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Data Analysis
Presenter:
ASMA MUHAMAD
FARHANA BINTI YAAKUB
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
• Quantitative analysis involves the techniques by
which researchers convert data to numerical
forms and subject them to statistical analyses.
• Involves techniques
• Involve task of converting data into knowledge
• Myths:
x Complex analysis and BIG WORDS impress
people
x Analysis comes at the end after all the data
are collected
x Data have their own meaning.
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2.0 QUANTIFICATION OF DATA
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2.1 Data Preparation
CODING & DATA DATA
EDITING MISSING DATA
ENTRY TRANSFORM
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3.0 UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Univariate analysis is the
analysis of a single
variable.
Because Univariate
Analysis does not involve
relationships between
two or more variables, its
purpose is more toward
descriptive rather than
explanatory.
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3.1 Distribution
Frequency distribution is counts of the number of
response to a question or to the occurrence of a
phenomenon of interest.
(Polonsky & Waller, 2011, p. 189)
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Distribution (cont’)
Catholic
23%
Protestant
57%
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3.2 Central Tendency
Present data in form of an average:
1. Mean =
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Central Tendency (cont’)
Age GPA Gender Hours
1 Dick 20 1.9 M 1 AGE OF RESPONDENTS
2 Edward 19 1.5 M 1
3 Emmett 20 2.1 M 2
4 Lauren 20 2.4 F 3 Mean = Sum
5 Mike 19 2.75 M 4 N
6 Benjie 18 3 M 4
7 Joe 19 2.85 M 5 = 251
8 Larry 17 2.75 M 5 13
9 Rose 18 3.3 F 5
10 Bob 18 3.1 M 6
11 Kate 19 3.4 F 7 Mode = Most frequent
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13
Sally
Sylvia
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23
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3.9
F
F
8
8
value
Sum 251 36.95 59 = age 19 (4)
Mean 19.308 2.8423 4.5385
Variance 2.3974 0.5437 5.6026
Std Dev 1.5484 0.7374 2.367 Median = 19
Median 19 2.85 5
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3.3 Dispersion
• Distribution of values around some central value, such
an average.
• Example measure of dispersion:
Range:
The distance separating the highest from the lowest value.
Variance
To describe the variability of the distribution.
Standard deviation:
An index of the amount of variability in a set of data.
Higher SD means data are more dispersed.
Lower SD means that they are more bunched together.
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3.4 Continuous & Discrete Variables
Continuous Variable
• A variable can take on any value between two specified values.
• An infinite number of values.
• Also known as quantitative variable
E.g. Income & age
Scale: Interval & Ratio
Discrete Variable
• A variable whose attribute are separate from one another.
• Also known as qualitative variable
E.g. Marital status, gender & nationality.
Scale: Nominal & Ordinal
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4.0 SUBGROUP COMPARISON
Bivariate and multivariate analyses aimed primarily at
explanation.
Before turning into explanation, we should consider the case
of subgroup description.
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4.2 Handling “Don’t Knows”
Whether to include or exclude the ‘don’t knows’ is harder to
decide.
TABLE 4.3: Collapsing Extreme Categories TABLE 4.4: Omitting the “Don’t Knows”
EXCLUDED
▪ Different / Meaningful interpretation can be made.
▪ But sometimes the “Don’t Knows” is important.
▪ It’s appropriate to report your data in both forms –
so your readers can draw their own conclusion.
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4.3 Numerical Descriptions in Qualitative Research
The discussions are also relevant to qualitative studies.
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5.1 Percentaging a Table
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Percentaging a Table (cont’)
Figure 5.1: Percentaging a Table
a. Some men and women who either favor (+) gender equality
or don’t (-) favor it.
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Percentaging a Table (cont’)
c. Within each gender group, separate those who favor equality from
those who don’t (the independent variable)
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Percentaging a Table (cont’)
e. What percentage of the women favor equality?
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Percentaging a Table (cont’)
g. Conclusion
RULES TO READ TABLE:
TABLE 5.2: Gender and attitudes toward
equality for men and women.
1. If the table percentaged
DOWN, read ACROSS.
2. If the table percentaged
ACROSS, read DOWN.
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5.2 Constructing and Reading Bivariate Tables
TABLE 6.1:
Multivariate Relationship: Religious Attendance, gender, and Age
Age
Gender
Religious
Attendance
Source: General Social Survey, 1972 – 2006, National Opinion Research Center.
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7.0 SOCIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS
Sociological diagnostics is a quantitative analysis technique
for determining the nature of social problems such as
ethnic or gender discrimination.
(Babbie, 2010, p. 446)
It can be used to replace opinions with facts and to settle
debates with data analysis.
EXAMPLE:
Issues of GENDER and INCOME
Hair, Jr., J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007).
Research Methods for Business. England: John Wiley &
Sons Ltd.
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