Emerging Defense Technologies January 2011

2
January 2011
January 2011
Emerging
Defense
1
January 2011
What’s Inside
Technologies
Synopsis of global emerging defense technologies for the ground warrior
3 Preparing for the Future

By Lieutenant General K.J. Gillespie
8 Analysis of Soldier Effectivenes in an MRAP

By Mark Hepokoski, Allen Curran, PhD, and Mark Klein of
www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies
Emerging Defense Technologies ThermoAnalystics, Inc; and Rob Smith and Vamshi Korivi,
is published monthly by Defense PhD, of TARDEC
House Publishing, P.O. Box 236,
Forest Hill, Maryland, 21050,
USA. Copyright © 2011. All rights
reserved. No portion of this publi-
cation may be reproduced, dupli- 14 Eye on the Future: BAE Systems look at
cated or re-transmitted without the
expressed written permission of
future vehicle design and concepts
the publisher. By Michael J. Sullivan
The Technology Briefs section of
Emerging Defense Technologies
is a single reference point for cur-
rently developing or developed
17 HMMWV Live Fire Testing
patented scientific and engineering
data of military projects or projects
that have potential military applica-
tion. The full reports, including all 19 USMC LAV-AT
technical drawings are available
separately. All reports are in the
language of the country of origin
with the language noted by each
report.
21 DoD Small Business Innovative Research
The Technology Briefs’ documents
are compiled by Defense House
Publishing. For information on
32 Calendar of Events
purchasing individual documents,
a complete single issue or an an-
nual subscription, contact Defense
House Publishing. 33 Technology Briefs
January 2011 Ammunition & Munitions
Defense House Publishing
Artillery
P.O. Box 236 Communtions, Suvreillance & Sensors
Forest Hill, Maryland 21050
USA
Ground Vehicles
Infantry Weapons
Jeff McKaughan
jeffm@defense-house.com Soldier Survivability & Gear
443-243-1710 Unmanned Vehicles
Emerging Defense Technologies www.defense-house.com

January 2011 3
Preparing for the Future

Australian Army Chief of Staff
opened the recent Land Warfare
conference and exhibition to discuss
how he is fighting the present war
and preparing for the next.
By Lieutenant General K.J. Gillespie
AO DSC CSM
For too long, Army has accepted informed me during the exercise this
a narrow, project- and platform-based week of measures being implemented to
approach to modernization and I am purchase the best available equipment,
very keen to progress the cooperation more frequently, in lesser quantities, in
currently being demonstrated between order to capitalize and keep pace with rapid
Army, Capability Development Group technological advancement. We now refer is detailed for us in the 2009 Defence White
and the Defence Materiel Organisation to to this approach as adaptive acquisition. He Paper, and the Government has indicated
ensure that our projects are delivered as also spoke of the need to develop survivable, the broad fiscal strategy to provide the
capabilities and within budget guidelines. robust and self-healing communication force structure required by their strategic
Army has lifted its game of late to adopt networks which can move information guidance.
a more effects- and systems-based method across armies and across coalitions. My Overlaying all of this is the demand
of identifying and introducing land-force assessment is that, on many of these issues, from the government that Defence
capabilities. These days, Army manages the difference between our situation and find internal savings in order to fully
systems, not projects. I believe the structural that of the US Army is a question of scale fund projects forecast in the Defence
and cultural changes we have made as part rather than substance. Capability Plan. Under the banner of the
of my Adaptive Army initiative have made The nature of the problem will be Strategic Reform Program, the Australian
us a more discerning and perhaps more familiar to all of you. You encounter it in Defence Organisation must find savings
demanding customer. This is certainly in your businesses every day. In essence, it of $20 billion over the next 10 years. Our
our interests and, I hope you agree, also in is the tension between conducting current budgetary environment for the immediate
yours. activities at the level of excellence required future will almost certainly remain a zero-
I want to provide you with context on to achieve the mission and protect soldier’s sum game. The savings required from the
the underlying strategic rationale for Army lives, while maintaining a weather eye on Strategic Reform Programme necessitate
modernization. In particular, I want to share the medium-term and longer-term future. deep organizational reform. I am pleased to
my thoughts as to how the Army is seeking Of necessity, this involves a process of say that our early work across all levels of
to tackle the permanent dilemma constituted balancing between current and future command within Army, and in cooperation
by the demands of sustaining high tempo investment, and current expenditure, while with other groups in Defence, is making
in our operations, while introducing new simultaneously implementing continual real progress in unlocking these savings.
capabilities and building our approved adaptation to stay aligned with changes in
future force. The recurring tension between the operating environment. The War
fighting ‘the war’ while planning for ‘a war’ The key elements of this dilemma
is familiar to all professional soldiers—and as it confronts me as Chief of Army Now, a few points about the war:
we need industry involved at key points are as follows: I need to raise, train and We are currently involved in demanding
along the continuum of interaction between sustain ready and relevant land forces for operations against a very determined and
the Defence Materiel Organisation, the diverse simultaneous operations today in adaptable enemy in southern Afghanistan.
Capability Development Group and me, as Afghanistan, Timor Leste, the Solomon In our recent parliamentary debate, the
the capability manager. Islands and a variety of smaller missions, government reaffirmed that our country
As I mentioned, this issue is making while building, at the same time, an Army is likely to be committed to this theater
enormous demands even on an Army the capable of meeting the full spectrum of for some time to come. Although Army
size of our U.S. allies. Vice Chief of Staff threats well into the future. The definitive is providing the bulk of the forces in
of the US Army General Peter Chiarelli guidance as to the composition of that future Afghanistan, that operation—like all of
4 January 2011
our deployments—is inherently joint. I outlined in our strategic guidance, and it While we have always run an excellent
am completely candid with you in saying requires us to be able to act decisively in individual training system, I believed that
that Army simply could not sustain our defense of Australia’s national interests. our collective training left a good deal to
ongoing commitments in Afghanistan I do not share the view of some analysts be desired. I could also see no rational
and other theatres without the assistance that hybrid and irregular war will define reason to have two separate functional
of Navy and Air Force. And when I refer the future. The risk of conventional commands (Training Command and Land
to Army, I mean our full- and part-time war between states is enduring and the Command) delivering different elements of
components. Our Reserves are vital to my government demands that we can deliver what should be a seamless individual and
sustainment campaign plan. Indeed, all of land forces capable of this level of combat. collective training process.
our operations are becoming increasingly That is, it insists that the Army be capable Moreover, our stove-piped structures
multi-agency, incorporating what our allies of fighting a war—the characteristics of were inhibiting the rapid capture and
call the comprehensive approach. which may be vaguely discernible to us in dissemination of lessons from operations
In Afghanistan, our forces are 2010. But we can be certain that it will be back through our force generation system.
simultaneously supporting a coalition characterized by high levels of violence and In peacetime, we got away with it. But for
counter-insurgency strategy while raising, lethality and the use of networked systems an Army at war, we ran the risk of failure.
training and mentoring the Afghan National of sensors and shooters. Of course, it is absolutely right that we
Army 4th Brigade so that it is capable of My principle task as Chief of Army focus an enormous amount of our efforts
providing security in Uruzgan Province is as a force generator—to generate into supporting our soldiers in the current
after the coalition forces finally withdraw. sustainable force elements that are prepared fight. The Deputy Chief of the Army
to undertake the operations government Major General Paul Symon maintains the
That is the war. requires of us today, and to ensure that Army Sustainment Campaign Plan—a
we train, equip, adapt and adjust our living and constantly evolving document
However, we cannot be so preoccupied structures to generate the forces that may which monitors and reviews pressures on
with current operations that we become be required in the future. My business is Army personnel and equipment that might
oblivious to our changing strategic force generation. present varying degrees of risk to the
environment. Nor can we neglect the By the time I became chief in 2008, sustainment of our current operations. Once
longer-term thinking and investment that is I was determined to review the manner identified, these risks can be treated with
required to ensure that the Army can meet in which Army was conducting our force amendments to force generation priorities,
the objectives required of it by the White generation. I was also convinced that our rapid acquisition of essential equipment or
Paper as well as provide the foundations structures could be better aligned to the through a modification to force design in
of the Army of the second half of this new ADF Joint Operational Command theatre to provide more sustainable force
century. arrangements that had evolved in the later structures.
We need to avoid the risk of tailoring part of last century and the early part of Under the Adaptive Army reforms, we
our forces specifically to meet the this decade in response to the escalating are continuing to refine the processes for the
demands of our current conflict. I am operational tempo that commenced with optimal generation and preparation of our
determined to maintain and improve our Interfet. Those concerns provided the force elements. During my regular tours of
foundation warfighting skills, particularly impulse for the significant structural and our operational areas and units in training,
in the employment of combined arms in cultural reform that I have instituted as I have been very encouraged to witness,
a conventional setting. This task is clearly Chief of Army. first hand, just how quickly our forces are
showing the benefits of a more structured
and deliberate approach to preparing for
operations.
Force Generation
Let me talk firstly about the changes

we have made to our force generation—the
purview of our forces commander.
The establishment of Forces Command,
under the leadership of Major General David
Morrison, enabled Army to bring under a
single unified command, the responsibility
for individual and collective training—
from our recruit and initial employment
courses through to the highest standards of
collective training short of mission-specific
training and mission-rehearsal exercises.
We call this our foundation warfighting
skills—the skills needed for ‘a war’ rather
than ‘the war’.
January 2011 5
This single unified command structure as we move steadily towards our approved exercises these responsibilities primarily
also enables Army to weight our effort future force. In a few short years, we through an organization called the Land
and resources to support specific training will accept into service: new amphibious Combat Readiness Centre.
objectives at a given time of the year. This ships giving Australia a true amphibious The Land Combat Readiness Centre
in turn has resulted in considerable cost capability; we are replacing our entire takes soldiers through realistic, scenario-
savings compared to the training undertaken B-vehicle fleet and developing a new based training prior to deployment. Its
in our pre-Adaptive Army structures. combined-arms fighting system. We will adaptive warfare cell is responsible for
These significant benefits and efficiencies introduce new artillery systems; bring into capitalizing on the latest operational
associated with the formation of Forces service new helicopters and watercraft; and lessons and insights, and ensuring that they
Command were demonstrated recently on roll out capabilities to enhance battlefield are formally incorporated into the very next
Exercise Hamel in north Queensland. digitization. exercise package for the next deploying
Exercise Hamel was largely a free- Many of you in the audience will force—this is what we refer to as our
play, intelligence-led activity designed be involved in the procurement of this immediate- and short-term learning loops.
to test the 3rd Brigade, augmented with equipment. But it’s vital from Army’s I have also ensured that our
significant combat support and combat perspective that we prepare and conduct Army Headquarters Battleboards have
service support assets, in the full spectrum comprehensive trials and introduction- representation from operational theaters
of operations. Consistent with our into-service plans so that we can continue through video-conference facilities, when
contemporary operations ‘amongst the to modernize our force, without detriment they are discussing rapid acquisition
people’, the exercise included many diverse to the sustainment of our considerable capability-development issues. These
population groups and was designed to test operational tempo. This is my principle formal learning processes are essential to
Army’s ability to fight and defeat a near challenge. A deliberate and structured ensuring our soldiers are able to stay one
peer and technologically adept adversary. force-generation cycle, with clearer and step ahead of a lethal and rapidly evolving
It involved more than 6,500 soldiers and more pragmatic requirements definition, enemy.
has set a new benchmark for how we instill under a unified command-and-control The advantages afforded by this
in our soldiers the skills and knowledge to structure, gives us the means to meet both formal, force-preparation structure are
prosecute conventional operations. these ends. many. First, we are able to deliver the
There were activities on this exercise most comprehensive and realistic training
that I witnessed that I had not seen conducted Force Preparation possible, informed by recent events and
in my 40-plus years of service. Moreover, operational reporting from overseas,
such are the efficiencies generated from the We have also made real progress in the prior to our deployments. The training,
structural changes in Adaptive Army, the past 12 months in our force preparation, facilities and simulation our soldiers utilize
exercise was funded for under $20 million, mission-rehearsal exercises and operational to prepare for operations have become
without the requirement for me to give a certification—the planned, deliberate world class. Second, it enables me to see,
single cent to the forces commander on top training we undertake to provide our through a formal certification process, what
of his already-approved budget. forces the specific skills and knowledge shortfalls a particular force element may
Our force-generation cycle also allows they require for a particular operation— need to address before they move into a
us to plan with greater certainty, and more or the war. Headquarters 1st Division, specific area of operations. These shortfalls
realistic lead times, the introduction into commanded by Major General Mick Slater, are formally reported and addressed in
service of new capabilities and equipment has responsibility for this key task, and either further training in Australia or

