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FAQ

Questions we are Frequently Asked

Some of the frequently asked questions we get asked are presented below:

What are the marks shown on the head of a bolt?


When tightening stainless steel bolts - they tend to seize - what's happening?
I can't find the shear strength of a fastener in the specification, can you help?
What is the best way to check the torque value on a bolt?
What are the benefits of fine threaded fasteners over coarse threaded fasteners?
What methods are available for calculating the appropriate tightening torque for a bolt.
Does it matter whether you tighten the bolt head or the nut?
How do you select a fastener size for a particular application?
Does using an extension on a torque wrench change the abliity to achieve the desired torque value?
Is it okay to use a mild steel nut with a high tensile bolt?
Should I always use a washer under the bolt head and nut face?
What is the torque to yield tightening method?
How do metric strength grades correspond to the inch strength grades?
What is the difference between a bolt and a screw?
Are the use of a thin nut and a thick nut effective in preventing loosening?
Is there some standard that states how much the thread should protrude past the nut?

What are the marks shown on the head of a bolt?

Usually fastener standards specify two types of marks to be on the head of a bolt. The
manufacturer's mark is a symbol identifying the manufacturer (or importer). This is the
organisation that accepts the responsibility that the fastener meets specified requirements.
The grade mark is a standardised mark that identifies the material properties that the
fastener meets. For example 307A on a bolt head indicates that the fastener properties
conform to the ASTM A307 Grade A standard. The bolt head shown at the side indicates
that it is of property class 8.8 and ML is the manufacturer's mark.

Both marks are usually located on the top of the bolt head, most standards indicating that the marks can be
raised or depressed. Raised marks are usually preferred by manufacturers because these can only be added
during the forging process whereas depressed marks can subsequently added (possibly with illegitimate marks).

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We have a problem when tightening stainless steel bolts - they tend to seize - whats happening?

Stainless steel can unpredictably sustain galling (cold welding). Stainless steel self-generates an oxide surface
film for corrosion protection. During fastener tightening, as pressure builds between the contacting and sliding,
thread surfaces, protective oxides are broken, possibly wiped off, and interface metal high points shear or lock
together. This cumulative clogging-shearing-locking action causes increasing adhesion. In the extreme, galling
leads to seizing - the actual freezing together of the threads. If tightening is continued, the fastener can be
twisted off or its threads ripped out.

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If galling is occurring than because of high friction the torque will not be converted into bolt preload. This may
be the cause of the problems that you are experiencing. The change may be due to the surface roughness
changing on the threads or other similar minor change. To overcome the problem - suggestions are:

1. Slowing down the installation RPM speed may possibly solve or reduce the frequency of the problem. As the
installation RPM increases, the heat generated during tightening increases. As the heat increases, so does the
tendency for the occurrence of thread galling.

2. Lubricating the internal and/or external threads frequently can eliminate thread galling. The lubricants
usually contain substantial amounts of molybdenum disulfide (moly). Some extreme pressure waxes can also be
effective. Be careful however, if you use the stainless steel fasteners in food related applications some
lubricants may be unacceptable. Lubricants can be applied at the point of assembly or pre-applied as a batch
process similar to plating. Several chemical companies, such as Moly-Kote, offer anti-galling lubricants.

3. Different combinations of nut and bolt materials can assist in reducing or even eliminating galling. Some
organisations specify a different material, such as aluminium bronze nuts. However this can introduce a
corrosion problem since aluminium bronze is anodic to stainless steel.

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I can't find the shear strength of a fastener in the specification, can you help?

Bolted shear joints can be designed as friction grip or direct shear. With friction grip joints you must ensure that
the friction force developed by the bolts is sufficient to prevent slip between the plates comprising the joint.
Friction grip joints are preferred if the load is dynamic since it prevents fretting.

With direct shear joints the shank of the bolts sustain the shear force directly giving rise to a shear stress in the
bolt. The shear strength of a steel fastener is about 0.6 times the tensile strength. This ratio is largely
independent of the tensile strength. The shear plane should go through the unthreaded shank of a bolt if not than
the root area of the thread must be used in the calculation.

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What is the best way to check the torque value on a bolt?

There are three basic methods for the checking of torques applied to bolts after their installation; namely, taking
the reading on a torque gauge when:

1. The socket begins to move away from the tightened position in the tightening direction. This method is
frequently referred to as the "crack-on" method.

2. The socket begins to move away from the tightened position in the un- tightening direction. This method is
frequently referred to as the "crack-off" method.

3. The fastener is re-tightened up to a marked position. With the "marked fastener" method the socket
approaches a marked position in the tightening direction. Clear marks are first scribed on the socket and onto
the joint surface which will remain stationary when the nut is rotated. (Avoid scribing on washers since these
can turn with the nut.) The nut is backed off by about 30 degrees, followed by re-tightening so that the scribed
lines coincide.

