Slope Stability Using Geostudio Report

SOIL MECHANICS REPORT
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING GEOSTUDIO
Dian Ratri Cahyani 1606896981

Yeni Amalia 1606864051
SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
2018
I. Introduction
An exposed ground surface that stands at an angle with the horizontal is called
an unrestrained slope. The slope can be natural or man-made, it can fail in various
modes. Slope failures depend on the type of soil, stratification, groundwater, seepage,
and the slope geometry. Based on Cruden and Varnes (1996), slope failures can be
classified into five major categories, which are: fall, topple, slide, spread, and flow.
A common type of failure in homogeneous fine-grained soils is a rotational slide
that has its point of rotation on an imaginary axis parallel to the slope. There are three
types of rotational failure often occur, they are: 1) base slide, occurs by an arc engulfing
the whole slope when a soft soil layer resting on a stiff layer of soil, 2) toe slide, where
the failure surface passes through the toe of the slope, 3) slope slide, where the failure
surface passes through the slope.
This paper relates to the quantitative analysis that fall under the category of slide.
The calculation for the analysis is assisted by the software GeoStudio version 2018 in
the option of SLOPE/W.
II. Theory and Concept

Generally, slope stability analysis is conducted by calculating the value of factor
of safety, or FS, of the slope. The FS value is the ratio between shear strength of soil to
the shear stress caused by the soil self-weight or external loads, as written in the formula
below.
𝜏𝑓
𝐹𝑆 =
𝜏𝑑
Where,
𝐹𝑆 = factor of safety with respect to strength
𝜏𝑓 = average shear strength of the soil
𝜏𝑑 = average shear stress developed along the potential failure surface
Theoretically, the limit of stable slope condition is FS  1. However, practically,

it is often that the slope can be identified as stable if FS  1.5, which is due to some
uncertainties in the calculation.
In rotational slope failures, the forces that form the shear strength of the soil and
shear stress developed along the potential failure surface are can be seen in below.
1
Figure 1. The free-body diagram showing forces formed in rotational slope failure.
Source: Budhu, Soil Mechanics Foundations 3rd edition. 2010.
To solve this problem, the most common method to use was developed by
Bishop (1995) and by Janbu (1973). They developed popular methods and require only
a calculator or a spreadsheet program. Both methods were developed by assuming that
the soil is a cohesive-frictional material. In addition, Bishop method uses the
assumption that the forces of 𝐸𝑗 and 𝐸𝑗+1 (the interslice lateral effective force) are
colinear, 𝐽𝑠 = 0 (Figure 1), and only applicable to circular failure surfaces. While
Janbu method assumes the 𝑋𝑗 − 𝑋𝑗+1 is replaced by a correction factor 𝐽𝑠 = 0 and
applicable only to noncircular failure surfaces. These equations generated from the free-
body diagram are then be solved using the moment and force equilibrium equation.
This paper limits its analysis by only using the Bishop method in GeoStudio.
III. Problem
A location for road construction provided with SPT data is needed to cut the
section, and the section will have a slope. It should be calculated what is the safe angle
for the slope. Analyze this problem using GeoStudio.
2
Figure 2. The cross section of the road
Source: Slope Stability Using GeoStudio, class presentation.
Figure 3. The N-SPT data

Source: Slope Stability Using GeoStudio, class presentation.
3
Table 1. Typical values of unit weight
Table 2. Correlation of N, 𝑁60, 𝛾, 𝐷𝑟 , 𝜙′ for coarse-grained soils
Table 3. Correlation of 𝑁60, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢 for saturated fine-grained soils
IV. Analysis
From Figure 3 we determined the soil layer for the road construction by using
Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 as well as determining its unit weight, friction angle, and
cohesion value to be inputted into the GeoStudio software. Figure 3 shows the N-SPT
data for layer of soil in the left and the right. The N-SPT results in 4 layers of soil and
a porewater line with the characteristics as follows:
Table 4. The layers of soil and its characteristics
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4
Unit Weight (kN/m3) 12 15 18 21
𝝓′ () 27 32 38 42
4
Cohesion (kPa) 18 50 150 250
Source: Personal data. 2018.
Figure 4. The soil layer from both N-SPT result

Source: Personal data taken from GeoStudio. 2018.
The section of the soil has the height of 20 meters and width of 50 meters. Since the
software of GeoStudio with student licensing limits the number of layer into 3, therefore, we
did not consider the 4th layer into the calculation. To find the slope, we only considered the half
of the section by choosing which section is the weakest. We decided to consider the left part
of the section due to its strength. The left section has the height of 20 meters and width of 25
meters.
Figure 5. The left part of the section with 4th layer removed
5
As Figure 2, the analysis has to be divided into 3 based on the height difference of the
soil that creates the slope.
a. Height difference = 4 meters
Figure 6. The slope with 4 meters height difference

The result of the analysis is as follows:
Figure 7. The result of slope with 4 meters height difference

The number of slices generated is 31 with minimum slip surface depth being
0.1 meters. The tolerable difference in factor of safety is 0.001. The volume of the slope
6
is 23.433559 m3 and weight being 310.12938 kN. From these data, the resisting
moment is 7370.2676 kNm and activating moment is 878.54401 kNm. The factor of
safety at the critical slip surface is 8.389, therefore, it is safe since it exceeds the
minimum value of factor of safety of 1.5. The safe angle would be 22.834°.
Table 5. The result of the analysis of slope with height difference of 4 meters
7
b. Height difference = 8 meters

The result of the analysis is as follows:

8
c. Height difference = 10 meters

9
The result of the analysis is as follows

10
V. Conclusion
From the result of analysis assisted by the software GeoStudio, we can conclude that:
 The safe angle for the slope with 4 meters height difference is 22.834°.
VI. References
- Budhu, Muni. 2010. Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd version. John Wiley &
Sons, inc: USA.
- Rahman, Manzur. Standard Penetration Test: Corrections and Correlations.
11

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SOIL MECHANICS REPORT

SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING GEOSTUDIO

Dian Ratri Cahyani 1606896981

SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

II. Theory and Concept

Theoretically, the limit of stable slope condition is FS  1. However, practically,

Figure 3. The N-SPT data

Source: Budhu, Soil Mechanics Foundations 3rd edition. 2010.

Table 2. Correlation of N, 𝑁60, 𝛾, 𝐷𝑟 , 𝜙′ for coarse-grained soils

Source: Budhu, Soil Mechanics Foundations 3rd edition. 2010.

Table 3. Correlation of 𝑁60, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢 for saturated fine-grained soils

Source: Budhu, Soil Mechanics Foundations 3rd edition. 2010.

Figure 4. The soil layer from both N-SPT result

Figure 6. The slope with 4 meters height difference

The result of the analysis is as follows:

Figure 7. The result of slope with 4 meters height difference

Source: Personal data taken from GeoStudio. 2018.

Figure 8. The slope with 8 meters height difference

The result of the analysis is as follows:

Figure 9. The result of slope with 8 meters height difference

Source: Personal data taken from GeoStudio. 2018.

c. Height difference = 10 meters

Figure 10. The slope with 10 meters height difference

Figure 9. The result of slope with 8 meters height difference

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