6 January 2011
during final in-theatre training before the
commencement of operations. And finally,
it provides a comprehensive auditable trail
of what training our force elements have
undertaken before they are force assigned.
We also follow a similar process when
soldiers dismount from operations and
undertake post-operational administration
and decompression before returning to
their parent units.
One of the key, albeit less tangible
benefits that these recent changes herald, is
that our people will now be better able to see
more clearly the quality of their training. In
turn, such clarity will instill in them greater
confidence when they eventually reach their
operational destinations. Their confidence with the Defence Materiel Organisation, complex environments. But there is much,
in the training and in the other people they Capability Development Group and much more to be done.
work with is, I think, an essential aspect industry. This is certainly a positive for We have begun an annual review of
to strengthening a soldier’s capacity to be Army, and I hope that representatives from our force structures and dispositions in
more agile in their ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’ in these organizations who are in the audience Australia to ensure we are best positioned to
the face of the enemy. feel the same way. remain within government fiscal guidance
What I appreciate most about the Having this additional staff support while sustaining an operational tempo
changes we have made to our force at hand means that Army is better able to which shows no signs of diminishing in the
preparation systems is that they now support the information requirements of near future. This review updates our Army
recognize that Army’s IQ does not reside any organization involved in developing Objective Force and considers a wide range
solely with me and Army’s senior leadership. or modernizing Army capability. An of factors including white paper guidance,
The answers to many of the problems we example of Army’s new focus on futures concepts, threat forecasts, and
face today lie in the collective knowledge capability risk, as opposed to project deployment/respite ratios in determining
of all of Army’s soldiers and officers. And risk, is the recent discussions we’ve the optimal force lay-down for Army in
we’re looking for more and more ways to been having with our partners about a Australia.
harness this collective knowledge. system of adaptive acquisition—that is, The first iteration of the Army
So, our force preparation can now be buying smaller quantities of equipment Objective Force Handbook will be
informed and improved by a section- in more frequent iterations to ensure that discussed at my senior advisory committee
commander’s ideas from Tarin Kot, by a the latest technological developments next month and endorsed as the start of
soldiers’ suggestion from an after-action and advancements can be more rapidly Army’s journey towards Force Structure
review in a mission-rehearsal exercise provided to our soldiers as they strive to Review 2013. The work to implement this
and from post-operational reports from achieve their missions. plan is one step behind and is known now
a unit recently returned from operations. This system has particular utility in Army as Plan Beersheeba. By mid next
The ability to harness and capitalise on the for equipment that has an expected life, year, I hope to have completed the review
collective knowledge of the whole force is as a consequence of wear and tear or and be in a position to brief government on
the key to remaining adaptive against the technological advancements, of less than what changes to Army structure they might
full spectrum of threats. five years. We certainly had some success consider.
in developing new ammunition pouches I also see a real need to keep our
A More Demanding Customer in this fashion in our latest deployment industry partners engaged as we continue
cycle and plan on providing better body to adapt to our changing environment. For
Another idea in which we’re seeking armor in the same fashion during the next example, I believe 3 and 4G technologies
to become more agile and flexible is in the deployment cycle. I’m very grateful for the offer real potential in developing our future
procurement of certain items of combat support I am receiving for this new approach combat communications systems. Do we
equipment. The structural changes we from Steve Gumley and his organization need to persist with a system of vehicle-
have made in Army Headquarters, under and I am determined that, together, we can based radio stacks for communications or
Adaptive Army, mean that, for the first continue to expand this program. is it possible to move to an encryption-
time, Army has a staff division, headed enabled I-phone system of applications to
by Major General John Caligari, Head of More to be Done… give our commanders all the information
Modernisation and Strategic Planning in they need at the touch of an icon?
Army Headquarters, which is dedicated I hope, in outlining the changes we’ve How can I continue to harness the IQ
to looking forward and thinking about made to our force-generation and force- of our organization as I alluded to earlier
Army’s future. This means that we are in preparation procedures that you can see when less that 45 per cent of Army has
a far better position to be able to articulate Army is well on the path to inculcating, in regular access to the Defence Restricted
our requirements and engage effectively a systematic fashion, adaptive responses to Network, our most widely used IT system?
January 2011 7
With more than 70,000 fans on Army’s technological advancements will afford it our force generation and force preparation.
Facebook page, I wonder whether such advantage on the battlefield, and where it No less challenging is preparing the
social networking sites offer us greater will not. Adaptive Army to operate with and among
utility in communicating more regularly Industry has demonstrated new and emerging technologies. Improving
with our people and their families. commendable agility in helping us with the sensor/shooter interface, enhancing
Moreover, how much more efficient rapid development and acquisitions as distributed information-sharing systems,
would our workplace become if all of we have identified urgent capability and using new web-based applications
our soldiers had access to the Defence requirements whilst ‘in contact’ with the to rapidly communicate, retain and share
Restricted Network (at work or remotely enemy. I look forward to working alongside knowledge, are but a few of the innumerable
from home) to handle their own leave you in developing similar responsiveness commercial and military technology
administration, pay and individual recall as we attempt to move towards a more innovations that we must understand and,
and notification records. responsive and adaptive acquisition where feasible, utilize.
We also need to constantly monitor strategy. Army is taking greater control of its
and review the delivery of our key own modernization and is finding a great
capabilities as we enter this significant Conclusion deal of support from all quarters to change
period of modernization. As the land- the way we acquire capabilities in order to
combat capability advisor, I see these So, there are clearly some real better support our people. We have a long
projects as warfighting capabilities and it’s challenges ahead, including a tightly way to go. We can achieve none of this
important that Army moves to take more constrained fiscal environment. With the ambitious agenda without defense-industry
responsibility for modernization outcomes progress we have already made under the support. Events such as this conference
as these key platforms come into service. Strategic Reform Program, Army is well on serve to reinforce the vital need for that
Our Defence Force must also continue the way to unlocking savings such that we partnership and also to help us share the
to invest time, resources and human can reinvest in vital high-priority, high-end latest insights and perspectives you may
capital in growing our cyber- and space- capabilities earmarked by the government’s have. I am very grateful for the tremendous
related capabilities. This will impact upon latest white paper. support that all of you have given to the
Army’s capability in a way we’re yet to I have briefly highlighted the Australian Army through your involvement
fully conceive. Yet an Adaptive Army mechanisms we have implemented to move in this conference. I am delighted to declare
should know implicitly where and how Army onto a permanent adaptive footing in the 2010 Land Warfare Conference open.

8 January 2011
Analysis of Soldier
Effectivenes in an MRAP
This article is based on a paper presented at the NDIA Ground Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium and
presents modeling methodology and results for a study of Soldier effectiveness in a hot environment. The effectiveness
of soldiers is diminished under conditions of high heat stress. Excessive heat stress will degrade mental and physical
performance capabilities and eventually cause heat casualties.The core temperature of a human body provides the
“best” single physiological measure to estimate physical work capabilities during hot weather operations. Prediction of
Soldier effectiveness in extreme environments can be accomplished through the use of segmental human thermoregula-
tion models. Differences in physiological characteristics among soldiers can affect thermoregulatory response and must
be accounted for when predicting effectiveness. Additionally, prediction accuracy can be improved by combining human
thermoregulatory models with a complete characterization of the thermal environment. Human thermal models rep-
resenting Soldiers with significant physiological differences among them were placed into a full-vehicle thermal HVAC
predictive model of a mine resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicle.The simulation was performed to support US
Army PMMRAP in its effort to improve Soldier effectiveness under conditions typically encountered on MRAP vehicles
fielded in Iraq.
By Mark Hepokoski, Allen Curran, PhD, and Mark Klein of ThermoAnalytics, Inc.;
and Rob Smith and Vamshi Korivi, PhD, of TARDEC.

January 2011 9
Excessive heat stress can degrade the also be accounted for since these may affect Methodology
mental and physical performance capabilities thermoregulatory response and subsequently
of soldiers to the point that it can eventually provide a more accurate prediction of effec- A utility was developed to automate the
result in heat casualties. Given that heat stress tiveness. process for building a physiological descrip-
is defined as “environmental and host condi- Heat stress can result from a combination of a non-standard (i.e., not 50th percen-
tions that tend to increase body temperature” tion of environmental and mission risk fac- tile) body build. Only the target body size
[1], the core temperature of a human body tors. Environmental risk factors consist of (expressed as a percentile of the population)
provides the “best” single physiological mea- air and surrounding temperatures, air speed, and the physiological description of a ‘stan-
sure to estimate physical work capabilities humidity, and solar irradiation. Mission risk dard man’ are required as inputs. The physi-
during hot weather operations. factors consist of activity level, clothing, and ological description consists largely of a list
Fortunately, soldier effectiveness in ex- length of heat exposure. In light of this, pre- of segments, tissues and the properties as-
treme environments can be accurately prediction accuracy can be improved by com- sociated with them, such as segment lengths
dicted through the use of segmental thermo- bining complete characterizations of human and tissue radii, thermal properties (e.g basal
regulation models [2, 3]. These sophisticated thermoregulatory models with those of the metabolic and blood perfusion rates, conduc-
thermal models of the human body are able surroundings (e.g. vehicle, building). Such tivity, density, specific heat, etc.), sensitivity
to react to transient and asymmetric boundary coupled simulations allow the temperatures coefficients and active thermoregulation dis-
conditions by simulating changes in blood and heat rates of both the thermoregulatory tribution coefficients.
flow, metabolic heating and sweat evapora- models and the surroundings to be solved for
tion at the skin surface. Differences in physi- simultaneously.
ological characteristics among soldiers can

10 January 2011
Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS)
The utility automatically adjusts the passive system surface area (Aactual =2.20m2, AD =2.27 m2) deviated from its
parameters of the baseline physiology [2] in proportion to target value by only 4%.
known deviations from overall weight, height, and
individual segment lengths of the 50th percentile male by Model Setup
assuming a Gaussian distribution ranging from the 1st Seven unique human thermal models representing Soldiers
percentile to 99th percentile and centered at the mean (50th with a variety of body builds ranging from the 5th percentile
percentile) [4]. Once a physiological description can be to the 95th percentile were placed into a full-vehicle thermal
established, it can be applied directly to a shell-element HVAC predictive model of a Mine Resistant Ambush
representation of the human geometry for use by a thermal Protected (MRAP) vehicle. The geometry of each Soldier
solver. Since the geometry will be automatically scaled to was customized to have a different body size and pose.
match the physiology upon the start of the thermal solution, Figure 1 shows the Soldier geometry with body size labels
it is not necessary that the geometry size and dimensions for each. All seven Soldiers were dressed in a t-shirt, briefs,
match the physiological description. desert BDU shirt and pants, and socks and shoes.
Building Physiologies
From the desired body build specification and the
physiological description of the standard man, the whole-
body height and weight can be obtained from established
anthropometric data [4]. The body fat mass (kg) for the
individual can be calculated based on the following
correlation valid for males of normal build [5]:
BF male = 0.685W − 5 .86 H 3 + 0 .42 (1)
The fat layer in each body segment can then be adjusted by

applying a single fat adjustment factor to each fat layer in
the model -- obtained by dividing the target whole body fat
mass by the baseline physiology’s fat mass.
Since the underlying physiological description defines
tissue content for each segment by an outer tissue radius,
rather than by mass, the fat layer radii were adjusted as
necessary while updating the segment-level skin radii to
maintain required skin thickness. Applying a similar
technique to obtain the corresponding whole body weight for
the desired percentile, the masses of all of the tissue layers
residing under the fat layer in each segment were adjusted,
until the target whole-body mass was reached. Figure 1: Soldier geometry labeled with body size
Validation of the overall technique was performed by
comparing the actual whole body surface area of the Table 1 presents the high-level body size descriptions of the
resulting physiology, defined by the outer radii and lengths Soldiers, as well as their corresponding boundary conditions.
of each segment, with the Dubois surface area, AD, obtained Each Soldier was modeled with an activity level of 1.2 met,
from the target percentile’s height and weight. which correlates to a seated but slightly active physical state.
The air velocities near each Soldier were approximated from
AD = 0 .202W 0.425 H 0.725 (2) previously obtained CFD results of the vehicle interior,
while the local air temperatures were calculated
Since the focus of this project was military in nature, the automatically during the solution using a sub-volume air
upper 5% and lower 5% of percentiles were excluded from flow and heat transfer modeling technique [6].
this study in accordance with the military’s intent to
accommodate no more than 90% of the general population.
At the lower extreme, the 5th percentile male’s surface area
(Aactual =1.49m2, AD=1.59 m2) was within 7% of its predicted
value while at the upper end, the 95th percentile male’s
Analysis of Solider Effectiveness in a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Ground Vehicle, Hepokoski, et al.
UNCLASSIFIED
Emerging Defense Technologies Page 2 of 5 www.defense-house.com
January 2011 11
Vehicle Interior Temperatures

60
Table 1: Soldier body size and boundary conditions 55
Air
50
Body Size Height Weight Met Velocity
Temperature [C]
45
(percentile) (m) (kg) Rate (m/s)
40
5 1.54 51.7 1.2 0.2
35
15 1.62 59.8 1.2 0.6
30
25 1.64 64.7 1.2 0.4 Ave. Air Temp
25
50 1.7 73.5 1.2 0.6 Ave. Wall Temp
20
75 1.76 82.4 1.2 0.4 Floor Temp
15 Roof Temp
85 1.81 87.3 1.2 0.2
10
95 1.84 95.3 1.2 0.2
18:00 18:15 18:30 18:45 19:00 19:15 19:30 19:45 20:00
Time [hh:mm]
The Soldiers were placed in an MRAP model that had
been initialized with a heat soak condition. The heat soak Figure 3: Vehicle interior average temperatures
(vehicle off) was simulated from 5:00am to 6:00pm in a hot
desert environment. Figure 2 shows the ambient air RESULTS
temperature and solar irradiance values. A transient cool The objective of the simulation was to obtain physiological
down period was modeled from 6:00pm to 10:00pm. The results for each individual Soldier in the MRAP to determine
engine was modeled at idle and a prototype air conditioning whether or not effectiveness could be maintained for the
system was modeled to provide the maximum possible duration of the vehicle’s transient cool down period. Figure
cooling under idle conditions (18kW of heat). Figure 3 4 provides a visualization of the Soldiers’ skin and clothing
shows average air and surface temperatures inside the temperatures and illustrates the detail in which the
vehicle during the transient cool down period. temperature profiles were predicted. This snapshot
represents the thermal state of the Soldiers six minutes after
60 1200 entering the hot vehicle.
Air Temp
55
Solar 1000
Solar Irradiance [W/m2]
50
Temperature [C]
800
45
40 600
35
400
30
200
25
20 0
1:00 4:00 7:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00
Time [hh:mm]
Figure 2: Ambient air temperature and solar load
Figure 4: Surface temperatures after 6 minutes of

transient cool down.
Figure 5 shows the core temperature (rectal temperature) for

all seven Soldiers. Soldier effectiveness can be maintained for
the duration of an exercise as long as core temperature does
UNCLASSIFIED
Page 3 of 5
12 January 2011
not deviate more than 1 degree in uncontrolled environments Sweat Rate

and 1.5 degrees in controlled environments. The graph shows 4
that the largest core temperature rise was incurred by the 95th
3.5 5%
percentile Soldier. The maximum deviation in core
temperature was 0.52˚C. 3 15%
Sweat Rate [gr/m]

2.5 25%
Core Temp (rectal)
37.6 2 50%
5% 1.5 75%
37.4
15% 1
85%
Temperature [C]
37.2
25% 0.5
95%
37 0
50%
0 50 100 150 200
36.8 75% Time [min]
85% Figure 7: Transient sweat rate (grams/minute)

36.6
95% Figure 8 and Figure 9 provide plots of overall thermal
36.4 sensation and comfort based on the Berkeley Comfort Model
0 50 100 150 200 scales. Both scales range from -4 to +4 (very cold to very hot
Time [min] and very uncomfortable to very comfortable, respectively).
Figure 5: Transient core temperature for 7 Soldiers All of the Soldiers experience a thermal sensation spike
when they first enter the hot vehicle. Their sensation then
slowly decreases towards neutral as the vehicle cools down.
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the mean skin temperature and Figure 9 illustrates that the Soldiers experience discomfort
overall sweat rate. These plots show that the highest mean due to the hot environment present early in the cool down;
skin temperature and sweat rate were experienced by the however, their comfort improves as the air and surface
driver and commander, the 50th and 15th percentile Soldiers, temperatures drop inside of the vehicle. Also, as evidenced
respectively. This was due to the front of the vehicle having in the plots of core and skin temperature, the driver (50th
the highest air and surface temperatures at the start of the cool percentile Soldier) is the hottest and least comfortable
down simulation. person at the beginning of the simulation.
Mean Skin Temp Overall Sensation

37 3.5
5% 3 5%
36.5
15% 15%
Thermal Sensation
2.5
Temperature [C]
36
25% 25%
2
35.5 50% 50%
1.5
75% 75%
35
1
85% 85%
34.5
0.5
95% 95%
34 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Time [min] Time [min]
Figure 6: Mean skin temperature plot Figure 8: Overall thermal sensation
UNCLASSIFIED
January 2011 13
Overall Comfort
within the vehicle compartment will be safe for all passengers
2.5 regardless of physiological build under the simulated
conditions.
2 5%
1.5 15%
REFERENCES
1 25% 1. “Heat Stress Control and Heat Casualty Management,”
Comfort
0.5 50% Technical Bulletin (TBMED) 2003; 507/AFPAM (I),

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental
0 75% Medicine.
0 50 100 150 200
-0.5 85% 2. Fiala, D., Lomas, K.J., Stohrer, M. 1999. “A Computer
Model of Human Thermoregulation for a Wide Range
-1 95% of Environmental Conditions: The Passive System.” J.
-1.5
Appl. Physiol 87: 1957-1972.
3. Fiala, D., Lomas, K.J., Stohrer, M. 2001. “Computer
Time [min]
Prediction of Human Thermoregulatory and
Figure 9: Overall thermal comfort Temperature Responses to a Wide Range of
Environmental Conditions.” Int J. Biometeorol 45: 143-
159.
CONCLUSION 4. Tilley, A.R., Associates, H.D., 2002. “The Measure of
The effectiveness of Soldiers with varying physiological Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design.” John
builds was examined by simulating their thermoregulatory Wiley & Sons, New York.
response when placed in an MRAP vehicle experiencing a 5. Zhang, H., Huizenga, C., Arens, E., Yu, T. 2001
transient cool down after an initial hot soak. Although the “Considering individual physiological diffferences in a
thermal sensation and comfort results indicate that actual human thermal model.” Journal of Thermal Biology 26
Soldiers would feel hot and uncomfortable for a significant (2001), pp. 401-408.
amount of time after first entering the vehicle environment 6. Han, T., Chen, K., Khalighi, B., Curran, A., Pryor, J.,
being modeled, the core temperature results show that Soldier Hepokoski, M. 2010 “Assessment of Various
effectiveness would not be adversely affected. Furthermore, Environmental Thermal Loads on Passenger Thermal
since a wide range of physiological builds were accounted for Comfort.” SAE Paper 2010-01-1205.
in this simulation, it can be expected that the environment
www.defense-house.com
UNCLASSIFIED Emerging Defense Technologies
14 January 2011
Eye on
the Future
Charger
The UK Future Protected Vehicle could support a particular specialization.

program aims to highlight both short and No fewer than 47 of the technologies were
long-term technologies and concepts which highlighted as being suitable for immediate
can be used to boost the effectiveness of pursuit.
lightweight armored vehicles. The BAE Systems team made a point
The numbers give an idea of the scale of gathering ideas from as wide a spectrum
of the program: 567 technologies and 244 as possible, including academe and industry.
vehicle concepts were investigated following A series of panels identified ideas for
A vehicle which engagement with 35 organizations.

