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Relay Class
John White
System Protection Manager
Ray Dawson
System Protection Technician
Introduction
• The reasons for protection
• Safety of the public and employees.
• Reliability of power supply to the
customers.
• Prevent damage to equipment.
• What kind of equipment is
protected: generators, transformers,
transmission lines, breakers and
distribution lines.
1
Types of faults
• Three phase, three phase to ground,
phase to phase, phase to phase to ground
and single phase to ground.
• Three phase faults have the highest fault
current.
• Single phase faults have the lowest fault
current.
• The fault current is determined by the
impedance of the fault path.
• Fault paths closer to the source will have
less impedance.
• Faults caused by trees will have higher
impedance.
Equipment used
• CT current transformer
• PT potential transformer
• Transducers
• Time overcurrent relay/51
• Instantaneous Over current relay/50
• Undervoltage relay/27
• Recloser relay/79
• Under frequency relay/81
2
CT current transformer
• The secondary winding has a standard
rating of 5 amp. It’s indicated as 400/200/5
the 400 and 200 are the primary current
which gives us an 80 to 1 and 40 to 1 ratio
respectably.
• It is important that CTs be accurate at fault
levels which may be 10 times normal load
current. Standard classifications of CTs
allow 10% error for current flow up to 20
times rated value. They are marked “Class
C ###“. The higher the number the higher
current that can flow though the CT and
still be 10% accurate.
• Never open a live CT circuit without first
shorting the secondary side. Without the
secondary side shorted very high voltage
will be seen on the secondary circuit.
3
Transducers
• Measure voltages and currents and
converts them to a 0 to 1 milliamp dc
output.
• A scaling is used in SCADA
(supervisory control and data
acquisition) to convert the milliamp
signal to a numerical number.
4
Time Over current relay/51
• The disc rotates at a speed directly
proportional to the amount of flux
induced into it by the electromagnet.
• The time dial provides adjustment for
how long it takes the moving contact and
stationary contact to make contact. With
a higher number on the time dial, this
increases traveling distance and contact
time.
• The spiral spring is use to set minimum
pickup, resets the disc in normal
conditions or after a trip and provides a
temporary path for the DC trip current.
The spiral spring is not designed to carry
the trip current for very long. A seal-in
bypass is used.
5
Time Over current relay/51
• The seal in coil is in series with the
contacts on the spiral spring. The
seal in coil contacts are in parallel
with the spiral spring contacts. The
seal in contacts shunt the current
away from the spiral spring contacts.
• The seal in coil also has a flag that
drops to indicate which relay had the
overcurrent condition.
6
Instantaneous Over current relays/50
• Instantaneous relays have no time
delay. With a high level fault the
instantaneous unit will operate
before time overcurrent relay.
• It’s a simple clapper relay with a
core screw on top to adjust the
pickup range.
• The contacts are two moving contact
on a bridge and two stationary
contacts. The contacts are directly
across the trip circuit for the
breaker.
Undervoltage relays/27
• The construction of a undervoltage relay
is very similar to an overcurrent relay. The
main different is the operating coil. An
overcurrent relay’s operating coil is
wound with a few turns of heavy wire. A
voltage relay’s operating coil is wound
with many turns of fine wire.
• The disc rotates in the counterclockwise
direction.
• The contact closing torque for an
undervoltage relay is provided by the
tension in the spiral spring.
• A time delay is the same as for an over
current relay.
7
DEVICES USED AT OUC
• 21 Distance relay
• 25 Synchronizing-check device
• 27 Undervoltage relay
• 43 Manual transfer or selector device
• 50 Instantaneous overcurrent relay
• 51 Time overcurrent relay
• 52 AC circuit breaker
• 57 Grounding device
• 59 Overvoltage relay
• 63 Gas pressure relay
• 64 Ground protective relay
• 67 AC directional overcurrent relay
• 69 Permissive control device
• 74 Alarm relay
• 79 Reclosing relay
• 81 Frequency relay
• 86 Locking-out relay
• 87 Differential protective relay
8
OUC SYSTEM
9
OUC Protective Relay
main schemes
• Protects Transmission Lines
• Protects Distribution Lines
• Protects Transformers
• Protects Generators
• Protects Busses
• Protects Reactors
10
Stanton Substation
11
S**t Happens
12
13
FAULT
CHARACTERISTICS
Test Question # 11
TYPES of FAULTS :
•Phase to Phase
Impedance Diagram
FAULT
Test Question # 12: 22800 volts / 3 ohms of fault impedance= 7600 amps.
