IS:800-2007

Limit State Method

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 INTRODUCTION
Designer has to ensure the structures, he
designs are:

– Fit for their purpose

– Safe
– Economical and durable

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 INTRODUCTION
Following Uncertainties affect the safety
of a structure
 about loading

 about material strength and

 about structural dimensions

 about behaviour under load

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LOADING UNCERTAINTY

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MATERIAL UNCERTAINTY

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BEHAVIOUR UNCERTAINTY

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DESIGN ERROR

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 GOALS
• Every system will have goals and specify what
the system is to accomplish and how it will effect
the environment and other systems

• They are made in statements of specific design

objectives such as
– purpose
– time limitation
– cost limitation
– environmental constraints

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 SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
• Objectives explain in detail the requirements that the
system must satisfy to attain the goals.
• Some essential objectives are
– Health, safety and welfare of occupants of the structure
– Minimization of initial cost
– Life cycle cost
– Construction time

• One criterion must be associated with each objective;

it helps to evaluate alternative systems for the
structure.

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 CONSTRAINTS AND STANDARDS

• Constraints: Restrictions on the values of design

variables that represent properties of the system,
which are under the control of the designer. (For
example, an I-beam section of 200 mm depth may
be desirable, but not available.)

• Standard: Value or range of values associated

with each constraint

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 CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS
• Structural engineer uses relevant codes and
specifications in design of structures
• A detailed set of rules and suggestions for design
of a class of structures is called an engineering
specification. Interested party prepares these
specifications and they have no legal or official
sanction.
• Codes are frequently formulated by a group of
professionals with a view to their adoption by the
profession as a whole. Revised at regular
intervals.

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 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
• Principal design requirement of a structure is
that it should be both buildable and fit for its
purpose.

• “Fitness for purpose” requirement of the

constructed facility depends on the satisfaction
of its structural and other requirements.

• Other design requirements include those of

economy and harmony.

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 MULTI - DISCIPLINE PROJECT ORGANISATION
Owner’s representative THE PROJECT MANAGER Engineer or Architect

Design Team DESIGN PROFESSIONAL

Management Engineer or Architect

Lead disciplines Lead design team leader Engineer or Architect

Principal
disciplines
Struct.E Electrical Architecture Mech Civil
ngg Engg. Engg. Engg.

Support
disciplines

Geotech..E Survey- Space Urban Land Scheduling,

ngg ing planning planning Scaping Estimating

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Definition of the problem

Consideration of alternative
THE OVERALL
designs DESIGN PROCESS

Primary design

Selection

Modification

Final design

Final evaluation

Documentation

Execution Use

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 The structural design process
Knowledge
Experience
Invention or modification of Imagination
structural system Intuition
Creativity

Preliminary analysis Approximation

Loads
Behaviour

Proportioning Members and Joints Design Criteria

Design Codes

Loads
Analysis Behaviour
Design criteria
Evaluation Design codes

Final Design

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 DESIGN VERSUS ANALYSIS

• In an analysis problem, all the parameters

are known - a unique solution can be
arrived.

• Designer has to make several decisions,

each of which could affect the final result. As
a consequence, no unique solution can be
offered

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 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

• Design for strength

– Specifies that the design resistance of a structural

component is greater than the required strength to
transmit the loads safely

• Design for serviceability

– In the serviceability design criteria for structures, the

designer seeks to make the structure sufficiently stiff so
that its deflections under the most adverse working
loads will not affect its serviceability

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 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE
DESIGN COMPARISON
• Materials to be used
• Arrangement and structural system and flooring
system to be adopted
• Fabrication and type of jointing
• Method of erection of the framework to be used
• Type of construction for floor, walls, cladding and
finishes
• Installation of ventilating/ heating plant, lifts,
water supply, power etc.
• Corrosion protection required
• Fire protection required
• Operating and maintenance costs

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 MAJOR BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• Wall-bearing construction
• Beam and column construction
• Trusses
• Rigid frames
• Arches
• Suspension cables and cable-stayed systems
• Steel lamella roof
• Dome

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Beam and column construction

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 Single Bay, Single—Storey Structures

Knee brace 3 – pin portal Flat

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Cable stayed structures

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 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Limit State: State at which one of the conditions pertaining

to the structure has reached a limiting value

Limit States
Limit States of Strength Limit States of Serviceability

Strength as governed by material Deflection

Buckling strength Vibration
Stability against overturning, sway Fatigue cracks (repairable damage)
Fatigue Fracture Corrosion
Brittle Fracture Fire resistance