From this array of concepts, the team
further study, funded out of the £2 million
DSTL (Defence Science and Technology
can “sweat” to subsequently developed seven concept

vehicles, each highlighting technologies which
Laboratory) contract.
The team even engaged Shanklea
improve stealth is
among hundreds
of ideas presented
to the UK Ministry
of Defence from
a BAE Systems
study designed
to show them the
future.
Pointer is an agile robot which can take over dirty, dull or dangerous jobs, such as forward
observation to support the dismounted soldier.
January 2011 15
Primary School near Newcastle, UK, where
pupils were invited to participate in design
classes to stimulate interest in engineering as
a career.
The study was managed for the MoD
by DSTL. Its land strategy lead John Hunt
commented: “I was very impressed by the
work. Not just by the outputs, but also the
inclusivity with which the study was carried
out and the robust systems engineering
methodology underpinning it.”
“The quick-wins element was particularly
pleasing as support to current operations is
vital,” Hunt added.
Hisham Awad, who works on emerging
technologies for BAE System’s Vehicles
business, commented: “BAE Systems has
signaled intent for future armored vehicles
programs by bidding and winning the
research contracts that enable bright ideas to The Bearer is a modular platform which can carry a range of mission payloads, such as
become new innovative and highly capable protected mobility, air defense and ambulance.
vehicles.”
The team already has a contract extension
to do further work and will bid for the next BAE Systems’ notional artwork showing a combination concept systems in the assault of an
phase virtual prototyping work. enemy defended position. The future not the present was the driving focus to BAE’s concepts.

16 January 2011
Know Your
The seven concept vehicles were: the workload on soldiers in
complex crowd situation such as
History! • Pointer: an agile robot which can

take over dirty, dull or dangerous
roadblocks and riots by running
video surveillance through
jobs, such as forward observation to facial recognition and behavior
Tech •
support the dismounted soldier;
Bearer: a modular platform which
can carry a range of mission •
modeling software to spot potential
troublemakers.
Active protection will intercept
Intell •
payloads, such as protected mobility,
air defense and ambulance;
Wraith: a low signature scout
incoming fire or disrupt targeting
mechanisms while actuated spaced
armor will allow a vehicle to deploy
vehicle; in compact mode before extending
In 1944/45 US Army technical • Safeguard: an ultra-utility infantry its armor to provide increased
intelligence teams fanned out carrier or command and control stand-off distance. A version of this
across NW Europe reporting on centre; is envisaged as employing electro-
new German armor, vehicles and • Charger: a highly lethal and magnetic magnets to “float” above
weapons. survivable reconfigurable attack a vehicle to provide protection from
vehicle; aerial threats.
TECH INTELL Volumes 1 & 2 • Raider: a remotely or autonomously
compile select reports controlled unmanned recce and Quick wins using available technology
including the tech reports with skirmishing platform; and include:
• Atlas: a convoy system (retrofittable
the original text and photos.
if necessary) which removes the • Advanced oil filtration will remove
driver from harm’s way. water and tiny particles from engine
$10.00 each or both for $18.00. oil to extend to the life of the engine
Plus shipping & handling Ideas identified for exploitation include: and eliminate oil changes;
• Handheld target acquisition
r Volume 1 • Sweating vehicle could use water devices integrated into the vehicle
132 pages, 141 illustrations from a diesel or fuel cell propulsion architecture will improve flexibility
perfect binding, soft cover system to reduce a vehicle’s and capability; and
15cm Nebelwerfer Half-Track, Panther thermal signature by “sweating” • Thermo-electric power generation,
as M-10, Semi-Tracked Cargo Vehicle, it out through pores in the vehicle which uses the temperature
Panther Recovery Tank, Assault Gun skin. That same water could also be difference between the inside and
Disguised as U.S., Pz Kpfw IV, Model reclaimed to enable soldiers to stay outside of the exhaust pipe, offers
J, Panther pillbox, Light armored in the field for longer. better fuel efficiency, more electrical
tracked carrier, 7.5 cm on Sd Kfz 251, • eCamouflage will allow a vehicle power and improved stealth
Sdkfz 140/1, German Modifications to match its camouflage to its
of M8 a/c, and RSO with 7.5 cm, plus surroundings by using electronic
many, many more! ink - rather like a squid.
• Integrated biometrics will ease
r Volume 2
132 pages, 129 illustrations
perfect binding, soft-cover
Sd.Kfz 250/9, 2 cm on 38(t), 3.7 cm
Flak 43 on Pz.IV, BIVc r/c demo
vehicle, 2 cm. Flak on Pz.IV, Sd.Kfz
234/1, Sd. Kfz. 251/17, Sd.Kfz 234,
SWS, Sd.Kfz 9 recovery, 38 cm
rocket projector on Tiger I, AA guns on
Sd.Kfz 7, Special body on Sd.Kfz. 7,
Streamlined motorcycle, 8-wheel a/c
with 2 cm, self-propelled gun chassis as
cargo carrier, plus many, many more!
Defense House Publshing

P.O. Box 236
Forest Hill, MD 21050
jeffm@defense-house.com
January 2011 17
HMMWV Live Fire Testing

The DoD’s Inspector General office recently looked at the live fire testing of light
tactical wheeled vehicles and determined that it was effective for the portions
completed.
The Inspector General’s objectives were risk reduction vehicle, or XM1166, and the LFT&E provides insights into a weapon
to determine whether the Army effectively next generation expanded capacity vehicle, or system’s ability to continue to operate or fight
planned, executed, and evaluated High ECV2. after being hit by enemy threat systems. Live
Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle They initiated these audits as a result fire testing provides a way to examine the
(HMMWV) live fire testing and whether of information gathered while conducting damage inflicted on materiel and personnel
DoD exercised adequate live fire test and the audit that led to DoD IG Report No. and an opportunity to assess the effects of
evaluation (LFT&E) oversight of the Army’s D-2009-030, “Marine Corps Implementation complex environments that crews are likely
HMMWV Program. of the Urgent Universal Needs Process for to encounter in combat.
Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles,” Conducting live fire tests is very complex,
Background December 8, 2008. Specifically, they were and many factors have to be considered in the
presented with information that led them LFT&E of tactical wheeled vehicles. Those
This is the second in a series of reports to question the survivability testing of the factors include, but are not limited to: the type
on the Army’s efforts to develop, test, and HMMWV against mines and improvised of munition used, standoff distance of the
acquire armor solutions for light tactical explosive devices (IEDs). vehicle to the explosive, projectile orientation
wheeled vehicles. The first report in the angle, shotlines, the size of the fragment-
series, DoD Inspector General (IG) Report Live Fire Test and Evaluation simulating projectile (FSP), where to fire
No. D-2010-039, “Recapitalization and FSPs at the vehicle, soil conditions, whether
Acquisition of Light Tactical Wheeled LFT&E is a test process to evaluate the to conduct a test that would cause catastrophic
Vehicles,” January 29, 2010, addressed the vulnerability and lethality of a conventional or significant damage to the vehicle, and
Army’s efforts to develop and acquire the weapon or a conventional weapon system. differences between the individual vehicles.
(An FSP is a specific fragment simulator type
based on a standardized cylindrical projectile
with a chiseled nose. It is designed to be fired
from a gun to simplify armor testing.)
Test Methodology Concerns
During the audits of the “Marine Corps

Implementation of the Urgent Universal
Needs Process for Mine Resistant Ambush
Protected Vehicles” and “Recapitalization
and Acquisition of Light Tactical Wheeled
Vehicles,” the Inspector General’s office
interviewed vehicle survivability subject
matter experts who expressed concerns
about the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation
Command’s (ATEC’s) live fire testing
methods.
Specifically, the subject matter experts
were concerned that ATEC personnel:
• used FSPs to test armored vehicles

that did not accurately represent
fragments from IEDs detonated
close to a vehicle,
• incorrectly used composition-4
(C-4) as an explosive equivalent to
Damaged from a real IED, the DoD IG has reviewed the live fire testing to see if it meets all trinitrotoluene (TNT), and
criteria. • performed IED tests to evaluate
18 January 2011
vehicle armor protection in soil that Full-up system level vulnerability tests that range from dense, saturated clay to loose,
did not represent the soil found in are tests conducted on a complete system sifted sand. From this comparison study, ARL
theater operations. loaded or equipped with all the dangerous is working on a rough conversion factor that
materials that normally would be on board in would allow testers to take real observed test
Results combat (including flammables and explosives) results done in one soil condition and use
and with all critical subsystems operating that that data to estimate probable results of the
To address the vehicle survivability could make a difference in determining the same test as if it had been done in another soil
subject matter experts’ concerns about ATEC’s test outcome. These tests use munitions likely type.
live fire testing methods, the IG reviewed to be encountered in combat. Results of tests would still need to be
ATEC’s LFT&E planning and execution, compared to older vehicle tests done in the
use of FSPs, use of C-4 in lieu of TNT, and Explosive Equivalency current standard test soil.
whether the soil used in live fire testing was A representative from the U.S. Army
representative of the soil found in theater An ATEC representative stated that, from Corps of Engineers Engineer Research
operations. The IG also evaluated Director, May 2004 to November 2006, ATEC used Development Center provided a 2009 report
Operational Test and Evaluation’s (DOT&E’s) the C-4 explosive conversion as a substitute which examined the detonation of explosives
LFT&E oversight of the HMMWV Program. for a TNT mine explosive when performing in soil. He also stated that the Center is in
underbody tests of the HMMWV variants. the process of conducting a soil study that
Planning and Execution of Up-Armored ATEC used C-4 to support the HMMWV will focus on the tactical implications of
HMMWV Live Fire Test and Evaluation requirement to provide underbody protection differences in soil conditions. The study will
was Effective for the Portions Completed against mine blasts to the HMMWV variants. identify how soil conditions affect ground
The C-4 conversion used by ATEC created radar used in IED detection systems and
ATEC’s live fire testing of the up-armored smaller sized craters during the test events how the depth of an IED affected the blast to
HMMWV was effective for the portions than the crater sizes created by TNT mines in vehicle underbellies. The U.S. Army Corps of
completed. Specifically, ATEC planned a live theater. ATEC representatives stated that they Engineers Engineer Research Development
fire test strategy for the HMMWV Program used the C-4 explosive substitute because it Center surveyed 10 to 11 sites, and the United
that identified required documents needed to was the best they could do at the time. Kingdom team members are gathering data
determine system and crew survivability. Although ATEC incorrectly used C-4 from five additional sites.
ATEC provided the required live as an explosive equivalent to TNT when
planning documents to the Office of the performing underbody mine testing, the TNT Effective Oversight by the Director,
DOT&E for approval and ATEC executed mine weight requirement in the September Operational Test and Evaluation
tests in accordance with the approved live fire 2004 HMMWV operational requirements Oversight
test plans. ATEC has not yet completed the document was less than two-thirds of the
uparmored HMMWV LFT&E report but will mine explosive weight experienced in theater The Office of the DOT&E’s LFT&E
provide it, upon completion, for DOT&E’s operations. oversight of the Army’s up-armored
evaluation of the up-armored HMMWV By 2008, ATEC changed the testing HMMWV was effective for the portions
LFT&E. methodology from using the C-4 explosive of the oversight process completed. The
equivalent as a substitute for the TNT up-armored HMMWV was added to the
Fragment-Simulating Projectiles underbody mine threat to using a cast TNT Office of the Secretary of Defense Test and
mine. ARL developed cast TNT mines as Evaluation Oversight List in 2006, and the
Data collected by the U.S Army threat surrogates for the actual mine. As vehicle remained under DOT&E oversight
Aberdeen Test Center and the U.S. Army documented in its live fire test planning for live fire testing in 2010.
Research Laboratory (ARL) revealed that documents, ATEC plans to use an approved DOT&E reviewed and approved up-
the tactic of employing artillery shells as threat surrogate during live fire testing armored HMMWV test planning documents,
surface-laid IEDs, as opposed to an airburst instead of the C-4 explosive conversion in its as required. As a part of its assessment
detonation, resulted in an increase in the underbody mine blast testing. of the survivability of the up-armored
number of the bigger fragments threatening a HMMWV, DOT&E originally planned to
vehicle. An ARL representative stated that the Soil Testing use ATEC’s HMMWV Live Fire Report.
20 mm FSP represents the 97th percentile of However, on April 23, 2010, DOT&E
fragments, by mass, from a surface-laid 152 An ARL representative stated that he issued a memorandum to the Service test
mm artillery shell detonation. discussed with officials from Developmental community stating that DOT&E will publish
Based on ARL’s test data, the IG Test Command the possibility of conducting an independent report before the completion
confirmed that the 20 mm FSP represents the a study to determine whether test procedures of the test agency report, if necessary to
97th percentile of fragments, by mass, from a in a new soil would be repeatable. He stated ensure the timely reporting of operational and
surface-laid 152 mm artillery shell detonation. that ARL can complete this type of study. live fire test results. Therefore, DOT&E will
The Army used a combination of FSP tests, Further, the representative stated that current start its assessment of the survivability of the
full-up system level vulnerability tests, and tests conducted in consistent soil retain a 10 up-armored HMMWV whether or not ATEC
modeling and simulation to determine the to 25 percent variability in blast effect from has provided its HMMWV LFT&E report.
up-armored HMMWV’s capabilities and shot to shot. The Director, Live Fire Test and Evaluation,
limitations against surface-laid artillery shell- ARL is also in the process of developing stated that DOT&E will publish a HMMWV
based IED threats and other threats. a comparison of the different types of soil LFT&E report by the end of 2010.
January 2011 19
USMC LAV-AT
The United States Marine Corps integrated on to a legacy and new build LAV hour over moderate cross-country conditions,
(USMC) family of light armored vehicles AT chassis without vehicle system degradation where cross country conditions are defined as
(FOLAV), both as upgraded or newly built as detailed in the modified family of light 1.5 inch rms terrain conditions.
under the LAV-A2 program, shall be of a basic armored vehicles demonstrated performance It is expected that the ATWS maintain
configuration similar to that of the existing specification (FOLAV DPS). the required Ph of the stationary system while
fleet of USMC light armored vehicles (LAVs). The government desires that the ATWS moving at 30 kph on hard surface primary
The basic USMC LAV System configuration have the capability of far target location with roads.
shall be realized in five mission role variants a maximum circular error probability (CEP) The launcher shall be capable of
(MRVs) and as a joint service light nuclear, of 60 meters at 8 km while stationary. sequentially firing two TOW missiles without
biological, and chemical reconnaissance The ATWS shall be capable of firing the reloading, the second missile shall be capable
system (JSLNBCRS) chassis. family of TOW series missiles and desires to of being selected ready-to-fire as soon as the
The vehicle shall have the TOW II anti- have an integrated growth capability of firing first missile has impacted the target or has
tank guided missile (ATGM) launcher as a fire and forget missile. been aborted. The ATWS shall be capable of
defined by the Combat Vehicle, Anti-Tank, The system must be able to detect, powered elevation and depression while on
Improved TOW Vehicles (ITV), M901A1 recognize, identify, launch and track a missile level ground at a controlled rate of at least
with integration modifications which shall within 60 seconds of a complete stop. The 12 degrees per second, although the Marines
not degrade performance. The vehicle shall Marine Corps would like to have a system would prefer 15 degrees per second. Elevation
provide stowage for an AN/TAS-4A (Night capable to detect, recognize, identify, launch range is expected to be between plus 25
Vision Sight, Infrared) and an AN/GVS-5 and track a missile while on the love at 30 degrees and minus 20 degrees (preferred
handheld laser range finder. kph on a hard surface primary road. range is between plus 35 degrees and minus
TheATWS shall be capable of maintaining 30 degrees.
Anti Tank Weapon System (ATWS) the line of sight (LOS) on a stationary target A fire inhibit capability shall be provided
to within 1.0 mils rms at operational speeds to protect crew and equipment when operating
The ATWS shall consist of an elevated (30 kph) on hard surface primary roads. It the weapon station and firing. The fire inhibit
TOW missile launcher, modified improved is desirable that the ATWS shall be capable shall prevent firing when any one of the
target acquisition system (MITAS), and of maintaining the same LOS requirement at following conditions occurs;
elevation and azimuth drive systems operational speeds up to 15 kilometers per

