictions.
manufacturers. It could be potentially because of disregarding
the real conditions of synchronous generators such as saturation, Capability curves play important role in setting of the
temperature, mechanical considerations, altitude and etc. Also, synchronous generators relays such as under-excited
there is no complete source about the capability curves which controllers, automatic voltage regulators (AVR) and internal
cover all parts of the curve. functions of protection systems which contain the loss of field
In this paper, in addition to briefly assess all parts of the (LOF) relay, minimum excitation limiter (MEL) and over
capability curve, the latter is precisely calculated by taking into excitation limiter [2]. Different parameters affect the regions
account all parameters and operational conditions of the and limits determined by capability curves. Variations in the
generator. The results in the armature current limit and the structure of the synchronous generator, such as cooling gas
under-excitation limit are in agreement with the original pressure or magnetic saturation, directly affects the
capability curves provided by the manufacturers. In spite of this synchronous generator capability curves [3]. One of the most
coincidence, the over-excitation part of the graph drawn on the significant effects of the power plant elements on the capability
basis of the above-mentioned considerations and calculations curves is the variation of the over-excited region based on the
does not follow the manufacturer's curves, although the type of the used turbines [4].
conditions and limitations of the generator are considered.
Accordingly, in this paper, a new simple and applicable Although many attempts have been done in calculating and
procedure is proposed for calculating the over-excitation part of drawing the synchronous generators capability curves, there is
the curve, based on authors' experience in designing the no comprehensive reference to calculate and draw these curves.
synchronous generators. The results of the calculations are in Normally, in literature, one or two regions of the capability
good agreement with over-excitation limit of the manufacturers' curves have been briefly considered. However the obtained
curves. results are not completely match with prepared curves by
Simplicity, fast calculation time, precision and error manufacturers. In this paper, theoretical bases of each part of
minimization main features of this method. the capability curves and their calculating method will be
presented and discussed comprehensively. Moreover, in order
Keywords—Capability Curve; Over-excited Region; Under- to obtain accurate results, all technical and important factors of
excited Region; Armature Region; Stability the capability curves are considered.
I. INTRODUCTION
Stability of generators and power systems is one of the
most important and fundamental topics in the power system 1
studies. Hence, consideration of various parameters which Standard condition:
affect the system stability is worthwhile. In the last few years, − Ambient Temperature: 40°C
the stability of the generators has been indirectly evaluated by − Nominal Voltage
− Altitude above sea level: 0 m
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Fig.4. Attitude correction factor
IV. DESCRIPTIONS AN
ND CALCULATIONS FOR UNDER-
XCITED REGION
EX
Many factors impose limitss on the under-excited region of
capability curve. Limitation off the stator end core heating and
the stability aspect are some samples for the limits. After
Fig.3. Generator output (MW) vs. inlet cooling airr temperature (°C) determining each of the aboove limits, whichever is more
restrictive will be used in thhe under-excited region of the
If the cooling inlet air temperature and poower factor do not capability curve (Fig.5).
follow designed values (Tkg = 40ºC & P.F. = 0.8),
0 the maximum In order to control the stator
s end core heating, some
output power will be determined in accorddance with related measures have been taken intoo account. Using non-magnetic
curves. Therefore, according to the new pow wer factor and also retainer rings or step pockets inn the end part of the stator core
new inlet cooling air temperature, the maxim mum output power to increase the air gap are somme of the mentioned preventive
at the rated voltage will be calculated. Figuree 3 demonstrates a measures. These changes can increase reluctance of the flux
sample of these kinds of curves which calculated, simulated path in under-excited conditionn. Hence it can be expressed that
and presented by a manufacturer. These currves determine the the stability issues have more effective rules in under-excited
maximum output power (according to the generator
g thermal) region. In references, a circlle centered at (0, E ⁄2 (1⁄X
based on different inlet cooling air temperatuures and variations 1⁄X )) with the radius equal tot E ⁄2 (1⁄X 1⁄X ) is used to
of the power factor. It is worthwhile to mention that the curves draw the stability limit.
with power factor greater than 0.8, refer to lim
mitations related to
stator winding temperature and curves with power factor less
than 0.8, refer to rotor winding temperature.
