BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

A. HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

1. What is Scientific Approach

In Greek times people tended to follow the teachings of scholars or rulers.

However, many of these teachings turned out to be wrong because experts thought they
relied too much on common sense thinking, and the truths held were reasonable. For
example, every day we see the sun rise from the East and then fall in the West. So it
makes sense to say that the sun circulates around the Earth.

Humans are always given curiosity so that it pushes to be knowledgeable. so that

they always recognize, understand and explain natural phenomena and try to solve
problems faced such as scientific problems. The development of human thought through
four stages. Namely, mythical stages, stage of rationalism, empirical stage which finally
reached the stage of forming the scientific approach.

Scientific approach can be said scientific method. Scientific method is a way to

gain knowledge or overcome problems by conducting research so that questions to
something can be answered. In the modern era now the scientific approach is often used
when teaching and learning in schools. Example, Galileo can be considered a pioneer of
knowledge, especially natural science, because he dared to oppose the beliefs that
existed at the time that were contrary to the observations. He taught his students not to
simply believe the teaching of Aristotle and should conduct experiments and make
conclusions on the results of his observation. In short, Galileo longed for objective truth
on an empirical basis.

According to Sani (2014) “The scientific approach is closely related to the scientific
method which should normally involve examination or observation needed for the
formulation of hypotheses or data collection. While Marjan (2014) stated that,
theoretically the learning with scientific approach is the learning which is more emphasis
on the inquiry learning, which has relevance to the nature of science, which is not just a
collection of facts and principles, but include ways how to get the facts and principles as
well as the scientists attitude in the basic science process namely observing, classifying,
communicate, measure, predicting, and concluding. It can be concluded that the
scientific learning is the learning using the scientific method which involves the scientific
process through two channels, namely reasons path and observation.

2. When

As cited in Rohandi (2005), the scientific approach method was first introduced through
the science of American Education in the late 19th century, as an emphasis on
formalistic laboratory methods that lead to scientific facts (Ine, 2015, 271). The scientific
approach in the 2013 Curriculum first appeared in Minister of Education and Culture
Regulation number 65 of 2013 concerning the standards of the primary and secondary
education process (Aprison, Junaedi, 2017, 510).

Scientific approach was first introduced in America at the end of the 19th century, as an
emphasis on a formalistic laboratory approach that leads to scientific facts (as cited in
Hudson, 1996: 115) (Rhosalia, 2017, 64). This scientific approach makes it easy for
teachers or curriculum developers to improve the learning process, namely by breaking
down the process into detailed steps or stages that contain instructions for students
carrying out learning activities (Maria Varelas and Michael Ford, 2008: 31). This is the
basis for the development of the 2013 curriculum in Indonesia.

In the perspective of the curriculum, the 2004 curriculum is known as the competency-
based curriculum (KBK), the second, the 2006 curriculum is known as the education unit
level curriculum (KTSP). And finally, the 2013 curriculum, known as K-13. The 2013
curriculum has undergone two changes or improvements. If related to the discussion of
this paper, then it can be said that the three curricula that have been mentioned strongly
emphasize the scientific approach in learning. To strengthen the scientific, scientific,
integrated thematic approach (thematic between subjects), and thematic, in a subject, it
is necessary to apply learning based on disclosure / research, discovery / inquiry
learning.
Shortcomings Among the four stages of scientific approach to implementation, the stages
of observing and questioning are still difficult to be implemented by the English teachers.
Experimenting and associating are considered to be good enough, while communicating
is considered to be well implemented (Zaim, 2017). The difficulties encountered by the
teacher during implementing scientific approach are the problems on students, time
allotment, and the teaching management (Nugraha, Suherdi, 2017,).

Originator of SA

Jerome S. Bruner is a psychologist (1915) from Harvard University, United States who
has pioneered the flow of cognitive psychology. The rationale for his theory is that

Humans as processors, thinkers and creators of information (Bruner, in Slavin, 2011: 7).