20 January 2011
• The fire inhibit system shall prevent The ATWS shall have emergency electrical ventilation fans, and Blue Force Tracker.
firing when any crew hatch is power, due to loss of chassis supplied power, With MITAS integrated, the known amperage
unlatched or open. for up to 30 minutes sufficient to successfully requirement for critical systems is 40 amps.
• The fire inhibit system shall prevent detect, recognize, identify, track and fire two The amperage requirements for the turret
firing when the turret is in the load missiles. drive functions will be established by the
position. Turret back-up systems for traverse, contractor’s design.
• The fire inhibit system shall prevent elevation and depression are required that a The LAV-ATA2 with ATWS integrated
firing when the missile is firing into fifth percentile male can manually operate on shall be capable of battery health monitoring
an inhibited zone. All inhibit zones level ground. to protect from depleting the vehicle batteries,
shall be identified and included The ATWS turret shall have the maintaining sufficient power to re-start the
in the fire inhibit system during capability to actively cool the MTAS and vehicle engine.
development and shall be capable FCS components. Gunner’s station shall have The LAV-AT main armament/turret
of being updated based on changes a high temp indicator to alert the gunner of a system must achieve a 90 percent (95 percent
to the vehicle. beyond spec limit temperature for the MTAS is preferred) probability of mission success
and FCS. The gunner’s station shall have a during 38.5 hours of operation of the AT main
A visual and audible warning will be switch to manually control the active cooling armament/turret electronic system while
indicated at the gunner’s station and is desired of the MTAS and FCS. cycling three times, firing four TOW missiles
at the loader and vehicle commander stations. There is a crew of four: vehicle and covering 155 miles of terrain described in
Both the gunner and the vehicle commander commander; gunner; loader; and driver. the OMS/MP during a 48 hour mission
shall have a manual override capability to fire All crew positions must be accessible and The LAV ATWS shall meet a mean time
the weapon while in an inhibited condition. interchangeable without any one crewmember between failure (MTBOMF) of 365 hours
All communications antennas will be existing the vehicle. with a 90 percent probability of mission
lowerable from controls at the gunner’s The vehicle commander’s station should success. The Marines would prefer that
station. have provisions for independent thermal MTBOMF meet or exceed 750 hours with a
Protection levels cannot degrade the viewing, slew and cue capabilities, and 95 percent probability of mission success.
current stated protection levels. ATWS armor override capabilities. The launcher shall be capable of being
shall provide force protection equivalent The gunner’s station shall provide remote loaded with a TOW missile through the
to the BPUP protection level if the turret is viewing of the thermal imaging and day existing LAV-AT loaders hatch, maintaining
manned or to the legacy chassis protection sight image. The gunner’s station shall have legacy armor protection. The launcher shall
level if unmanned. Basically, the protection a control panel capable of fully controlling, be capable of moving from a rear firing
levels must match the legacy LAV AT chassis. monitoring and operating the ATWS. position to the reload position, be reloaded
For the turret itself it must have a ballistic The loader’s station shall have access to the with two missiles and returning to the firing
cover that will protect the sight system lens, stowed TOW missiles. position within two minutes.
equivalent to the legacy chassis protection Critical systems that support mission The maximum height of the LAV ATA2
level for small arms fire. essential functions shall be capable of with the ATWS in the stowed position not
The turret shall be capable of operation and unaffected by electrical be greater than 104 inches, no wider than
continuously traversing in both clockwise transients during silent watch for two hours the current turret, and not to exceed 3,600
and counter clockwise directions while on (four hours is preferred). Silent watch is pounds, although the Marines would prefer
level ground under power at a rate of at least critical system operation without vehicle the turret weigh no more than 3,000 pounds.
35 degrees per second in full slew and track engine operation. Critical systems legacy to
with a minimum of .009 degrees per second. the platform are: radios, internal lighting,
During the EMD Phase (Phase I), the hydraulic and mechanical integration ATWS installation. The M901 turrets/
contractor shall design, integrate and shall be achieved with no degradation materials shall be shipped to Barstow
deliver four ATWS’s that meet the re- of the baseline vehicle. The ATWS tur- after removal from the vehicles.
quirements of the performance speci- ret shall be integrated into the automo- During the production and deployment
fication. Three of the four will be used tive structure in the same location as phase (Phase II), the contractor shall
for system level developmental test in the baseline vehicle. Structural/con- manufacture, produce and provide the
and initial operational test and evalu- figuration modifications shall be mini- ATWS, materials, initial spares, equip-
ation with the remaining one used in mized and shall require approval from ment and deliverables in the types and
support of integrated logistics sup- PM-LAV before proceeding. quantities as specified in the contract.
port. The four ATWS production representa- After completion of ATWS assembly/
The contractor shall be responsible tive systems (PRS), used during the kitting, the contractor shall ship the
for the integration of the ATWS into EMD phase, shall be installed on LAV- production units to the depot for instal-
LAV-ATA2s (with BPUP armor kits ap- ATA2s by the contractor at the contrac- lation. The installation of the remaining
plied A, B, and C). The ATWS shall be tor’s facility. For these four systems, 114 ATWSs (118 total ATWS minus 4
designed to allow installation into any contractor personnel shall remove the EMD assets) will be performed at the
LAV-ATA2 (new build or legacy chas- current M901 turrets (if applicable) and Marine Corps maintenance centers.
sis) configured vehicle. Electrical, related materials in preparation for the