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For methods 1. and 2. the breakloose torque is normally slightly higher than the installation torque since static
friction is usually greater than dynamic friction. In my opinion, the most accurate method is method 3 -
however what this will not address is the permanent deformation caused by gasket creep. An alternative is to
measure the bolt elongation (if the fastener is not tapped into the gearbox). This can be achieved by machining
the head of the bolt and the end of the bolt so that it can be accurately measured using a micrometer. Checking
the change in length will determine if you are losing preload.

The torque in all three methods should be applied in a slow and deliberate manner in order that dynamic effects
on the gauge reading are minimised. It must always be ensured that the non- rotating member, usually the bolt,
is held secure when checking torques. The torque reading should be checked as soon after the tightening
operation as possible and before any subsequent process such as painting, heating etc. The torque readings are
dependent upon the coefficients of friction present under the nut face and in the threads. If the fasteners are left
to long, or subjected to different environmental conditions before checking, friction and consequently the
torque values, can vary. Variation can also be caused by embedding (plastic deformation) of the threads and nut
face/joint surface which does occur. This embedding results in bolt tension reduction and affects the tightening
torque. The torque values can vary by as much as 20% if the bolts are left standing for two days.

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What are the benefits of fine threaded fasteners over coarse threaded fasteners?

The potential benefits of fine threads are:

1. Size for size a fine thread is stronger than a coarse thread . This is both in tension (because of the larger stress
area) and shear (because of their larger minor diameter).

2. Fine threads have also less tendency to loosen since the thread incline is smaller and hence so is the off
torque.

3. Because of the smaller pitch they allow finer adjustments in applications that need such a feature.

4. Fine threads can be more easily tapped into hard materials and thin walled tubes.

5. Fine threads require less torque to develop equivalent bolt preloads.

On the negative side:

1. Fine threads are more susceptible to galling than coarse threads.

2. They need longer thread engagements and are more prone to damage and thread fouling.

3. They are also less suitable for high speed assembly since they are more likely to seize when being tightened.

Normally a coarse thread is specified unless there is an over-riding reason to specify a fine thread, certainly for
metric fasteners, fine threads are more difficult to obtain.

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What methods are available for calculating the appropriate tightening torque for a bolt?

A high bolt preload ensures that the joint is resistant to vibration loosening and to fatigue. In most applications,
the higher the preload - the better (assuming that the surface pressure under the nut face is not exceeded that is).

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The preload is related to the applied torque by friction that is present under the nut face and in the threads. The
torque value depends primarily on the values of the underhead and thread friction values and so a single figure
cannot be quoted for a given thread size.

The stress that is often quoted is often taken as the direct stress in the bolt as a result of the preload. It is
normally calculated as preload divided by the stress area of the thread. Typical values vary between 50% to
80% of the yield strength of the bolt material, in many applications a figure of 75% of yield is used. Our
TORKSense program uses this approach and further details on this is presented in the help file that comes with
the demo program that is available for download from our web site. (This program also provides large
databases on thread, bolting materials and nut factors.)

It is important to note that it does not take into account the torsional stress as a result of the tightening torque.
High friction values can push the actual combined stress over yield if high percentages are used. (The tensile
stress from the preload coupled with a high torsional shear stress from the torque due to thread frictional drag
results in a high combined stress.) The percentage yield approach works well in most practical circumstances
but if you are using percentage of yield values over 75% then you could be exceeding yield if high friction
values are being used.

One way to over come this limitation is to use the percentage of yield based upon the combined effects of the
direct stress (from the bolt preload) and the torsional stress (from the applied torque). Using this approach to
specify torque values is more logically consistent and can reduce the risk of the yield strength of the bolt being
exceeded - especially under high thread friction conditions. A figure of 90% of yield is typically used here
when the combined stress (usually calculated as the Von-Mises stress) from the direct and torsional stresses is
calculated. Our Torque and BOLTCALC programs uses this approach and a copy of the demo program can be
downloaded from our web site. The help file provided with the demo program does provide additional
information on this topic.

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Does it matter whether you tighten the bolt head or the nut?

Normally it will not matter whether the bolt head or the nut is torqued. This assumes that the bolt head and nut
face are of the same diameter. If they are not then it does matter.

Say the nut was flanged and the bolt head was not. If the tightening torque was determined assuming that the
nut was to be tightened then if the bolt head was subsequently tightened instead then the bolt could be
overloaded. Typically 50% of the torque is used to overcome friction under the tightening surface. Hence a
smaller friction radius will result in more torque going into the thread of the bolt and hence being over
tightened.

If the reverse was true - the torque determined assuming that the bolt head was to be tightened then if the nut
was subsequently tightened - the bolt would be under tightened.

