[Draw your reader in with an engaging

abstract. It is typically a short summary of

the document. When you’re ready to add
your content, just click here and start
typing.]

Lab 1
Describe Computer
Components

Md Hasan Imam # 300837449, Section# 003

Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Lab 1
Describe computer components

Include pictures

Include header – student name and section, include page number in the
footer

Include cover page and page border

Include 5 to 10 pages excluding the coverage and references

1. Computer architecture
2. CPU
3. IO devices
4. Memory
5. memory units
6. motherboard ports
7. other latest devices
8. Best configuration to get a latest computer

Software needed : visio & project, MS office

1
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

1. Computer architecture

1.1 Definition:

According to Technopedia “computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and
hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform.” [1]

1.2 History:

In 1936 when computer Z1 were build, the documented computer architecture was described in the
correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. The term “architecture” in computer
literature is introduced by Lyle R. Johnson and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., in 1959.[2]

1.3 Subcategories:

2
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)

2.1 Definition & Function:

The central processing unit is the brain of a computer, that carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions.[3] To control instructions and flowing of data and
information from and to other part of the computer, the CPU
depends on the chipset of motherboard [4] The processor is
placed and secured into a compatible CPU socket with heat sink
found on the motherboard. [6]
Picture: Processor (view from below & above)
(Source: https://create.pro/) [5]

2.2 History:

In 1972, The first CPU named INTEL 4004 was manufactured by Intel. The
picture of the INTEL 4004 is shown in the right which had 2,300 transistors
and performed 60,000 operations per second. [6]

Picture: Intel 4004

Source: Computerhope.com [5]
2.3 Components:

CPU has three components:

1. Control Unit: extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): handles arithmetic and logical operations
3. Memory or Storage Unit: It is also known as primary storage or Random-Access Memory
(RAM) that store instructions, data, and intermediate results to provide information to
other units of the computer when needed. The size of the RAM affects speed, power,
and capability. [7]

2.4 Types of the processors:

AMD Vs INTEL: AMD processors are manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. and
INTEL processors are manufactured by Intel Corporation.

Example of some AMD & Intel processors:

AMD Processors INTEL Processors

K6-2 , K6-III, Athlon, Duron, Sempron, Athlon 64, Mobile
Athlon 64, Athlon XP-M, E2 series, A4 series, A6 series, A8
series
A10 series
4004, 8080, 8086, 8087, Pentium, Pentium w/ MMX,
Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron
Pentium III, Pentium M, Celeron M,
Core Duo, Core 2 Duo
Core i3, Core i5, Core i7

3
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

32-bit Vs 64-bit: 32-bit is a type of CPU architecture that can transfer 32 bits of data per clock
cycle. On the other hand, 64-bit is a CPU architecture that can transfer 64-bits of data per
clock cycle.

2.5 Processor Speed:

The speed of a computer processor, or CPU, is determined by the clock cycle, which is the
amount of time between two pulses of an oscillator. Generally speaking, the higher number
of pulses per second, the faster the computer processor will be able to process information.
The clock speed is measured in Hz, often either megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). For
example, a 4 GHz processor performs 4,000,000,000 clock cycles per second.

2.6 Understating CPU description:

"Intel(R) Core (TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40 GHz 3.40 GHz." Intel is the brand and company of
the processor, Core i7-2600 is the model of the processor, and 3.40 GHz is the speed of the
processor.

3. IO DEVICES:

3.1 Definition:
IO Devices or an input/output device is any device that are capable to communicate with a
computer. As the name suggests, input/output devices can send data (output) to a computer and
receive data from a computer (input).

3.2 Input devices:

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact
with and control it. The most commonly used or primary input devices on a computer are the
keyboard and mouse. However, there are dozens of other devices that can also be used to input
data into the computer.