January 2011 21
DoD Small Business

Innovative Research
DoD’s SBIR program funds early-stage R&D projects at small technology companies—projects
which serve a DoD need and have the potential for commercialization in private sector and/or military
markets. The program, funded at approximately $1.23 billion in FY 2009, is part of a larger (>$2 billion)
federal SBIR program administered by twelve federal agencies.
As part of its SBIR program, the DoD issues an SBIR solicitation three times a year, describing its
R&D needs and inviting R&D proposals from small companies—firms organized for profit with 500 or
fewer employees, including all affiliated firms. Companies apply first for a six-month to nine-month
phase I award of $70,000 to $150,000 to test the scientific, technical, and commercial merit and feasibil-
ity of a particular concept. If phase I proves successful, the company may be invited to apply for a two-
year phase II award of $500,000 to $1,000,000 to further develop the concept, usually to the prototype
stage. Proposals are judged competitively on the basis of scientific, technical, and commercial merit.
Following completion of phase II, small companies are expected to obtain funding from the private sec-
tor and/or non-SBIR government sources (in “phase III”) to develop the concept into a product for sale
in private sector and/or military markets.
Service projects for the most current release follow.
US Army PHASE I: In phase I preliminary results to complement batteries and to charge lithi-
from a stack showing complete oxidation of um-ion rechargeable batteries, significantly
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell ethanol to produce electrical energy at low reducing the logistical burden (weight and
temperature will be demonstrated. These re- volume) for the soldier by reducing the num-
PEO Ground Combat Systems wants sults should support the potential to develop ber of batteries required for extended mission
to develop a direct ethanol fuel cell system a 40W system which can operate at a power time as well as a myriad of civilian electron-
that is capable of converting ethanol fuel into density over 150 mW/cm2, and system energy ics applications.
electricity in an efficient, small, lightweight, density over 1000 Wh/kg.
portable power system. PHASE II: In phase II, based on the re-
Ethanol has a 33 percent higher energy sults from the successful phase I program, Intelligent Vehicle Behaviors for Explosive
density than methanol, the current fuel being two 40W direct ethanol fuel cell systems with Hazard Detection & Neutralization on
evaluated for small soldier power systems power densities over 150 mW/cm2, and sys- Narrow Unimproved Routes
(8000 vs. 6000 Wh/kg). Direct ethanol fuel tem energy densities over 1000 Wh/kg will be
cells have recently been receiving increased developed and delivered to the US Army for Program manager-IED wants to develop
attention in the literature however, previous testing and evaluation. an IED defeat intelligent behavior engine
studies in acidic media have demonstrated PHASE III: Advanced alkaline direct (IBE) that can enable low-cost, mid-sized ve-
only 2 or 4 electrons generated per ethanol ethanol fuel cell technology will significantly hicles to protect dismounted troops on deep
molecule rather than the 12 that are possible impact both military and commercial applica- insertion missions, capable of significantly
when ethanol is fully oxidized resulting in tions, accelerating product development, par- improved remote, standoff detection and neu-
poor system efficiencies. The recent develop- ticularly for lightweight low power devices. tralization of buried IEDs on narrow, unim-
ment alkaline membranes that conduct hy- Because the market and the number of de- proved routes.
droxyl ions (OH-) makes alkaline membrane vices in the commercial sector is much larger PM-IED Defeat is seeking concept and
fuel cells very attractive largely due to more than the military market, widespread usage of prototype development efforts that demon-
facile kinetics for both the fuel oxidation and this technology will drive down the cost of strate remote, standoff detection and neutral-
oxygen reduction reactions. The rapid ki- devices for the military and ensure a reliable ization of buried improvised explosive devic-
netics makes the use of catalysts with lower manufacturing base. The alkaline membrane es on narrow, unimproved routes. A variety
noble metal contents feasible and potentially technology and optimized catalysts will tran- of component technologies have shown value
enable the cleavage of carbon carbon bonds sition into fuel cell system technology for dis- for aspects of this mission including a variety
at low temperatures. Use of ethanol as a fuel mounted soldiers. Likely sources of funding of sensors, manipulators and neutralization
in alkaline membrane fuel cells has the poten- if the phase III program is successful include tools. However, currently fielded technolo-
tial to significantly increase the fuel utiliza- PEO Soldier and CERDEC. gies have limited utility for defeat of IEDs on
tion and fuel cell performance, lower the cost Applications for the advanced direct eth- narrow unimproved routes during deep inser-
and improve safety. anol fuel cell system include soldier power tions into rugged terrain. Existing small ro-
22 January 2011
bots may not be able to go the necessary long visioned should be off-the-shelf and capable ponent hardware/software interfaces will be
distances (10 - 30 miles) and large vehicles of traversing long distances on narrow, rugged fully documented and, where appropriate,
such as the Husky cannot traverse the rugged paths and of supporting skid steer hydraulic conform to open architecture/messaging stan-
terrain and narrow paths. arm attachments for various implements such dards.
To address this need, an IED defeat as arms. Effective teams will provide a means PHASE III: Transition to Military - The
(IEDD) intelligent behavior engine (IBE) is to demonstrate at least one method for sens- most likely path from SBIR to operational ca-
sought that can enable low-cost, mid-sized ing buried hazards and one means for neu- pability will be via Phase II enhancement and/
vehicles to protect dismounted troops on deep tralizing them. Proposal teams may address or CPP which would allow final definition of
insertion missions. An IBE can be understood key elements of the IEDD mission including the number and type of IED defeat systems
as a software tool that provides intelligent pressure activated devices and command det- necessary, and the efficient implementation of
control for orchestrating vehicle hardware onated explosive devices. The main focus of these systems on the vehicle. At this stage of
and software components towards mission the work is not on the vehicle but rather the the program close interaction with PM-IED
goals. The IBE should be portable and recon- ability for intelligent software behaviors and Defeat and JIEDDO will facilitate develop-
figurable so that it can interface seamlessly human interfaces to support effective, semi- ment of a robust transition plan that identifies
with multiple payloads, vehicles and sensors. autonomous functionality that reduces work- the IED Defeat subsystems necessary, overall
While a highly skilled human operator may load and maximizes performance. system delivery schedule and cost per sys-
understand how to hold a sensor; where to po- PHASE I: Conduct study/analysis of tem.
sition it; and what areas of the environment to current IEDD tools and components that can A potential path to fielding will be to
investigate, successfully translating that skill be used from a mid-sized vehicle. By the end pursue a rapid equipment fielding exercise,
into effective autonomous machine behavior of Phase I, develop a plan includes a list and where the prototype Intelligent Behavior
is an open problem that requires innovation. description of proposed IEDD tools (sensors) Engine will be used to define a suite of sen-
A solution that merely integrates sensors and the strategy for behaviors that maximize sors and techniques for IED detect/defeat on
with vehicles will not be sufficient. Rather, performance of each tool. The plan should in- medium sized vehicles for rough terrain op-
the IBE should focus on intelligent, adaptive clude an interface control strategy to support erations. As part of this user evaluation phase
software behaviors that provide standoff op- tasking and situation awareness. The imple- there is also the potential to use the system to
eration in terms of navigation, detection and mentation plan should focus on the software enhance or redefine the functionality of exist-
neutralization. The IBE should allow the op- and hardware strategy for plug and play of ing IED in-road defeat systems.
erator to initiate, monitor and sequence IEDD each tool. In parallel, Phase III transition may be
task elements such as scanning, digging and PHASE II: Develop and refine the pro- facilitated via user-centric warfighter experi-
emplacing explosive charges. Specific areas totype toolkit in terms of hardware and soft- ments to examine concepts of operation and
for innovation include, but are not limited to ware. Demonstration plug and play of subsys- to hone the system behavior and overall per-
the following: tem components together with functionality formance.
Shared control driving: On long distance of behaviors and operational tasking from the Military end applications for the IBE
dismounted patrols, users require a standoff graphical interface. The Phase II hardware/ plug and play station and development envi-
control scheme that offers off-board, “back- software solution can be defined as follows: ronment may include 1) improved IED defeat
seat driving” capabilities. The IBE should 1) Graphical user interface, Intelligent Be- systems for in-road or off-road, improved
permit operators to provide intermittent di- havior Engines, and other systems analysis tunnel defeat systems which require a robust
rectional cues and to initiate various specific toolkit functionality will reside on a rugged synergism of sensor types and 3) smart muni-
threat detection behaviors from a hand-held field ready laptop computer 2) from inside tions systems which have complex function-
device that may include a visualization of the vehicle the laptop computer will interface ality and would benefit from improved data
nearby terrain and hazard data. outside in front of the vehicle to a portable fusion using a variety of sensor modalities.
Characterization and Neutralization plug and play station suitable for mount on a Commercial Applications - A portable system
Behaviors: The variation in threats faced by medium sized vehicle. The plug and play sta- laptop computer with interface station which
warfighters must be met with versatility in tion must be designed to be field rugged and allows a user to evaluate the synergy of sub-
terms of robotic capacity for using multiple not greater than 1 cubic foot. The plug and systems in a plug and play environment while
hazard sensors effectively. These behaviors play station will be used as the interface from conforming to open architecture/messaging
must effectively encapsulate the skill and the control computer to various IED detect, standards would have potential commercial
techniques necessary to exploit hazard sen- locate, or defeat systems. The Phase II pro- market appeal. Such a system would reduce
sors, marking tools, and neutralization devic- totype and test system should be capable of the development time normally associated
es including how far from a surface to scan supporting a warfighter assessment of system with complex systems integration efforts. The
a particular sensor, how fast to scan it, and capability including vehicle mobility, naviga- system might find application in 1) sensor
the advance rate of the vehicle while using a tion behavior subsystem, communication sub- companies for evaluating new sensor prod-
particular tool. system, and hand held operator control unit ucts or the integration of several products to-
Intelligent Manipulation Control: The with visualization and tasking software. The gether to meet special customer requirements
IBE should address general purpose manipu- system will also include at least one neutral- 2) surveillance systems companies to expand
lation skills that can be effectively used with ization subsystem, one manipulator subsys- the functionality and performance of surveil-
hydraulic or electric arms to perform various tem, one underground imaging systems (e.g. lance systems using different surveillance
reaching, scanning, sampling and digging ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic sensor systems.
tasks associated with the IEDD mission. induction sensor) and one chemical analysis
The mid-sized (500-3,000 pound) vehicle en- sensor for sweeping and/or sampling. Com-
January 2011 23
Water Generation from Atmospheric should demonstrate the capability to produce employed in base camp operations to reduce
Humidity Technologies water from atmospheric humidity at 285 watt water supply, however there is still a need for
hour per liter or less at ambient conditions of reducing the amount of wastewater that must
PEO Combat Support & Combat Service 70 degrees F and 40 percent relative humid- be hauled from base camps.
Support wants to develop a scalable energy- ity. The system should also be able to produce The Army has identified the following
efficient technology to generate potable water water at conditions of 2 grams of water per areas as key technology challenges to devel-
from atmospheric humidity in hot arid envi- kilogram of air at a maximum of 1140 watt oping and fielding a wastewater treatment
ronments. This technology must be adaptable hour per liter. The experiments should also system for base camp applications; rapid
to compact, rugged, mobile, water generation demonstrate the feasibility of continuous op- start up of biological systems, the ability to
systems to support soldiers deployed in field eration. A conceptual design shall be provided adapt to widely varying load conditions, and
environments. demonstrating the feasibility of a 500 gallon the reduction of the system energy demand.
Water purification technology has un- per day system that would be transportable on Examples of technologies that have been
dergone significant advances in the past few a 5 ton trailer. identified with the potential to address the
decades, however, water sustainment on the PHASE II: Based on best design param- key technology challenges are: integration
battlefield still follows the age old practice of eters discovered in Phase I build and demon- of biological processes with physical/chemi-
locating a water source, treating the water to strate a demonstrator which can be used by cal processes, microbial fuel cells, and hol-
make it potable, and then transporting the wa- various military and other defense and sup- low fiber membrane biofilm reactors. These
ter in bulky containers to the soldiers. For the port organizations for military, humanitarian respectively provide potential approaches to
current forces over half of the sustainment re- assistance, and disaster relief operations. The reduce the impact of variable loading and re-
quirement is the distribution of bulk liquids. demonstrator will be skid or pallet mounted, duce volume, reduce the energy and possible
As the Army evolves into a lighter and more produce at least 2 gallons per hour, with an export energy by capturing energy available
deployable force focused on the concept of onboard storage capacity of 10 gallons and be in the waste stream and addressing all of
force projection water distribution becomes able to operate for 24 hours without any re- the areas above through the efficient deliv-
an even larger concern for military logistics. quired maintenance. The system will meet the ery of gases to a fixed biofilm on a physical
The ability to generate water at the point of phase I energy metrics and the product water separation media. An acceptable technol-
use would reduce or even eliminate the trans- will meet Technical Bulletin Medical 577 wa- ogy solution should be energy efficient, low-
portation requirement and have a cascading ter quality standards. maintenance, provide high recovery, and be
effect on reducing the overall logistics re- PHASE III: Build scaled system to meet operational over a wide range of temperatures
quirement of the force. the needs for use at an expeditionary Army (-25 F to 140 F). The system needs to meet
The goal is to develop a system that has water treatment site and for humanitarian re- the Army requirement to be deployable and
the capability to generate water on demand lief efforts. Create a manufacturing plan that mobile. This means the system must be set
when no traditional source (i.e. river, lake, or will facilitate both product scaling and low up and fully operational within 1 to 2 days.
ocean) is available using atmospheric humid- rate initial production of both military and The system must also be adaptable to differ-
ity. The Army is not interested in simple re- emergency response units. ent and variable influent wastewater quality.
frigeration systems but rather novel technolo- Minimization of the production of any harm-
gies that reduce the energy requirements, size, ful discharge/by-products and any consum-
and weight of the system. Current state of the Expeditionary Wastewater Treatment ables needed is required; avoidance of these
art systems use mechanical vapor compres- Technologies items is optimal. The system should be able
sion cooling systems with or without energy to treat a capacity of 3,000-12,000 gallons/
recovery and desiccant humidity concentra- PEO Combat Support & Combat Service day. Power requirement should not exceed
tion. These systems are energy intensive, re- Support wants to develop and demonstrate a 29kW and the ability to use variable power
quiring on the order of 570 watt-hour per liter high recovery, energy efficient gray and black sources including alternative energy sources
of water produced for ambient conditions of wastewater treatment system that can be used is desirable.
70 degrees F and 40 percent relative humid- to support a 150 person Army base camp dur- PHASE I: A proof of concept laboratory-
ity. Additionally these types of systems do ing expeditionary operations. scale to breadboard unit that treats wastewa-
not scale down well to mobile systems. The The current and future demands of a ter should be constructed and laboratory char-
system must be able to generate potable water highly mobile, resource limited Army base acterization experiments completed. Finalize
in sufficient quantities in all environments, camp call for new/advancements in technolo- a conceptual design for developing and pro-
including nuclear, chemical and biologically gies for wastewater treatment and reuse. The totyping a material system that is suitable for
contaminated areas. The water generation Army must continue to improve and opti- use by a small Army unit for expeditionary
units should be scalable to any size, sustain- mize its water management to meet mission operations.
able, and generate enough water to be of use requirements. The need for reductions in the PHASE II: Based on best design param-
to the DoD in a timely fashion. As a baseline water supply burden of base camp operations eters discovered in Phase I, build and dem-
the system should have a production rate at and the safe discharge of wastewater require onstrate a quarter-scale pallet/skid-mounted
least equal to the current military systems, for innovative technologies with the capability to prototype demonstrator that can be tested in
traditional sources, of the same size, weight, treat gray (i.e., shower, kitchen, laundry) and a relevant environment. The system shall
and power consumption. black water (i.e., toilet) so that it can be dis- produce an effluent that meets or exceeds the
PHASE I: Laboratory experiments and charged into the environment, thus eliminat- EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimina-
a proof of concept benchtop breadboard sys- ing the need for waste hauling. Shower water tion System limits for secondary treatment
tem should be completed. These experiments re-use systems (SWRS) are currently being BOD 30 mg/L, TSS 30 mg/L, pH 6-9, and
24 January 2011
removal 85 percent for BOD and TSS. A fi- Innovative solutions must allow for the pro- light weight, high power density gearbox so-
nal prototype demonstration will be required vision of upgraded final drives for today’s lutions with increased efficiencies. Develop
12 months from the initial demonstration that tracked vehicles that are identical in form commercialization plans to identify target
incorporates any updated user requirements and fit to today’s final drive assemblies, but partners (both military and commercial) and
and design changes. The final system should with the ability to transmit more power. To- facilitate the technology transition to manu-
not exceed a pack out volume of 416 cubic day’s fleet of tracked vehicles would benefit facturing.
feet and should weigh less than 7,110 pounds. by offering technology for increasing mobil- PHASE III: By partnering with a tracked
The unit should be easy to operate with the ity performance without requiring significant vehicle platform integrator, develop, validate,
ability to provide unattended automatic op- changes to the surrounding final drive inter- and launch the higher power density final
eration, provide real time system monitoring faces such as the vehicle structure, track sys- drive into Bradley combat vehicle. If success-
and be self-monitoring. tem, or powerpack. Future Ground Combat ful, the technology will be adaptable to other
PHASE III: Build a commercialization Vehicle (GCV) design and development ef- platforms and transferable across the Army’s
scaled system to meet the wastewater treat- forts would also benefit by offering improved existing fleet of tracked vehicles as well as
ment needs for a small unit (150 person) ex- final drive technology to maximize the mobil- new tracked vehicle development.
peditionary base camp site and demonstrate ity performance of this new tracked vehicle. Commercial applications where high
the system in a relevant environment. Create Proposed SBIR will be concentrated on power density geared systems are sought
a manufacturing plan that will facilitate both power transmission for increased torque and would benefit from this technology. For ex-
product scaling and low rate initial production horsepower capacity. Research will also in- ample, wind turbine power generation, min-
of the system. Potential commercial applica- vestigate weight savings and efficiency gains. ing and heavy construction equipment manu-
tions of the system would include humanitar- Expected gains are an increase in power trans- facturers would significantly benefit from
ian assistance and disaster relief efforts. mission from 600 hp to 800 hp and a torque light weight, high power density gearbox
capacity of 62,000 ft-lbs for a finite duration solutions with increased efficiencies.
while maintaining the same space claim. A
Development of High Power Density Final weight savings of 20 percent and a 1-3 per-
Drive for the Bradley Infantry Fighting cent efficiency gain will be target objectives. High Efficiency Fans for Underhood Cool-
Vehicle Innovative solutions that could improve ing of Military Vehicles
power density of final drives include those
PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to con- for gear geometry, material selection and PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to
duct basic research into the development of a heat treating, coatings, lubrication, fabrica- find highly efficient cooling fans that can be
high power density final drive for the Bradley tion, and integration. Innovative concepts for integrated for underhood cooling of military
infantry fighting vehicle. reducing weight, improving efficiency, pro- combat, tactical and commercial vehicles
Due to the installation of heavy surviv- viding a quick driveline disconnect, reduc- which will improve vehicle operational capa-
ability kits on today’s fleet of combat tracked ing costs, and providing for condition based bility in hot climates.
vehicles, the mobility performance of these maintenance are desirable in addition to those Currently many vehicles in the Army
vehicles have degraded from the increased that improve power density. fleet are using inexpensive, low technology,
vehicle weight and many platforms no lon- PHASE I: Evaluate feasibility of three automotive axial flow fans which are in the
ger meet mobility requirements. Efforts are concepts for improved final drive power den- neighborhood of 43 percent efficiency (static).
underway to recapture the lost mobility per- sity; including gear design and configuration, More advanced technology fans have been
formance through mobility upgrades of the tribology studies, and application of existing implemented into a few vehicles which are in
engines, transmissions, final drives, and sus- light weight or composite materials (such as the neighborhood of 75 percent efficient. The
pension systems. The practical approach is to aluminum or magnesium alloy housings). static efficiency of a fan is a measure of how
recover lost mobility without requiring unde- Perform an analysis to select the best tech- effectively a fan moves air against the system
sirable vehicle structural changes for integra- nical approach for a Phase 2 design, build, resistance. Static pressure times the airflow
tion. To achieve this, higher power density and demonstration phase. Demonstrate per- rate times a constant divided by static effi-
solutions are necessary so that more power formance, weight, and efficiency improve- ciency equals fan power. If static efficiency is
can be generated and transmitted within the ments (see above metrics) through modeling increased, with the same airflow and pressure
existing or smaller space claims. The Army and simulation with supporting engineering coming out of the fan, then the horsepower