It should be mentioned that the curvves in Fig. 3 are
referable only in the sea level. Heat transferr in the air-cooled
turbo generators is done by air convection. Thus,
T heat transfer
ratio will be decreased by reduction in the air density due to
installation altitude (Hgeo). Hence in order to
t homogenize the
temperature of the different parts of the generator in high
altitude of installation, maximum output power should be
modified by a correction factor (Khgeo). Mannufacturers present
curves to determine the correction factor bassed on the altitude
of installation (Fig.4). By multiplying modiified output power
based on inlet cooling air temperature (Figg.3) in the altitude
correction factor (Khgeo), real output power off the generator will
be calculated. The obtained output power determines curve
radius in the armature current region.
Fig.5. Under-excited limits
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The stability limit of the steady-state is obtained by using where K is the saturation factoor which can be determined by
the active and reactive power of the synchhronous generator. the no-load curve of generatorss. In spite of consideration of the
Another kind of the steady-state stability limmit is a straight line saturation effect, the over-exciited region obtained from these
which presents the concept of stability cleaarly. To determine equations does not follow thee curve given by manufacturers
the steady state stability limit, the direct axis of the saturated (Fig. 7). Therefore, the necessitty for a method which fulfills all
reactance is used. For a safe margin, the sttability limit angle condition of the generator is commpletely obvious.
can be considered less than 90 degree (α2).. It is assumed 80
degrees (α1), approximately. In addition, thhe practical steady
state limit is more restrictive than the theoreetical case and it is
considered 0.9 of the theoretical value (Fig. 6).
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intersection points of the over--excited region of the capability
curve with deferent powers inn the obtained curve follow the
curve presented by the manuffacturer. The stability region of
this curve complies fully with the intended reactance and the
intended stability limit.
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simple method was presented. Moreover, in this method, the [3] E. Nilsson and J. Mercurio. "Synchronous Generator Capability Curve
probable errors due to some assumptions and conditions of Testing and Evaluations". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Ohio
Edison Company Akron, Ohio. vol. 9, no. 1, January 1994.
generators such as saturation, etc. are eliminated.
[4] W. T. Alley. "Hydroelectric Plant Capability Curves". IEEE
The mentioned issues cause the generator capability curve Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. vol. PAS-96, no. 3,
to be accurately and efficiently determined, which lead to May/June 1977.
optimized exploitation of power plant units. [5] Davoud Esmaeil Moghadam, Abbas Shiri and Amin Khnyabi. "
Calculation and Drawing of Capability Curve On the Basis of
REFERENCES Operational Conditions of Synchronous Generators". Second Electrical
Power Generation Conference (EPGC-2010), Tarasht power plant,
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Synchronous Machine Saturated". IEEE Transaction on Circuits and [6] IEEE Std C50.12™. "Salient-Pole 50 Hz and 60 Hz Synchronous
Systems. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. vol. 2, pp. 1090-1093. 1995. Generators and Generator/Motors for Hydraulic Turbine Applications
[2] Roman Sandoval and Armando Guzman. "Dynamic Simulations Help Rated 5 MVA and Above", 2005.
Improve Generator Protection". Power Systems Conference: Advanced [7] IEEE Std 67 ™. "Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Turbo
Metering, Protection, Control, Communication, and Distributed Generators", IEEE Power Engineering Society. Revision of IEEE Std
Resources. Madren Center, Clemson University, USA. pp. 16-38, March 67-1990 – 2005.
2007.
[8] IEEE Std C50.13™. "Rotating Electrical Machinery – Cylindrical –
Rotor Synchronous Generators", 1989.
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