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 RANDOM VARIATIONS

• Factors Contributing to Uncertainties

– Strength of the material
– Geometry of configuration
– Cross section dimensions
– Inaccuracies in the strength evaluation methods
– Uncertainty in the actions (loads)
– Departure of the actual load effects

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 ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)

Characteristic Characteristic Strength

Load Effects  Partial Safety Factor

• Stresses caused by the characteristic loads must

be less than an “allowable stress”, which is a
fraction of the yield strength

• Allowable stress may be defined in terms of a

“factor of safety" which represents a margin for
overload and other unknown factors which could be
tolerated by the structure

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 ALLOWABLE SRESS DESIGN (ASD)
Allowable stress = (Yield stress) / (Factor of
safety)

Limitations

• Material non-linearity

• Non-linear behaviour in the postbuckled state

and the property of steel to tolerate high
stresses by yielding locally and redistributing
the loads not accounted for.

• No allowance for redistribution of loads in

statically indeterminate members
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 LIMIT STATES DESIGN
• “Limit States" are various conditions in which a
structure would be considered to have failed to fulfil
the purpose for which it was built.

• “Ultimate Limit States” are those catastrophic

states, which require a larger reliability in order to
reduce the probability of its occurrence to a very
low level.

• “Serviceability Limit State" refers to the limits on

acceptable performance of the structure during
service.

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 General Principles of
Limit States Design

• Structure to be designed for the Limit States at

which they would become unfit for their intended
purpose by choosing, appropriate partial safety
factors, based on probabilistic methods.

• Two partial safety factors, one applied to loading

(f) and another to the material strength (m) shall
be employed.

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• f allows for;

– Possible deviation of the actual behaviour of the

structure from the analysis model
– Deviation of loads from specified values and
– Reduced probability that the various loads acting
together will simultaneously reach the characteristic
value.

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 LIMIT STATES DESIGN
(Resistance )
(Load * Load Factor) 
(Resistance Factor)
• m takes account;

– Possible deviation of the material in the

structure from that assumed in design
– Possible reduction in the strength of the
material from its characteristic value
– Manufacturing tolerances.
– Mode of failure (ductile or brittle)
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 SECTION 5 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
• 5.1 Basis for Design
• 5.2 Limit State Design
• 5.3 Actions
• 5.4 Strength
• 5.5 Factors Governing the Ultimate Strength
– 5.5.1 Stability
– 5.5.2 Fatigue
– 5.5.3 Plastic Collapse
• 5.6 Limit State of Serviceability
– 5.6.1 Deflection
– 5.6.2 Vibration
– 5.6.3 Durability
– 5.6.4 Fire Resistance
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 5.1 Basis for Design
• the structure shall be designed to withstand safely
all loads likely to act on it throughout its life.
• It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements,
such as limitations of deflection and vibration.
• It shall not suffer total collapse under accidental
loads such as from explosions or impact or due to
consequences of human error to an extent beyond
the local damages.
• The objective of design is to achieve a structure
that will remain fit for use during its life with an
acceptable target reliability.

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 5.1.3
The potential for catastrophic damage shall be limited or
avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the
following:
– i) avoiding, eliminating or reducing exposure to hazards,
which the structure is likely to sustain.
– ii) choosing structural forms, layouts and details and
designing such that
• the structure has low sensitivity to hazardous
conditions.
• the structure survives with only local damage even
after serious damage to any one individual element
by the hazard.

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 Conditions to be satisfied to avoid a
disproportionate collapse
• building should be effectively tied together at
each principal floor level and each column should
be effectively held in position by means of
continuous ties (beams) nearly orthogonal
• each storey of the building should be checked to
ensure disproportionate collapse would not
precipitate by the notional removal, one at a time,
of each column.
• check should be made at each storey by
removing one lateral support system at a time to
ensure disproportionate collapse would not
occur.
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 Actions
• 5.3.1 Classification of Actions 
– by their variation with time as given below:
• a) Permanent Actions (Qp): Actions due to self-
weight of structural and non-structural components,
fittings, ancillaries, and fixed equipment etc.
• b) Variable Actions (Qv): Actions due to construction
and service stage loads such as imposed (live) loads
(crane loads, snow loads etc.), wind loads, and
earthquake loads etc.
• c) Accidental Actions (Qa): Actions due to
explosions, impact of vehicles, and fires etc.