Picture: Input Devices (Source: https://present5.com/input-and-output-devices-lo-recognise-and-compare/)

4
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

3.3 Examples of Input Devices:

Barcode reader Mouse, touchpad, or other pointing Stylus (with touch screen).
Biometrics (e.g., fingerprint scanner). devices. Touch screen
Digital camera and digital camcorder. Pen or stylus Voice (using voice speech recognition or
Finger (with touch screen or Windows Scanner biometric verification).
Touch). Remote Video capture device
Keyboard Sensors VR helmet and gloves
Track ball Microphone Webcam

3.4 Output Devices:

Computer output devices receive information from the computer, and carry data that has been
processed by the computer to the user. The devices are usually used for display, projection, or
for physical reproduction. Monitors and printers are two of the most commonly-known output
devices used with a computer.[0]

Picture: Output Devices (Source: https://buzzlearner.blogspot.com/2017/01/output-device.html)

3.5 Examples output devices:

3D Printer GPS Projector

Braille embosser Headphones Sound card
Braille reader Monitor Speakers
COM (Computer Output Microfilm) Plotter SGD (Speech-generating device)
Flat panel Printer (dot matrix printer, inkjet TV
printer, and laser printer). Video card

4. MEMORY

A memory in a computer is just like memory center of a human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be
processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large
number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from
zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory
unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to
65535.

5
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Memory is primarily of three types −

4.1 Cache Memory
4.2 Primary Memory/Main Memory
4.3 Secondary Memory

4.1 Cache Memory:

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed
up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is
used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used
by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to
cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access
them.
Picture: Cache memory
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_memory.htm

4.2 Primary Memory (Main Memory):

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the
computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost
when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor
device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is
divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Picture: RAM
Source: [0]

4.3 Secondary Memory:

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-

volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for
storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output
routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred
to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example,
disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

5. MEMORY UNIT:
Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This storage capacity
is expressed in terms of Bytes.
5.1 Memory storage units:

6
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Bit (Binary Digit): A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a
component in an electric circuit.
Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
Byte: A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item
or a character.
Word: A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit, which
varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer. The length of a computer
word is called word-size or word length. It may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits.
A computer stores the information in the form of computer words.
Kilobyte (KB): 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB): 1 MB = 1024 KB
GigaByte (GB): 1 GB = 1024 MB
TeraByte (TB): 1 TB = 1024 GB
PetaByte (PB): 1 PB = 1024 TB
6. MOTHER BOARD PORTS:

A motherboard is an electronic circuit board in a computer which interconnects hardware

devices attached to it. A motherboard generally has a series of slots and ports allowing
daughter boards and other peripheral devices to be plugged in directly.

7
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Motherboard Ports:

Typical integrated motherboard ports

1. & 2. PS/2 (mouse, keyboard)
3. RJ-45 Ethernet
4. Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
5. Serial (terminal, modem)
6. parallel (printer)
7. VGA (monitor)
8. DA-15 (old networking)
9. audio

Serial Port

8
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Used for external modems and older computer mouse

Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin model

Data travels at 115 kilobits per second

Parallel Port
Used for scanners and printers

Also called printer port

25 pin model

IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

PS/2 Port
Used for old computer keyboard and mouse

Also called mouse port

Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for the mouse and keyboard

IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner,
mouse, keyboard, etc.

9
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

It was introduced in 1997.

Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum.

Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds.

USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port.

VGA Port
Connects monitor to a computer's video card.

It has 15 holes.

Similar to the serial port connector. However, serial port connector has pins, VGA port has
holes.

Power Connector
Three-pronged plug.

Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket.

Firewire Port
Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed.

Connects camcorders and video equipment to the computer.

10
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds.

Invented by Apple.

It has three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector, and 9-Pin
FireWire 800 connector.

Modem Port
Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
Ethernet Port
Connects to a network and high speed Internet.

Connects the network cable to a computer.

This port resides on an Ethernet Card.

Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network
bandwidth.

Game Port
Connect a joystick to a PC

Now replaced by USB

Digital Video Interface, DVI port

Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic cards.

Very popular among video card manufacturers.

11
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

Sockets
Sockets connect the microphone and speakers to the sound card of the computer.

12
Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449

7. other latest devices:

13