has put significant effort in improving the analyses. requirement for the fan is reduced, thereby
power density of engines and transmissions; PHASE II: Improve and refine, test, and providing more power for mobility. This ad-
however, little effort has been placed on ex- apply concepts to current Bradley final drive. ditional power is significant, and can contrib-
ploring opportunities to improve the power Analyze further, design, and produce one or ute to upwards of 8% more horsepower to be
density of final drives. As vehicle horsepower more prototype final drive sets for dynamom- utilized for other vehicle requirements, or for
increases to overcome vehicle weight growth, eter test and evaluation (demonstrate technol- operating in hot ambient environments. With
it is highly desirable to upgrade the final drive ogy feasibility). improved fan efficiencies, more power can
systems with new technologies so that they Commercial applications where high be dedicated to powering up hills, along with
can transmit more power within their current power density geared systems are sought accelerating along level surfaces, or power-
packaging environment. would benefit from this technology. For ex- ing auxiliary equipment. Additionally, better
The Army is seeking innovative technol- ample, wind turbine power generation, min- vehicle fuel economy can also be achieved by
ogy for cost effectively increasing the power ing and heavy construction equipment manu- operating with more efficient fans.
density of final drive gearbox assemblies. facturers would significantly benefit from Building a compact fan that fits within
January 2011 25
the tight space-claim of military vehicles and housing design of the fan. In Phase 2, an tervals, to create a direct DC to RF conver-
is paramount. Military vehicles generally initial prototype will be built and component sion of electrical energy in a frozen wave
require a cooling system capable of main- tested. Additional CFD modeling will occur structure. These systems can be quite com-
taining engine and transmission operating as the phase 1 modeling will be validated, pact and effective against IED electronics
temperatures within specified limits while and improvements and design improvements and other electronic systems with the poten-
operating continuously under full load at 0.7 will be analyzed. Two fans will then be pro- tial of long range interdiction, however they
Tractive Effort to Gross Vehicle Weight ratio vided to the government for internal testing. require an external high energy laser system
(TE/GVW) under the maximum conditions In Phase 3, the contractor will be provided a to trigger the switching circuits, which limit
of +120 degrees F, and the cooling system vehicle from the Army for integrating the fan the application and the size of the platform
must be capable of not exceeding temperature and conducting relevant testing. Testing will on which they could be mounted. They also
limits while operating at rated engine power focus on maintaining engine and transmis- require medium range high voltage sources
(tractive effort is the force exerted at the run- sion operating temperatures within specified mounted externally to the transmission lines
ning gear to propel the vehicle). At the end of limits while operating continuously under for between pulse charging of the RF circuits,
Phase 3, meeting this full-load tractive effort full load at 0.7 tractive effort to gross vehicle increasing the hazard and complexity of the
at 120 degrees F is the goal of the program for weight ratio (TE/GVW) under the maximum system.
the target vehicles utilizing the fan developed conditions of +120 degrees F. The focus of the SBIR topic to create
under this SBIR. PHASE I: Complete a feasibility study a charged transmission line with integrated
Two separate fans will be developed in and preliminary design report for a high-effi- optical switches that also integrates the laser
order to target both combat and tactical vehi- ciency fan build that fits the geometry space trigger source onto the transmission line as
cles. The combat vehicle planned for integra- claim defined by the government. This will well as the high voltage power supply. The
tion of the first fan will be the Paladin Inte- include a computation fluid dynamics study final embodiment of this effort will be an in-
grated Management (PIM) vehicle, known as which will define and develop the fan require- tegrated module that can be stacked into ar-
the PIM Paladin. The PIM Paladin is targeted ments. Following this study, deliver sufficient rays to form high power RF modules for a
for a cooling upgrade. The PIM has a Brad- initial fan design details to the Government multitude of applications.
ley powerpack with a different integrated to allow analysis within TARDEC’s CASSI The modules should be of size and vol-
cooling pack. Independent PIM TARDEC business group. ume to fit within either the GMLRS or ATAC-
full-load cooling tests are upcoming within PHASE II: Build an initial prototype fan, MS payload bay and be totally self contained.
the next year. The tactical vehicle target for and component test the fan. Use CFD to re- The desired payload specifications are:
integration of the second fan will be Variant fine the fan design. With the lessons learned
C of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). from this initial prototype, design and build a 1. Total weight <200 lbs including
The JLTV vehicle most closely matches the follow-on fan. Complete the component test- power supply
requirements of a commercial truck and thus ing. Make fan available for government test- 2. A diameter less than 7.5 inches
satisfies the commercialization requirement ing. 3. A length less than 3 feet
in the SBIR goals. PHASE III: With the vehicles provided
The SBIRs initial build will be for fans by the Army integrate the fan into the ve- The RF source developed under this
with a minimum static efficiency of 85 per- hicles. Complete full-throttle, hot climate research should operate at a frequency of
cent. This efficiency exceeds the efficiency testing. If successful, complete engineering either 915 MHz or 1.3 GHz and produce a
of any vehicle fan known to be built. The change proposal for the Army vehicle(s). minimum of 5 RF cycles. It should be able
innovative approach will attempt to meet Production fans can be then integrated into to operate for a minimum of 10 seconds with
the flowrate and pressure rise requirements vehicles, as required. Commercial truck ap- a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz. The source
while increasing the efficiency of the fan. A plications which more closely match with the should generate a nominal electric field of
research and development approach will be JLTV vehicle will be explored in order to re- 50,000 V/m normalized to 1 meter. There is
needed in order to achieve the efficiencies duce the overall production costs to the gov- no preference as to the antenna pattern, gain,
required for the effort. Mixed-flow fan and ernment. or beam width.
accelerated vaneaxial flow fans are currently PHASE I: Investigate methods for incor-
used in higher-efficiency applications (50-75 porating the optical source technology and
percent efficient range), however the offerer Advanced High Voltage Optical Switches high voltage source within the supporting RF
will have the freedom to explore the flow pat- for Launchable Compact RF Warheads transmission line. This should include a trade
tern that makes sense for the effort. study with predictions as to size and volume
This effort will be completed within the PEO Missiles and Space wants to de- of the proposed RF modules and a basic
minimal space-claim that will allow for retro- velop a high voltage optical switch direct to demonstration of the optical switching tech-
fitting into existing military vehicles. The first RF conversion technology which integrates nology. The source should be designed with
phase will be a study to define the efficiency the switching light source and high voltage shock hardening in mind with plans for the
and component geometry of an underhood fan source within the supporting RF transmission final embodiment to be hardened for missile
using technical engineering analysis which line to form a self contained RF module that launch.
will include a computational fluid dynamics could be inserted into either the GMLRS or PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate
(CFD) study. This CFD modeling will pro- ATACMS missile platform. a standalone module and demonstrate free
vide a defined envelope for the pressure and It has been shown that high voltage optical field RF transmission within a laboratory
flow requirements of the PIM and JLTV ve- switches can be effectively integrated into a environment. The device should be capable
hicles. It will also provide details of the blade charged transmission line, at appropriate in- of producing a frequency of 915 MHz or 1.3
26 January 2011
GHz with a minimum of pulse length of 5 RF enough to handle the additional weight Increased Autonomous Vehicle Mission
cycles. It should be able to operate for a mini- (~100 pounds) and the resulting cantilever Performance Using Advanced Electrical
mum of 10 seconds with a pulse repetition burden are desired. In addition, it would Architectures
rate of 1 kHz. The device should generate a be desirable that a process to perform the
nominal electric field of 50,000 V/m normal- daisy chain is highly desirable, as well. By optimizing a small (100 pounds or
ized to 1 meter. 4. The development of attachment con- less such as a Talon/Packbot) autonomous
PHASE III: The final embodiment of cepts needs to be weight efficient. The unmanned ground system’s (AUGS) power
the module developed in phase II, would be a Army has significant interest in increas- storage, generation, and distribution as well
flight hardened, drop in device, which would ing soldier protection while decreasing as utilizing new power sources and energy
be test launched on either a GMLRS or other weight. The ability to meet our needs with storage technology (batteries, ultra-capaci-
in inventory GFE missile. At this phase of reasonable weights is most essential to tors, fuel cells, hybrid-electric), the goals of
development, which would result in a TRL our continued success. this PEO Ground Combat Systems effort are
level 5 device, demonstrations of effective- to improve the mission capability and ensure
ness would be sought and demonstrations of PHASE I: Phase I should be a concept payload delivery of small unmanned ground
fly ability of the source would be performed. development phase. The selected contractor robotic systems by:
will be able to finalize the design parameters
with the government and develop between 4 1) Increasing AUGS power availability
Innovative Appliqué Attachment Methods to 6 design concepts. As a part of the design and mission length
for Army Vehicles downselect, a vehicle system for testing will 2) Increasing AUGS energy storage ca-
be selected. These design concepts should pability
PEO Combat Support & Combat Service be an entire panel system. The attachment 3) Increasing AUGS system efficiency
Support is looking at the integration of armor method does not need to be just one type of
packages for ground combat systems. New attachment, but could be an attachment sys- Promising solutions will improve mis-
armor packages will be mounted to vehicle tem. However, commonality is favored if and sion capability by at least 25 percent with an
structures using successfully developed tech- when possible. The concepts shall be devel- objective target of 40 percent, will be com-
nology. oped and presented with supporting evidence pact, light weight, and will be easily configu-
The Army is in need of innovative meth- for each concept, and a final evaluation. The rable and transferable to multiple systems. A
ods of attaching Appliqué armor packages to details of the supporting evidence would be field upgradeable kit that includes hardware
combat vehicle structures. Many of these ar- at the discretion of the contractor. However, and software deliverables is envisioned.
mor packages use non-traditional materials as such evidence may include (but is not limited Small (100 pounds or less) AUGS are
a part of the package. These materials are very too) engineering analysis. Material strength increasingly important to the US Army and
effective at increasing the protection level of data, prototype (or similar design) demonstra- its military and logistical operations. Each
the armor, and also reducing the weight bur- tion, finite element analysis (FEA). Up to two AUGS platform has a different main purpose
den on the vehicles. However, the methods of concepts could be downselected for Phase II. and AUGS platforms can be physically con-
attaching these armor packages have not had PHASE II: Phase II of this program figured for different mission priorities and
a similar increase in effectiveness. The Army would involve the testing and further devel- payloads. The Department of the Army, TAR-
is looking to increase the capabilities of ap- opment of the two concepts developed dur- DEC GVPM, TARDEC IGS, the RS JPO,
pliqué attachments in several areas: ing in Phase I. Prototypes of the downselected and the NAC are collaborating to develop
concept(s) shall be fabricated and tested un- practical and cost effective ways of extend-
1. Current attachment methods that are ef- der a battery of tests that should include struc- ing mission life without extensive re-design/
fective are not quick to remove. In order tural, environmental, and ballistic testing. modification. Early investigative studies pre-
to make needed combat vehicle repairs Additional tests may include testing the time dict that intelligent contribution from energy
the attachment methods need to be quick- it takes to install and remove. The parameters storage devices and improvements resulting
ly removed with either simple tools or no of the testing conditions will be based upon from advanced system-level power manage-
tools. This can be an issue as typically the vehicle system selected in Phase I. ment and control could increase the mission
attachment methods that can be taken PHASE III: This system does have vast capability, having a positive impact across
off easily do not hold under the large dy- defense vehicle capabilities depending on robotic system platforms.
namic loading conditions seen by combat the degree of success and the adaptability of PHASE I: Phase I will result in a design
vehicles. the final solution. Many current vehicles are concept for a configurable and scalable intel-
2. Current attachment methods need to employing a system of appliqué armors that ligent power management system, which can
improve isolation from vehicle automo- could benefit from better attachment meth- be added to a variety of AUGS platforms.
tive loading. The appliqué can be more ods. In addition, the commercial application Technical feasibility and commercial viability
optimally designed if they do not need of an attachment method that is robust, light- will be essential considerations in the Phase I
to endure as much structural loading. Im- weight, and easily detachable are probably study.
proved methods of isolation are required. fairly significant. PHASE II: Phase II will entail the de-
3. There is a potential that additional ap- sign and development of the Phase I design
pliqués can be added on top of existing concept. During the duration of Phase II, pro-
appliqués. These appliqués would be totypes of the design concept will be built,
daisy-chained 2 (and potentially 3) deep. configured, and implemented on several ge-
Attachment methods that can be robust neric AUGS systems in bench-level technol-
January 2011 27
ogy demonstrators. Objective measurements (˜-25°F up to 125°F), extended UV expo- lessen the weight of the overall bridge but
will be made with a manual or semi-auto- sure, precipitation, sandstorms, wildlife, etc. could be used to reduce the weight of armor
mated data acquisition system. Data will be The material would be able to withstand all protection. The commercial potential for this
analyzed and presented at design reviews and climates for 20 years without needing main- material could be lightweight bridging com-
will be captured in a final technical report. tenance due to corrosion. It is desired that a ponents. Effort in this phase would involve
All SBIR results (including, but not limited single, concentrated, high impact would not further collaboration with the bridging manu-
to, designs, drawings, electrical schematics, compromise performance of the material. facturers regarding design and manufacture
software source code) will be delivered at the In addition to the desired material prop- of a specific component to which the process
conclusion of the program. erties, there are several desired attributes. If could be applied. Additional testing to further
PHASE III: The results of the SBIR ef- the material is used in conjunction with or at- prove the advantages of the material and po-
fort could be applied to military manned and tached to other materials, a solution for con- tentially qualify it for service could be per-
unmanned ground vehicle systems to ensure necting the different materials is necessary. formed.
mission payload and to extend silent watch The desired deflection of the bridge under full
missions. Commercial application could in- load would be comparable to a similar struc-
clude autonomous robotic systems that oper- ture made of steel or aluminum. It is desired Advanced Rotary Diesel Engine Fuel
ate in manufacturing environments and small to not increase the weight of the structure by Injection System for Unmanned and
electric vehicle systems that rely on battery more than 5 percent when using a deflection Manned Ground Vehicles
operation. controlled design as compared to any other
failure mode. If the material is used in con- PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to
junction with another material, it is desired examine, develop, and demonstrate the use of
High-Strength, Lightweight Material for a that the materials have similar thermal expan- an advanced high pressure injection system
Bridge Applications sion properties. Ideally, the method of produc- in a heavy-fuel (DF-2 and JP-8 compatibil-
ing the material and assembling the structure ity), rotary diesel engine for unmanned and
PEO Ground Combat Systems is using would be able to be done in a remote location manned ground vehicle applications.
this SBIR to research an innovative mate- with limited equipment. There currently is a shortcoming of
rial for use in bridge structures. This material PHASE I: Design and develop the con- heavy fuel engines that have a rated power
needs to be lightweight, have high strength, cept material along with testing. During the between 10 and 80 BHP and are compatible
high durability, good weather resistance, and Phase I effort, analysis of the technical ap- with both JP-8 and DF-2, have high power to
high survivability. The material is desired to proach proposed should be conducted in de- weight and power to volume density, provide
be used in the entire bridge structure as the tail. This analysis should include discussions good fuel consumption characteristics, and
main structural components. However, the with TARDEC to identify the specific re- operate over extreme climatic ranges ranging
material could also be used as an enhancement quirements for application of the process to a from below -25 F to 125 F ambient. Today
in conjunction with other materials, forming bridge. A preliminary analysis of the potential it is difficult to adapt light-duty, automotive
the main structural components. There is no materials and projected cost of the proposed diesel piston engines for such applications
restriction on whether the material is a fiber, approach should be conducted. Small scale while meeting power density, packaging, and
ceramic, plastic, or other. A material solution manufacturing trials and material character- heavy fuel needs and thus other options are
that is only metal is not the desired result. ization testing may be conducted to establish under exploration. One developing technolo-
The material has many desired proper- basic feasibility and guide the effort to be gy that could potentially fit this niche market
ties. For ease, the material will be compared conducted in Phase II. are heavy fuel, rotary diesel engines that can
to common bridge materials such as steel PHASE II: Develop, test and demon- provide from 10 BHP to 60 BHP per rotor,
and aluminum. Ideally, the material solution strate concept material in a WADI bridge have peak brake fuel consumption less than
would allow for approximately a 50 percent design. The results of the Phase I effort shall 0.5 lbm/bhp-hr, and have an engine power
(25 percent) weight reduction in comparison be further developed to scale-up the proposed density of 1 hp/lbm for ground vehicle appli-
to a similar steel (aluminum) structure. Ideally, approach and optimize the material meth- cations. A major challenge with such engines
this material would possess similar qualities ods. Coordination of the specific approach revolves around the combustion system de-
as steel and aluminum; however, have a much for optimization and scale-up effort with a velopment of which the fuel injection system
greater strength-to-weight ratio. This material WADI bridge. This development work shall presents a significant challenge due to dif-
needs to withstand a large number of fatigue be supported by necessary design and model- ficult spray targeting length and time scales
cycles, both for deck wear and structural fa- ing effort. Manufacturing trials and material associated with rotary diesel combustion
tigue. The desired fatigue limit would be 80 property development of increased complex- systems. Such combustion chamber geom-
percent of the ultimate stress for the given ity shall be conducted to evaluate the perfor- etry have significant challenges in properly
material. Ideally, the material would not sus- mance of the specific approach. Application targeting injector nozzle geometry for JP-8
tain a single, catastrophic, brittle failure like of the material process to a full scale bridge and DF-2 due the time varying impingement
many fibrous materials; rather a slow, ductile shall be conducted. Fatigue testing to estab- length of each injector spray and the limita-
failure is desired for safety. Fracture tough- lish the potential benefits shall be conducted. tion on rotor pocket geometry for enhancing
ness 25 percent (50 percent) greater than steel Potential material applications shall be iden- spray mixing and combustion rates without
(aluminum) would be desired. This material tified and plans for technology insertion and excessive liquid fuel rotor impingement. This
needs to withstand a wide variety of climates product development conducted. topic will focus on developing a flexible,
without any degradation in performance. Cli- PHASE III: Material concept would high pressure fuel injection system that can
mates can be defined as temperature range be used on and in the bridging structures to be integrated onto a heavy-fuel, rotary diesel
28 January 2011
engine and meet the aforementioned power to develop an advanced lithium ion battery duction for commercial and military lithium
density, power to weight, power to volume, separator that has high temperature stability ion battery applications. The results of the de-
and climatic operating range conditions. Such in order to increase battery safety. velopment of the improved separator should
a fuel system should be able to vary start of The electrification of tactical military enable the incorporation of advanced lithium
injection timing, deliver multiple injection vehicle technologies has been limited by the ion battery configured in a 6T and/or Group
events when necessary, and provide adequate safety, performance, and excessive costs of 31 configuration into new type of military ve-
spray formation to avoid excessive wall wet- power sources and storage devices. Lithium hicle systems as well as commercial electric
ting while providing combustion characteris- ion batteries have moderate energy density vehicle and hybrid electric vehicles. The goal
tics amenable to both JP-8 and DF-2. and power density. Lithium ion battery safety in this phase will be to initiate the manufac-
PHASE I: Identify and assess fuel in- hazards, such as thermal runaway, limit their turing processes to produce this separator ma-
jection technology that will meet the perfor- application in extreme military conditions. terial for lithium-ion batteries and to evaluate
mance specifications described in the descrip- Residual stress and reduced mechanical the products for military and commercial ap-
tion section and also provide a relevant bench properties of separators at high temperatures plications.
top demonstration. Assessment should include can lead to shrinkage, tearing, or pinhole for-
any necessary zero- or multi-dimensional mation, which contribute to battery failure.
analysis that will aid in selecting the proper The Army is interested in identifying and Low Cost Embedded Dust Detector (EDD)
fuel injector and nozzle geometry including developing innovative separator concepts for M1 Abrams/Ground Combat Vehicle
hole size(s) and angle(s), and the bench top for advanced lithium ion batteries which will (GCV)
demonstration should provide evidence that improve safety, performance, extend the life,
the injector has single and multiple injec- and reduce the cost of the separator. Grant ap- PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to
tion capability at various injection durations plications must show how proposed innova- develop a low cost embedded dust detector
representative of light to high load engine tions would result in significant advances in (EDD) for M1 Abrams/GCV and commercial
operating conditions and qualitatively has a safety enhancement and cost reduction over vehicles. The EDD will be integrated into
spray pattern that will minimize combustion state-of-the-art technologies. Therefore, grant engine to warn an operator of high dust con-