There is also an effect due to nut dilation that can, on occasion, be important. Nut dilation is the effect of the
external threads being pushed out due to the wedge action of the threads. This reduces the thread stripping area
and is more prone to happen when the nut is tightened since the tightening action facilitates the effect. Hence if
thread stripping is a potential problem, and for normal standard nuts and bolts it is not, then tightening the bolt
can be beneficial.

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How do you select a fastener size for a particular application?

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When selecting a suitable fastener for a particular application there are several factors that must be taken into
account. Principally these are:

1. How many and what size/strength do the fasteners need to be? Other than rely upon past experience of a
similar application an analysis must be completed to determine the size/number/strength requirements. A
program like BOLTCALC can assist you with resolving this issue.

2. The bolt material to resist the environmental conditions prevailing. This could mean using a standard steel
fastener with surface protection or may mean using a material more naturally corrosion resistant such as
stainless steel.

The general underlying principle is to minimise the cost of the fastener whilst meeting the specification/life
requirements of the application. Each situation must be considered on its merit and obviously some detailed
work is necessary to arrive at a detailed recommendation.

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Does using an extension on a torque wrench change the abliity to achieve the desired torque value?

If you use an extension spanner on the end of a torque wrench, the torque applied to the nut is greater than that
shown on the torque wrench dial.

If the torque wrench has a length L, and the extension spanner a length E (overall length of L+E) than:

TRUE TORQUE= DIAL READING X (L+E)/L

i.e the torque will be increased.

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Is it okay to use a mild steel nut with a high tensile bolt?

Nut thickness standards have been drawn up on the basis that the bolt will always sustain tensile fracture before
the nut will strip. If the bolt breaks on tightening, it is obvious that a replacement is required. Thread stripping
tends to be gradual in nature. If the thread stripping mode can occur, assemblies may enter into service which
are partially failed, this may have disastrous consequences. Hence, the potential of thread stripping of both the
internal and external threads must be avoided if a reliable design is to be achieved. When specifying nuts and
bolts it must always be ensured that the appropriate grade of nut is matched to the bolt grade.

The standard strength grade (or Property Class as it is known in the standards) for many industries is 8.8. On
the head of the bolt, 8.8 should be marked together with a mark to indicate the manufacturer. The Property
Class of the nut matched to a 8.8 bolt is a grade 8. The nut should be marked with a 8, a manufacturer's
identification symbol shall be at the manufacturer's discretion.

Higher tensile bolts such as property class 10.9 and 12.9 have matching nuts 10 and 12 respectively. In general,

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nuts of a higher property class can replace nuts of lower property class (because as explained above, the
'weakest link' is required to be the tensile fracture of the bolt).

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Should I always use a washer under the bolt head and nut face?

Our opinion is that plain washers are best avoided if possible and certainly, a plain washer should not be used
with a 'lock' washer. It would partly negate the effect of the locking action and secondly could lead to other
problems (see below). Many 'lock' washers have been shown to be ineffective in resisting loosening.

The main purpose of a washer is to distribute the load under the bolt head and nut face. Instead of using
washers however the trend as been to the use of flanged fasteners. If you compute the bearing stress under the
nut face it often exceeds the bearing strength of the joint material and can lead to creep and bolt preload loss.
Traditionally a plain washer (that should be hardened) is used in this application. However they can move
during the tightening process (see below) causing problems.

Research indicates that the reason why fasteners come loose is usually caused by transverse loadings causing
slippage of the joint. The fastener self loosens by this method. When using impact tightening tools there is a
large variability in the preload achieved by the fastener. The tightening factor is between 2.5 and 4 for this
method. (The tightening factor is the ratio of max preload to min. preload.) Software such as our BOLTCALC
program allow for this by basing the design on the lowest anticipated preload that will be achieved in the
assembly. Because of changes in the thread condition itself - different operators etc. it could be that lower
values of preload are being achieved even though the assemblies may appear to be identical.

One problem that can occur with washers is that they can move when being tightened so that the washer can
rotate with the nut or bolt head rather than remaining fixed. This can affect the torque tension relationship.

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What is the torque to yield tightening method?

Torque to yield is the method of tightening a fastener so that a high preload is achieved by tightening up the
yield point of the fastener material. To do this consistently requires special equipment that monitors the
tightening process. Basically, as the tightening is being completed the equipment monitors the torque verses
angle of rotation of the fastener. When it deviates from a specified gradient by a certain amount the tool stops
the tightening process. The deviation from a specified gradient indicates that the fastener material as yielded.

The torque to yield method is sometimes called yield controlled tightening or joint controlled tightening.

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How do metric strength grades correspond to the inch strength grades?

Some details on conversion guidance between metric and inch based strength grades is given in section 3.4 of
the standard SAE J1199 (Mechanical and Material Requirements for Metric Externally Threaded Steel
Fasteners).