The application of the Scientific Approach to the 2013 version of the 2013 curriculum is
relevant to Jerome S.Bruner's learning theory that learning activities must go through a
number of processes. The linkage of the theory is also reinforced in Permendikbud
number 22 of 2016 that "To strengthen the scientific approach (scientific), integrated
thematic (thematic between subjects), and thematic (in a subject) it is necessary to apply
learning based on disclosure / research (discoveri / inquiry learning) .

Another theory that is relevant to the application of the Scientific approach especially for
elementary students is the theory of Robert J. Havigurst in Sutirna (2013: 74) which
states that the task of development is a task that appears in a certain period in individual
life (Rhosalia, 2017, p. 67).

3. Where
4. Who
5. Why

Learning with a scientific approach actually occurs in all learning, especially those
categorized by science or science. The competency-based curriculum is also using a scientific
approach. However, scientific affirmation as a new learning approach is seen in the 2013
Curriculum.

The scientific approach in the 2013 Curriculum first appeared in Minister of Education and
Culture Regulation number 65 of 2013 concerning the standards of the primary and secondary
education process. Competency characteristics along with differences in acquisition pathways
also influence the characteristics of standard processes. To strengthen the scientific, scientific,
integrated thematic approach (thematic between subjects), and thematic, in a subject, it is
necessary to apply learning based on disclosure / research, discovery / inquiry learning. This
scientific approach is reaffirmed in the core learning activities in the aspect of knowledge, which
is to strengthen the scientific approach, integrated thematic, and thematic are strongly
recommended to apply learning based on disclosure / research, discovery / inquiry learning. To
encourage students to produce creative and contextual work, both individually and in groups, it is
recommended to use a learning approach that produces work based on problem solving, project
based learning. Then proceed with the aspect of skills, namely: Skills are obtained through
observing, asking, trying, reasoning, presenting, and creating. Ridwan Abdul Sani categorizes
learning that belongs to or has a scientific approach, first the scientific approach itself, inquiry-
based learning and discovery, problem-based learning, project-based learning and authentic
assessment.

So, it can be concluded that the scientific approach must be seen in the context of the efforts
of the Indonesian people in preparing the next generation with high intellectual character,
appreciating hard work. A scientific approach allows education to equip future generations with
courageous characters to be responsible. Because science can be a tool to reconstruct society in
a more humane way. As advanced civilization is currently built on the scientific approach, of
course without having to erode all the traditions and cultures that exist as the basis of the
development of civilization itself.

B. Tujuan SA

The learning process in the 2013 curriculum for junior and senior high school or
equivalent is carried out using a scientific approach. The learning process touches
three domains, namely attitudes, knowledge and skills. In the learning process based
on a scientific approach, the realm of attitude takes the transformation of substance
or teaching material so that students "know why". The realm of skills is to transform
substance or teaching material so that students "know how". The realm of knowledge
engages in the transformation of substance or teaching material so that students
"know what". The end result is an increase and balance between the ability to be a
 good human being (soft skills) and humans who have the skills and knowledge to live
properly (hard skills) from students which include aspects of competence in attitudes,
skills, and knowledge.

The learning objectives with a scientific approach are based on the advantages of
the approach. Some learning objectives with a scientific approach are:

a) To improve the ability of the intellect, especially students' higher-order thinking

skills.
b) To shape students' abilities in solving problems systematically.
c) The creation of learning conditions where students feel that learning is a
necessity.
d) Obtaining high learning outcomes.
e) To train students in communicating ideas, especially in writing scientific articles.
f) To develop student character.

Bagaimana peraturan pemerintah tentang SA?