chamber wall impingement. The fuel injector applications are sought for new separator that tamination for reducing engine damage and
should have the capability for multiple injec- offer high temperature stability (less than 5 improve vehicle operational readiness.
tions within the operating speed envelope of a percent shrinkage at 220°C or higher) and High power density military engine used
representative rotary diesel with engine shaft mechanical strength (tensile Strength: Less in M1 Abrams and proposed for Ground Com-
speeds up to 5,500 RPM and peak injection than 2 percent offset at 1,000 psi) suitable bat Vehicle (GCV) require huge volumes of
pressures between 1000 and 2500 bar. for lithium ion battery applications. Proposed intake air in order to meet mobility and power
PHASE II: Demonstrate and validate the approaches could involve new polymer mate- generation requirements. Operating these ve-
performance of the chosen phase I fuel injec- rials or composite materials; no limitation is hicles in desert environments exposes the en-
tion system on a rotary diesel engine through placed on the alternatives that could be con- gine to extended periods of dust contamina-
computational analysis, bench top experi- sidered as long as the temperature stability tion which drives up the frequency of air filter
mentation, and relevant engine hardware and mechanical strength goals are met. Pro- servicing, shortening intervals between major
demonstration with the goal of meeting the posed materials must also meet all of the de- engine overhaul/replacement and ultimately
aforementioned fuel consumption target, the sign requirements for a lithium-ion separator increasing operating life cycle costs. The high
rated power range per rotor, and the specific (performance, thickness, porosity, cost, etc.) air flow (up to 10,000 standard cubic feet per
power characteristics described in the de- at room temperature. minute, SCFM) required for M1 Abrams gas
scription section using both JP-8 and DF-2. PHASE I: The contractor will devel- turbine engine must utilizes three air filters
PHASE III: Develop a fuel injection op and demonstrate the proposed concept to trap the dust contaminants. M1 Abrams
system that can be readily integrated onto a through materials preparation, analysis and equipped with the self- cleaning pulse jet air
heavy fuel rotary diesel engine for commer- evaluation. A research study in the form of a cleaner (PJAC) provide reduced maintenance
cial vehicle or military ground vehicle use. report is expected from phase I deliverables. but still must be removed, cleaned and in-
The resulting fuel system should be available PHASE II: The contractor shall refine spected on a semi-annual cycle. Non PJAC
for rotary diesel engines used in future Army and fully characterize the separator. 5 sam- equipped M1 Abrams require more frequent
manned and unmanned ground vehicles or as ples (50 cm2 or larger) shall be delivered for servicing which can occur as often as every
a large vehicle auxiliary power unit ranging verification and evaluation. The contractor three months. Dust leaks into the engine can
from 10 BHP to 80 BHP that delivers suf- will demonstrate proof of the concept with occur from the following sources, (1) low ef-
ficient fuel consumption and specific power the fabrication and testing of 4 or more lith- ficiency barrier filters, (2) dust falling in clean
performance while operating on both DF-2 ium-ion battery cells with produced separa- air plenum during barrier filter removal, (3)
and JP-8. It is envisioned that this technology tor material. The cells can be cylindrical or seal failures in plenum box and (4) improp-
will be transitioned to a military rotary diesel prismatic format with no less than 2Ah. The erly installed inlet plenum seal ring connect-
engine manufacturer. performance of the cylindrical and prismatic ing air cleaner box to turbine bell mouth inlet.
cells shall be tested and compared with those Thus, it is imperative that the EDD be placed
fabricated with commercial lithium ion bat- down -stream of all leak sources. The turbine
Lithium Ion Battery Separator tery separators. engine used in M1 Abrams is expensive and
Development PHASE III: Separator material devel- failures related to dust exposure are being ex-
oped in this topic could be scale up for the perienced in desert theaters. An EDD will be
PEO Ground Combat Systems wants automated production process for mass-pro- explored and lab tested to demonstrate that it
January 2011 29
can measure dust penetration and withstand be proposed and demonstrated. tanks used to store bulk fuel on the battlefield.
the shock/vibration and operating tempera- PHASE II: The EDD concept will under- Neither of these methods is capable of meet-
tures seen in military vehicle environments. go continued development and validation. A ing DESC’s ±1 percent accuracy requirement.
Proper placement of an EDD in the turbine prototype breadboard will be constructed and The first method is to manually measure the
engine will be critical for assuring dust parti- the operation of the prototype will be demon- height of the fabric tank with a tape measure
cles are sensed by the EDD which will require strated. The location of the EDD in the AGT and string and then look up the correspond-
engine manufacturer participation and coordi- 1500 turbine engine will be fully evaluated ing volume on a table called a strapping chart.
nation. Such an effort was conducted in a dust to determine a location which is acceptable This method is labor intensive and does not
detector SBIR program in the early 2000’s. At and functional. The location of EDD must be meet the ±1 percent accuracy requirement.
that time design parameters included the fol- approved and design integrity verified as to The second method, found in the fuel system
lowing: (1) minimum concentration numbers form fit and function. All design parameter supply point (FSSP), uses flow meters on the
going into the engine are .025 milligrams per previously established in Phase I will be veri- inlet and outlet of the tanks to determine tank
cubic foot of AC fine dust, (2) target goal is fied and any changes made or additions will volume by measuring the amount of fuel add-
to be able to detect 5 micron minimum dust be concurred in by responsible organizations. ed to and removed from the tank. The short
particle size and 200 micron maximum dust The prototype EDD based on Phase I work falls with this method are it can’t account for
particle size with an added goal to be able effort will concentrate on lab tests to validate fuel losses from a leaking tank and over time
to measure dust particles between 1 to 5 mi- the design parameters. This may include lab the cumulative error in the meters results vol-
crons, (3) it must produce a readout within testing of the engine and air cleaner system ume measurement errors of ±10 percent or
5 to 50 seconds and (4) it must operate at as a package to expose the EDD to a simu- greater. In an effort to find a solution that
air flows from 500 to 10,000 SCFM for M1 lated real world condition to harden the EDD meets the ±1 percent accuracy requirement
Abrams. Other design parameters were es- design package. Continued development and from DESC, the Army has evaluated several
tablished under the previous Phase II SBIR lab test with/without engine components will alternate methods for measuring fuel volume
project and will be available under reference be demonstrated. Necessary design changes in collapsible fabric tanks over the past two
(3). The previous established design param- will be incorporated to meet established EDD years. These methods have typically used the
eters will be reviewed to determine accuracy. design criteria and environmental tests. The technical approach of calculating tank vol-
The real time EDD in addition to specific de- triggering mechanism of the EDD will be ume from measurements taken at single or
sign parameters sited above will establish the demonstrated requiring integration into the sometimes multiple points on the tank. Al-
following design criteria which include, (1) vehicle software network. This effort will re- though these methods are more accurate than
maximum vacuum and pressure limits, (2) quire some support from responsible organi- measuring the height of the tank with a tape
tolerance to shock, vibration and noise levels zations. measure or flow meters, none of them have
in the engine or vicinity in which it may be PHASE III: The primary Phase III mili- been capable of achieving an accuracy level
located which is downstream of plenum in- tary application of the EDD is the M1 Abrams of ± 1 percent. The best case accuracy was in
let seal, (3) minimum and maximum power which uses the AGT 1500 turbine engine re- the ±4 percent to ±6 percent range, and that
consumption and (4) minimum intrusion of quiring up to 10,000 SCFM of air flow. Also, was only achievable after the tank with filled
any EDD probe in clean air passage of en- the GCV program which is targeting a diesel to 10 percent of its total rated capacity. The
gine inlet. Previous dust detector technology engine at around 3000 SCFM would benefit shortfalls found in the alternative methods
has been explored and installed in an older by developing an EDD. Potential commercial that Army is still working to overcome are:
designed military tank but did not prove reli- application includes mining machines and 1. In a 10,000 gallon fabric tank, the tank has
able and thus failed to achieve success how- trucks with large engines which are exposed to be filled with 1,000 gallons (10 percent of
ever dust detectors are employed on foreign to dust environments. rated capacity) of water before tank volume
tanks. A new technology break through that measurements stabilize. 2. Volume levels of
can be integrated into the engine and provide less than 1,000 gallons in a 10,000 gallon tank
reliability will serve both military and com- Measuring Fuel Quantity in Collapsible were inaccurate by as much as ±20 percent. 3.
mercial vehicles which must operate in high Fabric Storage Tanks From the 1,000 gallon to the 10,000 gallon
dust environments and regions of the world. volume level in a 10,000 gallon tank, accu-
PHASE I: An EDD innovative concept PEO Combat Support & Combat Service racy in ±4 percent to ±6 percent range was
will be designed including the development Support wants to develop a fuel measuring typical. 4. None of the methods tested were
of a detailed analysis of predicted perfor- device that is capable of measuring fuel vol- capable of accounting high or low spots in
mance. The design parameters will be thor- ume in collapsible fabric tanks with an accu- the ground under the tank. 5. Accurate mea-
oughly investigated to determine if previ- racy of at least ± 1 percent. surements of changes in tank geometry due to
ously established design criteria is applicable The Defense Energy Support Center material relaxation over time are required.
in today’s dust detector technology and de- (DESC) is responsible for fuel accountability PHASE I: During phase I, develop a
velopment. The EDD innovative concept will on the battlefield. DESC is currently devel- technique to measure fuel volume in a col-
detail computational fluid dynamic (CFD) oping a system called fuels manager defense lapsible fabric tank to within ±1% over the
and finite element analysis (FEA) with sup- (FMD) that will provide real time fuel track- full volume range in the tank. Phase I will ad-
port from engine manufacturer, M1 Abrams ing and inventory management of all fuel on dress how to overcome the following limita-
and vehicle developer as needed. Location of the battlefield. DESC has a fuel accountabil- tions experienced with previous tank volume
the EDD in the turbine engine will be studied ity accuracy requirement of ±1 percent. There measuring approaches and equipment:
to determine to establish feasibility and prac- are two methods that the army currently uses
ticability. A breadboard design concept will to measure fuel volume in collapsible fabric 1. The exact size, geometry, and con-
30 January 2011
struction material of a tank varies by ditional power generation to extend their mis- PHASE II: Develop the engine designed
manufacturer and tank. sion. Some of these missions include bomb in Phase I. Build a prototype that meets the
2. The tank material relaxes over time diffusing and reconnaissance missions where power level and space claim provided. Vali-
changing the dimensions of the tank. it is too dangerous to involve soldiers. An date the design and the modeling and simula-
3. The ground under the tank is typi- operational needs statement for autonomous tion through testing. Measure the power out-
cally not completely level or uniform unmanned ground surveillance Systems was put of the system as well as operation length.
making it more difficult to accurately produced with the threshold of 24 hours run- Deliver the prototype with a paper describing
measure tank volume due to fuel hiding time at payload and objective of 72 hours. the conditions the system subjected to.
in low spots. Presently these UGVs have somewhere be- PHASE III: The engine will be applied
4. Temperature will cause the tank ma- tween 2-6 hours of battery life depending to an electric generator, providing power for
terial to relax and change the tank ge- on the battery chemistry and mission profile. small UGVs such as the Talon and the Pack-
ometry. The warfighter is in great need of UGV sys- bot. Adding an engine generator would make
5. The tank height and geometry varies tems that can be operable for the entirety of the UGV a series hybrid. These small UGVs
with the volume of fuel in the tank. the mission duration. This limited battery life are used in bomb defusing activities and other
6. Consistently achieving a volume restricts the missions of the UGVs and may reconnaissance missions too dangerous for
measurement accuracy of ±1 percent or potentially put soldiers in danger. Since the soldiers. They have a restricted range due to
better over the full tank volume range. battery life varies greatly, the Army needs a their limited battery life and with an engine
7. Small size and ease of set up and use small heavy fuel engine designed to be cou- generator, the battery life will be extended,
are a priority. pled with a generator that would maintain the there by extending mission length.
state of charge on the batteries of the UGV;
PHASE II: Based on the results of phase thus making the UGV a hybrid system. Main-
I, construct and test a prototype device capa- taining the state of charge on the robots bat-
ble of measuring fuel in a collapsible fabric teries would increase over all mission length Navy
tank. All testing and demonstration for this significantly. However, there are system con-
phase will be done with water. straints because the UGVs are considered to Active Laser Protection System
PHASE III: The technology developed be man portable and are used for many differ-
in phase II will greatly enhance the Army’s ent missions. These UGV system restrictions PM Advanced Amphibious Assault (PM
ability to account for fuel on the battlefield. include weight, noise, and space limitations. AAA) (ACAT 1) wants to develop innova-
This technology will be implemented into the These metrics are for the engine and any and tive technology approaches to protect vehicle
Army’s bulk fuel storage systems such as the all auxiliary systems required for the engine crewmen eyes from frequency-agile lasers.
inland petroleum system and FSSP that use to operate (controls, electronics, cooling, The proliferation of threat lasers possess-
bulk fabric storage tanks. The capability to gearboxes, etc), but does not include fuel. ing multiple wavelengths present a significant
measure volume levels in collapsible fabric Therefore the assembled sum of all engine danger to ground vehicle crew members look-
tanks also has potential use in commercial parts need to be able to meet the power out- ing through direct view optics (vision blocks/
and industry applications where collapsible put requirements while meeting the volume unity periscopes). The present mitigation
fabric tanks are used. and weight requirements simultaneously. The strategy to protect vehicle crewmen against
weight of the engine shall not be more than fixed frequency threats is to filter lasers
7.6 kg (T), 1.6 kg (O), which is the weight of through narrow band spectral line rejection at
Small Diesel Engine for Modular Power one lead acid and one Lithium Ion battery, re- the threat laser wavelengths, attenuating inci-
spectively. The small engine must be able to dent laser energy at these wavelengths, thus
PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to run on DF-2 (T), both JP-8 and DF-2 (O). In preventing laser radiation from damaging the
develop and demonstrate a 300-500W heavy addition, the system shall be considered au- eyes. The current state-of-the-art approach
fuel engine to provide modular power for an dibly non-detectable, Level I, by MIL-STD used to protect against frequency-agile lasers
unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), replacing 1474D at a distance of 800 m(T), 400 m(O) relies on nonlinear optical materials (nonlin-
a stock battery and extending UGV mission due to the nature of the UGVs’ missions. This ear absorbing dyes, nonlinear scattering sus-
length. standard describes the frequency spectrum pension, etc.) which must be located at the
Heavy fuel engines are not available dB levels of the unit at 30 m distance, then focus of an optical system in order to obtain
commercially off the shelf at extremely low defines the non-detectability distance based high fluences necessary to trigger the non-
power levels (less than 1 hp). Furthermore, on that data. The engine system shall have linear mechanism. Direct view optics carries
there are presently limits preventing the scal- a volume no larger than 3.2L (T), 0.8L (O). with them a host of limitations and integration
ing down of off the shelf diesel/JP-8 engines This volume is crucial because the unit will issues that make incorporation of nonlinear
with respect to combustion: spray, injector replace a battery in the UGV system’s battery mechanisms impractical (field of view, im-
size, bore size, etc. Past DoD programs on bay. Specific dimensions will be provided to age quality, space claim, cost and complexity,
small modular power generation have pro- ensure the power system will replace the ve- etc.). This SBIR topic solicits new, innova-
vided engine-generator solutions, but focused hicle battery precisely. tive approaches to provide frequency-agile
more on the development of the generator PHASE I: Design a heavy fuel engine laser eye protection throughout the visible
and electrical system, rather than providing that meets the objectives of the above descrip- spectrum. The proposed technology should
an engine with a modern fuel system. Small tion. Use modeling and simulation to validate allow ample transmission of ambient visible
unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) such as the design. Deliver a paper describing the ac- light and be of high optical quality so as not to
the Talon and the Packbot are in need of ad- complishments. significantly degrade normal vision. It should
January 2011 31
have a fast response time when exposed to ogy into the unity vision periscopes of the pounds.
dangerous fluence levels, sufficient to react expeditionary fighting vehicle. A limitation with current run-flat solu-
to and block incident laser pulses to a high tions are that they have not been ballistically
optical density. The technology must have tested; the desired tire technology would be
a broadband response; blocking any visible tested for survivability with a threshold of 2
wavelength (i.e. 400-700 nanometers) which Special Operations Command shots of 7.62 x 39 mm PS Steelcore ball and
has sufficient irradiance to damage eyes. The an objective of surviving 2 or more shots of
concept should be capable of changing from Improved Tire Technology for Special 7.62 x 54R LPS ball. At a minimum, the new
a high transmission state to a very low trans- Operations Vehicles tire must allow the vehicle to continue move
mission state within sufficiently short time for at least 30 miles with a complete loss of
to block nearly all of the light contained in a USSOCOM wants to develop a high air pressure in any two tires, with 9 miles
light pulse emitted from a Q-switched laser. speed, true off-road ballistic tire - a tire that (primary/paved road) at 30 mph, 9 miles (sec-
When harmful radiation is no longer incident, can provide high off-road mobility, while also ondary roads) at 21 mph and 12 miles (cross-
it must recover to a high transmission state being capable of running at high speeds on country) at 12 mph.
in a short amount of time so that the user’s primary and secondary roads that also pro- A successfully developed prototype tire
vision is not interrupted or significantly de- vides improved tire survivability versus ter- would be subjected to performance testing to
graded after exposure. The proposal should rain and ballistic threats. meet a commercial or military standard such
discuss in detail the spectral transmittance in Current tire technology forces a trade as SAE J2014. The tire prototype would also
the attenuating state, activation threshold, re- between design for speed, design for stabil- ultimately be expected to pass a standard
sponse time, optical density in the attenuating ity and design for extreme off-road mobility. 12,000 mile reliability, availability, maintain-
state, and recovery time of the technology, as Current run-flat solutions, combined with ability, and durability test at an independent
well as any other important technical details. tires and bead locks are very heavy and pro- test facility. The initial application for proof
If the technology is capable of exceeding vide very limited mobility once hit or dam- of concept would be an 18 inch diameter
any of the above requirements, the proposal aged. Zero pressure tire technology has been wheel with a tire size of P275/65R18 such as
should note this as well. Likewise, the pro- around for several years now but has not used on a Toyota pickup truck.
posal should note any limitations inherent to moved into military applications. The most PHASE I: Conduct feasibility study to
the proposed technology. significant concerns with current state of the develop or determine technologies that will
PHASE I: Develop a laser protection art are weight, producibility, and cost, as well produce a high-speed, off-road tire that can
concept designed to meet the requirements as concerns regarding performance and reli- survive terrain and ballistic threats. Explore
stated. Identify critical technologies for real- ability. New tire technologies, approaches, scalability of technology.
izing this concept. Conduct theoretical analy- and designs are necessary to optimize for PHASE II: Develop prototype tires and
sis and limited laboratory testing on sample both high speed on-road operation and for conduct testing to prove technology is viable
materials or devices to prove the feasibility off-road operation in aggressive terrain while and can be used to provide a tire solution that
of the concept. Phase I deliverables will be providing enhanced survivability and damage is high speed capable (while maintaining or
monthly progress reports, a final technical re- resistance versus gunfire and terrain. enhancing off-road performance) and pro-
port, a final review and sample materials or The overarching goal would be for the vides increased damage resistance and sur-
devices. improved tire technology to be applicable vivability. Explore speed, ride quality charac-
PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a across the full suite of the family of special teristics, and performance once damaged.
laser protection prototype system. Prototype operations vehicles program to include mine PHASE III: The proposed tire technolo-
should be built in the form, fit and func- resistant ambush protected vehicles (MRAP gies could be directly leveraged to provide
tion of, or integrated for use in conjunction variants are RG33, RG31, AUV and M-ATV), enhanced tires for commercial vehicle mar-
with, common periscopes or vision blocks on the ground mobility vehicle (the special op- kets, shipping, and racing applications.
ground combat vehicles. This prototype shall erations forces peculiar HMMWV, currently
be tested for laser protection performance and the M1165), light transportable all terrain ve-
degradation to optical system performance in hicle (side by side ATV), ATV (saddle seat),
a laboratory environment. Factors to be con- and commercial mobility vehicles (COTS ve-
sidered include, but are not limited to, opti- hicles such as the Toyota pickup truck).
cal density upon laser illumination, response An example of the current state of the art is
time, recovery time, linear optical properties Tireball technology, but that technology is
under normal daylight illumination, manufac- limited because the wheel/Tireballs cannot
turability, and environmental stability. Phase be replaced or repaired in the field, without
II deliverables will include a prototype laser special tools and procedures, short of replac-
protection system, interim sample materials ing the entire wheel/tire assembly. nother ex-
(if applicable), test data, monthly progress ample is the current application for the GMV,
reports, semi-annual progress reviews, a final which is the Hutchinson VFI runflat inside
review, and a final report. Depending on the a load range E wheel and tire combination
work performed, the Phase II may become a (Goodyear and Michelin currently produce
classified program. the tires, while the wheel is manufactured
PHASE III: The most likely Phase III by Accuride or Hutchinson). This wheel/tire/
transition path is integration of this technol- runflat has a weight of approximately 160
32 January 2011
Calendar of Events
January 11-13, 2011 February 6-8, 2011 March 23-25, 2011
Warfighter Protection Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference Future Artillery
Vienna, VA Monterey, CA London, UK
www.marcusevans.com www.ndia.org www.future-artillery.com