14
Ground current possibly damages generator before 50 G relay
operates.
15
Resistance, Reactance, Impedance
Resistance-(R) The opposition to the flow of
current in an electrical circuit.
Test Question # 13
16
•Utility standard of Delta Wye configuration for GSU
transformer prevents fault current from circulating through
stator.
During fault Voltage A-n collapses and Current A-n increases dramatically.
17
Disturbance recording
VA
Generator Protection
OUC uses high speed generator schemes that isolates the fault in
the Generator in approximately 2 cycles clearance (.033
seconds).
Generator Relay
Generator GSU
Transformer 150,000 volt
Breaker
507 To OUC
system
509
150,000 volt
Breaker
FAULT
18
GENERATOR
PROTECTION
Test Question # 15
•Stator Fault
•Rotor Ground
•Excitation Failure
•Over-voltage/ Over-excitation
•Turbine Trip
•87G- Generator
Differential
•87T- GSU Transformer
Differential
•87ST- Reserve
Auxiliary Differential.
19
Test Question #16:
VAR= Volt Ampere
Reactive
20
•59G- Generator Ground
Relay
Test Question #
•27G- Third harmonic 17:
supervision Relay
Third Harmonic is
at 180 HZ
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
Test Question # 18
•Core Movement
•Bushing Failure
•Arrestor Failure
•Through Fault
21
Transformer Protection
• Relay Set 1 and 2 are high speed current differential schemes isolates
the faulted transformer. Approximately 2 cycle clearance (33
milliseconds)
• KBCH digital Current Differential relays for RS1.
• T60 GE microprocessor Current Differential for RS2
• Also uses Backup Overcurrent Protection in RS2
Differential relay
507
SWGR 10
XFMR
509
FAULT
22
Transformer Differential Relay
General Electric
T60 UR Differential
relay
Normal Operation
23
Fault Current Flow
Fault Condition
Transformer Protection
• OUC uses a high speed current differential
scheme that isolates faulted substation
transformers in approximately 2 cycles
clearance (.033 seconds)
Differential relay
150,000 volt
Breaker
switchgear 13,000 volt
Breaker
507
To customers
10
509
150,000 volt
FAULT transformer Breaker
24
Test Question #20:
51 G Ground Relay located in ground leg
of the low side of the transformer
25
TRANSMISSION LINE
PROTECTION
Test Question # 22
•Phase to Phase
•Arrestor Failure
•Through Fault
26
Transmission Line Protection
• Relay Set 1 is high speed current differential schemes isolates
the faulted segment of a transmission line. Approximately 2 cycle
clearance (33 milliseconds)
• L90 digital Current Differential relays used by OUC.
• Also uses Direct Transfer Trip for Breaker Failure
Fiber communication
L90 L90
501
507
Transmission Line
27
Transmission Line Protection
• Relay Set 2 is high speed directional impedance relay that isolates the
faulted segment of a transmission line using Permissive Overeach
Transfer Trip
Test Question # 23:
Zone 1 set at 95% of transmission line
Zone 2 set at 125% of transmission line
T1 T1
P442 P442
Zone 1 95 % of line
501
507
503
Zone 2 125 % of line FAULT 509
Remote Substation
Substation
28
Under Load Conditions no Trip
outside of zone.
29
Line Current Differential Relay
30
Fault
31
Description of Substation Automation
INTERNET
OUC
CUSTOMER
CORPORATE NETWORK
OUC
INTRANET
Firewall
CORPORATE
USER
REMOTE TERMINAL
UNITS
32
Advantages of Electromechanical
•Lower Cost Test Question # 24:
•Easier to Test
Disadvantages of Electromechanical
•Moving Parts
•Usually performs only one protective function
•Slower operating than Micro-Processor Based
•Higher Cost
33
How a Micro-Processor Based Relay works.
Test Question # 26:
34
How a Micro-Processor Based Relay works.
The microprocessor in the relay analyzes millions of bits
of data per second and determines if the amplitude is
sufficient to trip. All in 18 milliseconds or less.
Main relay
Feeder relay
150,000 volt
Breaker
13,000 volt
Breaker 13,000 volt 501
Breaker
11 10
503
switchgear
FAULT transformer 150,000 volt
Breaker
35