Metric fastener strength is denoted by a property class which is equivalent to a strength grade. Briefly:

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Class 4.6 is approximately equivalent to SAE J429 Grade 1 and ASTM A307 Grade A

Class 5.8 is approximately equivalent to SAE J429 Grade 2

Class 8.8 is approximately equivalent to SAE J429 Grade 5 and ASTM A449

Class 9.8 is approximately 9% stronger than equivalent to SAE J429 Grade 5 and ASTM A449

Class 10.9 is approximately equivalent to SAE J429 Grade 8 and ASTM A354 Grade BD

For information there is no direct inch equivalent to the metric 12.9 property class.

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What is the difference between a bolt and a screw?

Historically the difference between a bolt and a screw was that the screw was threaded to the head whereas the
bolt had a plain shank. However I would say that now this could cause you a problem if you made this
assumption when specifying a fastener. The definition used by the Industrial Fastener Institute (IFI) is that
screws are used with tapped holes and bolts are used with nuts.

Obviously a standard 'bolt' can be used in a tapped hole or with a nut. The IFI maintain that since this type of
fastener is normally used with a nut then it is a bolt. Certain short length bolts are threaded to the head - they
are still bolts if the main usage is with nuts. Screws are fastener products such as wood screws, lag screws and
the various types of tapping screws. The IFI terminology and definition has been adopted by ASME and ANSI.

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Are the use of a thin nut and a thick nut effective in preventing loosening?

I had been of the opinion that when two nuts were being used to lock a thread, the thicker of the two nuts
should go next to the joint. I had this as one of the 'tips for the day' on some software and a couple of years ago
was taken to task that this was wrong. The thin nut he said should go next to the joint.

My reasoning was that nut heights had been decided by establishing the least height that would ensure that the
bolt would break before the threads started to shear. So if you wanted to get the maximum preload into the
fastener then the thick nut should go first so that thread stripping was prevented. If you put the thin nut first, the
preload would be limited by the thread stripping (whose failure may not be obvious at the time of the nuts were
tightened). Putting the thin nut on top of the thick nut, I thought, would assist in preventing the thick nut self-
loosening. I had also seen that
using two nuts was a popular method on old machinery - and the ones that I had seen all had the thin nut on top
of the thick nut.

The correct procedure, I was told, was to put the thin nut on first, tighten it to 30% or so of the full torque and
then tighten the thick nut on top of it to the full torque value. You have to take care that the thin nut does not
rotate when you are tightening the thick nut. The tightening of the thick nut would impose a preload on the joint
equivalent to that which would be obtained from 100 - 30 = 70% of the tightening torque (approximately
anyway). The idea is that the bolt threads engaging on the thin nut disengage so that the thick nut takes the
preload by taking up the backlash on the threads of the thin nut. The thin nut being jammed (hence the
alternative name - jam nut) against the thick
nut. This helps to prevent self-loosening and improves the fastener's fatigue performance by modifying the load
distribution within the threads. Doing it the other way, thin nut on top of the thick nut, does not jam the parts

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together sufficiently.

Two years on and I am still unconvinced. I am still asked the two nut question but I always tend to recommend
other more modern ways of locking the threads. I think that the reasons that I am not easy with the method is
that it is too reliant upon the skill of the person tightening the joint. There is also the amount of backlash in the
threads (you could strip the threads of the small nut if it was a tight fit) and the preload will be down on what it
could be as well.

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Is there some standard that states how much the thread should protrude past the nut?

There are some building codes that stipulates that there must be
at least one thread protruding through the nut. However it is
common practice to specify that at least one thread pitch must
protrude across a range of industries. Typically the first few
pitches of the thread can be only partially formed because of a
chamfer etc.

Nut thickness standards have been drawn up on the basis that


the bolt will always sustain tensile fracture before the nut will
strip. If the bolt breaks on tightening, it is obvious that a
replacement is required. Thread stripping tends to be gradual in
nature. If the thread stripping mode can occur, assemblies may
enter into service which are partially failed, this may have
disastrous consequences. Hence, the potential of thread
stripping of both the internal and external threads must be
avoided if a reliable design is to be achieved. When specifying
nuts and bolts it must always be ensured that the appropriate
grade of nut is matched to the bolt grade.

In cases of when a threaded fastener is tapped into a plate or a block it is usually the case that the fastener and
block materials will be of different strengths. If the criteria is adopted that the bolt must sustain tensile fracture
before the female thread strips, the length of thread engagement required can be excessive and can become
unrealistic for low strength plate/block materials. Tolerances and pitch errors between the threads can make the
engagement of long threads problematical.

In summary the full height of the nut is to be used if you are to avoid thread stripping. Have a look at
information on the website on the BOLTCALC program and thread stripping - there is a tutorial/presentation
available from the website.

In terms of maximum protrusion I have not come across any guidelines on this point other then minimise to
avoid wasting material.

See shortbolting.htm for more information on this topic.

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