Академический Документы
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ARRANGED BY :
PANJI PUTRA BAGUS KARYA MUKTI (J210160042)
AZIZAH KAREE (J210164012)
HARRIS HAYIMA (J210164010)
NUR HANNAN BAIKADEM (J210164011)
SCHOOL OF NURSING
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2019
CHAPTER I
PREDECESSOR
Seizures are symptoms that arise from direct or indirect effectsfrom central nervous
system disease (CNS). Medicines used for therapyvarious vascular diseases that can affect
the seizure threshold andcause seizures, besides that the disease can also underlie the
incidenceseizures in stressed patients. Seizures are defined as temporary changes
incircumstances or other signs or symptoms that can be caused by dysfunctionbrain. brain
dysfunction can be accompanied by motor, sensory and interferenceautonomous depends on
the area of the brain involved in either the organ itself or even spread to other organs.
One form of seizure that is often found in children is seizuresfever. Febrile seizures
are seizures accompanied by fever (temperature suhu 100.4 ° F or 38 ° C),without nervous
system infections, which occur in infants and children 6 to 60 months.Febrile seizures occur
in 2% to 5% of all children, thusbecome the most common form. In 1976, Nelson and
Ellenberg,use data from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project and setthat febrile
seizures are classified as simplex or complex. SeizuresSimplex fever is defined as a seizure
that occurs after a fever, which islasts less than 15 minutes and does not repeat within 24
hours.Complex febrile seizures are defined as focal seizures, lasting more than15 minutes,
and or repeat within 24 hours. Children who experience seizures.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition
This change occurs because of a shift in the normal valuebalance excitation and
inhibition in the central nervous system, because toomany factors can affect the normal
value of central nervous system flexibilitythen there are many causes that can cause
seizures.
The lifetime risk of generalized seizures is 3-4% withpeak incidence at the onset
of seizures (spasm of neonates or tumors and strokes)life. We know epilepsy is one of
the oldest diseases in the world andranks second from neurological diseases after brain
circulation disorders.This disease affects approximately 50 million people worldwide.
Epilepsyresponsible for 1% of global disease burden, of which 80% is burdenit is in a
developing country. In developing countries in some areas 80-90% of cases do not
receive treatment at all.
According to the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) in 2010 in the
US,epilepsy affects 2.5 million people. Doctor from the doctor, self reporting,
andresearch from a mixture of several of these sources, concluded that events
andprevalence of seizures and epilepsy, the first epilepsy seizures occur in 300,000
peopleevery year, 120,000 people are> 18 years old, and between 75,000 and
100.00among them are 5-year-olds who experience seizuresfever. Men have a little
more risk than women.
2.3 Etiology
Seizures are most often seen in critically ill patients. In a study 55patients with
recent onset seizures in intensive care care unitsthe results of more than one third of
seizures are caused by metabolic disordersAcute such as hyponatremia, and eight
patients obtained due to seizuresby the use of antiarrhythmic drugs or antibiotics.
2.4 Pathogenesis
1.3.3. Simple partial seizures develop into complex partials, anddevelop into
general seizures
2.2. myoclonic
2.3. clonic
2.4. tonic
2.5. tonic-clonic
Attack where the patient will remain conscious. The patient will experience
symptoms.
Attacks that affect the wider and usually part of the brainlast longer. Patients
may only be aware of some and possibilitiesbig won't remember the time of the
attack. Symptoms include:
It is the most frequent type of seizure, where there are two stages: tonic or
rigid stage followed by clonic or kelonjotan stage. In this type of attackpatients can
only experience the tonic or clonic stage. This type of attackusually preceded by an
aura. Aura is a feeling experienced beforeattacks can include: feeling stomach ache,
numbness, fireflies, earsbuzzing.
At the tonic stage the patient can: lose consciousness, losebalance and fall
because the muscles are tightened, screaming for no reasonclear, bite the inner cheek
or tongue.
5. Mioclonic seizures
Physical examination must screen the cause of the seizureby using age and
disease history as a handle. In patientsolder people should be auscultated in the neck
area fordetect vascular disease. cardiovascular examination should bedone at the first
time the seizure appeared because of many eventswhich is similar to seizures but
causes cardiovascular conditions such as syncopecardiovascular. Skin examination
also to detect whether there is a syndromeneurocutaneous like "café au lait spots"
and "iris hamartoma" onneurofibromatosis, "Ash leaf spots", "shahgreen patches",
"subungual fibromas","Adenoma sebaceum" at tuberosclerosis, "port - wine stain"
(capilarryhemangioma) in sturge-weber syndrome. Also need to be seen if there are
tracesa bite that can occur during a seizure or whetherthere are abrasions caused by
patients falling due to seizures, thenis there gingival hyperplasia that can be seen due
to drug administrationphenytoin and is there a "dupytrens contractures" that can be
seen because of itlong-term phenobarbital administration.
1. LABORATORY EXAMINATION
2. ELECTROENSEFALOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
3. RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
4. EXAMINATION OF NEUROPSICOLOGY
2.7 Therapy
Anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy, the main treatment for the most part
patients, have four goals: to eliminate seizures or reduc their frequency to the
maximum possible level, to avoid effectsside effects related to long-term treatment,
and to helppatients in maintaining or restoring their psychosocial activities, andin
maintaining the stability of their daily lives. Decision to startObata anti epilepsy
therapy must be based on analysis of information about possibilitiesseizure
recurrence, continuing consequences of seizures for patients, and effectsbeneficial
and detrimental to the pharmacology that will be given.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy, the main treatment for the most partpatients, have
four goals: to eliminate seizures or reducetheir frequency to the maximum possible level, to
avoid effectsside effects related to long-term treatment, and to helppatients in maintaining or
restoring their psychosocial activities, andin maintaining the stability of their daily lives.
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