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 Partial Safety Factors (Actions)

Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability

Combinati LL WL LL
on WL
DL Leadi Accompan / AL DL Leadi Accompan /EL
ng ying EL ng ying

DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05   1.0 1.0 1.0 

DL+LL+CL+ 1.2 1.2 1.05 0.6

 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
WL/EL 1.2 1.2 0.53 1.2
1.5
DL+WL/EL (0.9)   1.5  1.0   1.0
*

1.2
DL+ER 1.2       
(0.9)

DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35  1.0    

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 5.4 Strength
• The ultimate strength calculation may require consideration
of
– a) Loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered
as a rigid body.
– b) Failure by excessive deformation, rupture or loss of stability of
the structure or any part of it including support and foundation.
• The Design Strength, Sd, is obtained as
– Sd = Su / m
where partial safety factor for materials, m, account for
– (i) the possibility of unfavourable deviation of material strength from
the characteristic value,
– (ii) the possibility of unfavourable variation of member sizes,
– (iii) the possibility of unfavourable reduction in member strength
due to fabrication and tolerances,
– (iv) uncertainty in the calculation of strength of the members.
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 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS (Strength)

Sl.
Definition Partial Safety Factor
No
1 Resistance, governed by yielding mo 1.1
2 Resistance of member to buckling mo 1.1
3 Resistance, governed by ultimate stress 1.25
m1
4 Resistance of connection m1 Shop Field
Fabrications Fabrications
Bolts-Friction Type 1.25 1.25
Bolts-Bearing Type 1.25 1.25
Rivets 1.25 1.25
Welds 1.25 1.50

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 Design Criteria

• Design Action  Design Strength

• Load factor * charac.Load
< charac.strength/material factor

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 5.5 Factors Governing the Ultimate Strength

• frame stability against overturning and sway

• Fatigue design shall be as per Section 13 of this
code. When designing for fatigue, the load factor
for action, f, equal to unity shall be used for the
load causing stress fluctuation and stress range.
• Plastic Collapse  Plastic analysis and design may
be used if the requirement specified under the
plastic method of analysis (Section 4.5) are
satisfied.

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 5.6 Limit State of Serviceability

• Deflections are to be checked for the most

adverse but realistic combination of service loads
and their arrangement, by elastic analysis, using a
load factor of 1.0
• Suitable provisions in the design shall be made for
the dynamic effects of live loads, impact loads and
vibration/fatigue due to machinery operating loads.
• The durability of steel structures shall be ensured
by following recommendations of Section 15.
• Design provisions to resist fire are briefly
discussed in Section 16.
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 LIMITING DEFLECTIONS
Type of Maximum
Deflection Design Load Member Supporting
building Deflection
Live load/Wind Purlins and Girts Elastic cladding Span / 150
load Purlins and Girts Brittle cladding Span / 180
Live load Simple span Elastic cladding Span / 240
Live load Simple span Brittle cladding Span / 300
Live load Cantilever span Elastic cladding Span / 120
Live load Cantilever span Brittle cladding Span / 150
Live load or Profiled Metal Sheeting Span / 180
Rafter supporting
Wind load Plastered Sheeting Span / 240
Industrial
Vertical Crane load
building
(Manual Gantry Crane Span / 500
operation)
Crane load
(Electric
Gantry Crane Span / 750
operation
up to 50 t)
Crane load
(Electric
Gantry Crane Span / 1000
operation
over 50 t)
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 DEFLECTION LIMITS
Deflection Maximum
Design Load Member Supporting
Deflection
Lateral No cranes Column Elastic cladding Height / 150
Crane+ Masonry/brittle
wind No cranes Column Height / 240
cladding
Crane Gantry (lateral) Crane Span / 400
Gantry (pendent
Column/frame operated) Height / 100
Crane
Column/frame Gantry (cab Height / 240
operated)
Vertical Not susceptible to
Live load Floors & roofs Span / 300
cracking
Susceptible to
Live load Floor & Roof Span / 360
cracking
Lateral Wind Building --- Height / 500
Wind Inter storey drift --- Storey height / 300

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