In Indonesia itself there are several curriculums that are always changed. In the
perspective of the curriculum, the 2004 curriculums is a computer-based curriculum
(KBK), the 2006 curriculum is the educational unity curriculum ( KTSP), and finally the
2013 curriculum is well-known (KURTILAS) and the application of scientific
approaches is found in the 2013 curriculum. To realize the formation of the
Government of Indonesia to educate nations; the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia
section 31, Paragraph (3) order that the Government shall manage and organize a
national education system, which increases the faith and piety and noble character in
the framework of the intellectual life of the nation, which is regulated by law And in the
regulation issued by the Minister of Education and Culture (Permendikbud) No.
81a/2013, it is stated that the process learning according to the curriculum 2013 is a
process of education provide opportunities for students to be able to develop any
pattern learning that occurs inside the twoway interaction between teachers and
student, meaning that teachers do not have to always be the more dominant ( as
cited in Sofyan 2016, p.2). According Fauziati (2014, p.157) There are five steps on
Scientific Approach, namely: observing, questioning, collecting information or
experimenting, associating or information processing, and communicating( as cited in
Sofyan 2016, p.2). And The Scientific Approach can use several strategies like
contextual learning. This learning model is a form of learning that has a name,
characteristics, syntax, settings, and culture.so the scientific approach is used by the
government for the teaching and learning process because it is in line with the
learning objectives of the 2013 curriculum where students must be active, creative,
innovative and intelligent.

C. Implemetasi
1. What is the situation beforeandafterthescientificapproach?

Changeandcuriculumdevelopmentmusthaveaclearvisionanddirection,wheredoyou
wanttotaketheeducationsystemnationalywiththecuriculum.Curiculumdevelopmentisa
complexprocess,andinvolvingvariouscomponentswhichinterelated.accordingtomulyoto
, thereissixfactorsthatdeterminetheoccurrencecuriculumchangesnamelyphilosophy,
psychology,socialculture,politics,worlddevelopment,andscienceandtechnology.

Basedlearningscientificapproachismoreeffectivetheresultsarecomparedtolearning
traditional.Researchresultsprovethatontraditionallearning,informationretentionfrom
teachersis10percentafter15minutesandgaincontextualunderstandingof25percent.Base
d
learningscientificapproach,informationretentionfromteachersbymorethan90percentafte
r

Twodaysandacquisitioncontextualunderstandingof50-
70percent.10Theoreticalstudies
aboutimplementationofscientificapproachesinthe2013curiculumithasbeendonemany
parties,theresultsofthestudyconcludethatapproachscientificwilbeabletomeetstudent
needsondimensionspedagogicinlearning.Theteacherisonlyafacilitatorwhoguidesand
coordinateslearningactivities.Inthismodelstudentsareinvitedtocaryouttheprocessof
findingknowledgeregardingsubjectmaterthroughvariousscientificprocessactivitiesas
cariedoutbyscientists(scientist)inconductingscientificinvestigations(Nur,1998).

2. Implementation of Scientific Approach

According to Luluk, et. al (p. 86-87, 2017) there are 3 main points that will be discussed in
this part.

a. Scientific Learning Approach

Daryanto (2014:59) argues that the steps of scientific approach in learning process of
curriculum 2013 is to all level which is implemented by using scientific approach, includes;
finding the information through observing, questioning, collecting the data, then associating,
and communicating.

b. Learning Principle of Scientific Approach

There are some principles of scientific approach in learning activity as follows
(Hosnan 2015: 37); the center in learning process is students. Learning encourages the
raising ability of students’ thought. The teacher Give an opportunity to the students to train
the capability in communication.

c. Scientific Learning Steps

 Observing
In accordance with Permendikbud Number 81a, the teacher should open widely also gives
various opportunities to the learners in doing the observation through; observe, scrutinize,
listen to, and read.
 Questioning
Qustioning in learning activity is an activity of the teacher to encourage, conduct, and
appreciate the capability of students’ thought.
 Exploring
Permendikbud Number 81a of 2013 argues that the activity that is to collect the information
which is collected by read another resource with another text book, observing the
object/event or the interview activities with informant and another way.
 Associating
Reasoning is a pocess of logical thinking and systematic based on the fact of empirical which
is observed in getting a conclusion of knowledge.
 Communicating
In communicating step gives the students benefits to provoke the confidence and study
seriously (Daryanto 2014:80).
 c. howistheinfluenceofscientificapproach?

Eachcuriculumapplicationhasadifferentlearningapproachapplication,sointhecurent
curriculum.Scientificapproach(scientificapproach)isalearningapproachthatisappliedtothe
Learningapplicationsofthe2013curiculum.Thisapproachisdifferentfromtheprevious
curriculumlearningapproach.Ateachcorestepofthelearningprocess,theteacherwiltake
thestepsoflearninginaccordancewiththescientificapproach.Thescientificapproach/
scientificapproachhasthefolowinglearningprocesscriteria.Learningmaterialbasedonfacts
orphenomenathatcanbeexplainedwithcertainlogicorreasoning;notlimitedtojustaguess,
fantasy,legend,orfairytale.Teacherexplanations,studentresponses,andteacher-student
educationalinteractionsarefreefromprejudice,subjectivethinking,orreasoningthatdeviates
fromthelogicalthinkingflow.Encourageandinspirestudentstothinkcriticaly,analyticaly,and
preciselyinidentifying,understanding,solvingproblems,andapplyinglearningmaterial.
Encourageandinspirestudentstobeabletothinkhypotheticalyinseeingdifferences,
similarities,andlinkstoeachotherfromlearningmaterial.Encourageandinspirestudentstobe
abletounderstand,apply,anddeveloprationalandobjectivethinkingpaternsinrespondingto
learningmaterial.Basedonconcepts,theories,andempiricalfactsthatcanbeaccountedfor.
Learningobjectivesareformulatedinasimpleandclear,butinterestingpresentationsystem.
Whilethelearningprocesstouchesthreedomains,namelyatitude/atitude,knowledge/
knowledge,andskil/skil(abbreviatedasksa=knowledge,skil,andatitude).Therealmof
atitudeembodiesthetransformationofsubstanceorteachingmaterialsothatstudents"know
why".Therealmofskilistotransformthesubstanceorteachingmaterialsothatstudents
"knowhow".Therealmofknowledgetakesthetransformationofsubstanceorteaching
materialsothatstudents"knowwhat".Theendresultisanincreaseandbalancebetweenthe
abilitytobecomeabeterhumanbeing(softskils)andhumanswhohavetheskilsand
knowledgetoliveproperly(hardskils)fromstudentswhichincludecompetencyaspectsof
atitudes,knowledge,andskils.Learningoutcomesgivebirthtostudentswhoareproductive,
creative,innovative,andaffectivethroughstrengtheningintegratedatitudes,skilsand
knowledge.

D. Adv + dis
 1. The advantages of scientific approach in English Teaching
a. Giving chances for students to make questions related to the learning materials
being taught,
b. Encouraging and inspiring students to make questions actively, raising students’
skills in asking questions.
c. Giving answers logically and systematically using proper and correct grammar,
encouraging the participation.
d. Students in discussion, arguing, developing the ability to make questions, building
attitude to openness.
e. Can receive opinion or idea, and connecting students’ questions to learning
materials given.
f. Can be done through the activities of seeing the object, reading, or listening.
g. Gives a sense of pleasure to students, because of the growing sense of inquiry
and succeeded.
h. Helping students strengthen their self-concept, because of obtaining trust
cooperates with others.
i. The situation of the learning process becomes more aroused.
j. Encourage students to think and work on their own initiative.
k. Increase the level of appreciation for students.

The disadvantages of scientific approach in English teaching

a. The students in observing were they have limited vocabulary to express the idea
related the things that they observed so that some students just keep silent.
b. Since some students still have limited vocabularies only some students were
eager to ask questions.
c. The time was too short for the students to comprehend the reading text and to
follow the experiment procedures.
d. The limited time available so that only a limited number of students can
communicate what they have done in front of the class
e. Does not provide opportunities for thinking that will was found