Armoured Vehicle Survivability International Armoured Vehicles Soldier Equipment & Technology Expo
Munich, Germany London, UK Fort Hood, Texas
www.armoured-vehicle-survivability.com www.idga.org www.idga.org

Counter IED Summit SO/LIC Symposium Annual Logistics Conference
Crystal City, VA Washington, DC Miami, FL
www,idga.org www.ndia.com www.ndia.org
January 24-27, 2011 February 20-24, 2011 April 11-14, 2011

Tactical Power Summit IDEX Armament Systems: Gun & Missile Systems
Crystal City, VA Abu Dhabi, UAE Conference
www.idga.org www.idexuae.ae Miami, FL
www.ndia.org
January 25, 2011 February 28-March 2, 2011
Combating Terrorism Technical Support Defense Maintenance and Sustainment April 12-15, 2011
Office Advanced Planning Briefing Summit LAAD – Defence & Security
for Industry San Diego, CA Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Washington, DC www.wbresearch.com www.laadexpo.com
www.ndia.org
March 2011 April 19-20, 2011
January 25-27, 2011 National Guard Bureau Technology Expo Maintenance and Munitions Group
Military Engineering Crystal City, VA Conference
Brussels, Belgium www.fbcinc.com Orlando, FL
www.military-engineering.com www.fbcinc.com
March 8-9, 2011
January 26-27, 2011 Amphibious Operations April 26-28, 2011
Marine West London, UK European Armoured Fighting Vehicle
Camp Pendleton, CA www.idga.org Symposium
www.marinemilitaryexpos.com Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
March 14-17, 2011 www.cranfield.ac.uk
January 31-February 3, 2011 Soldier Modernisation Asia
Soldier Technology Singapore April 27-28, 2011
London, UK www.idga.org Marine South
www.soldiertechnologyus.com Camp Lejeune, NC
March 16-17, 2011 www.marinemilitaryexpos.com
February 1-3, 2011 New Concepts in Armour Engineering
Soldier Modernisation India 2011 Haifa, Israel May 2011
New Delhi, India UK Armoured Vehicles
www.idga.org March 21-23, 2011 Bristol, UK
Retrograde, Reset and Redistribution www.uk-armoured-vehicles.com
February 2-4, 2011 Summit
Munitions Executive Summit Washington, DC May 4-5, 2011
Tampa, FL www.idga.org Special Forces
www.ndia.org Frankfurt, Germany
March 22-24, 2011 www.idga.org
Ground Robotics Capabilities Conference
Orlando, FL
www.ndia.org

January 2011 33
Technology Briefs
Ammunition and Munitions
Artillery
 
      
Communications, Sensors & Surveillance

 
 
      
Ground Vehicles
 
 
Infantry Weapons
Soldier Survivability and Gear


34 January 2011
Ammunition & Munitions

Tank Fragmentation-Beam Missile cavity in a booster housing, and generating charge is pressed separately to the front part
Kashin a planar detonation wave. Generating the of the body and to its bottom. Coaxial blind
Federal’noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe pred- planar detonation wave includes direct- cavities in which the fuse is installed are
prijatie Tsentral’nyj nauchnoissledovatel’skij ing a detonation wave through the booster molded in each part of smoke charge. To end
institut khimii i mekhaniki (FGUP TsNI- housing along a first waveshaper surface of surfaces of parts of smoke charge, around
IKhM) a detonation waveshaper. The detonation the fuse, there bonded are perforated gaskets
Country of origin: Russia wave is directed around the first waveshaper bonded to each other.
Language: Russian surface toward a second tapered waveshaper The reported effect is reaching versatility of
This design is for a missile that comprises surface. After progressing around the first the cartridge.
a monolithic body, a base plug, a bottom waveshaper surface, the detonation wave 3 drawings
trajectory detonating fuse and an explosive is directed along the second tapered wave-
charge. In the ogival part of the missile there shaper surface. The detonation wave changes
is a fragmentation unit. The fragmentation into a planar detonation wave as the detona- Case for Propellant Charge
unit is installed on the end surface of the tion wave moves along the second tapered Federal’noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe
explosive charge and consists of finished waveshaper surface, the planar detonation predprijatie Gosudarstvennoe nauchnoproiz-
destructive agents. The fragmentation unit is wave includes a planar wave front. The vodstvennoe predprijatie Splav
arranged with an axial channel filled with the planar detonation wave strikes a flyer plate Country of origin: Russia
explosive. coupled over the explosive charge cavity of Language: Russian
The reported effect is increased efficiency of the booster housing, and the planar wave This design is for a case that contains
missile action. front makes planar contact along an inner housing, bottom radially conjugated to the
2 drawings face of the flyer plate. housing, nipple, seat for ignition agent and
13 drawings flange. Conjugation radius of outer surface
of the body to flange does not exceed 2 mm.
Conjugation radius of the bottom to the body
Cartridge and nipple bottom diametre are equal to
Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie 0.45-1.75 and 2.2-6.1 respectively of the bot-
Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija tom thickness.
Country of origin: Russia The reported effect is development of strong
Language: Russian case operating at pressure of more than 400
This design is for a cartridge that contains MPa.
case and smoke grenade. Body of grenade 1 drawing
consists of front hollow part and the bot-
tom attached to it. Smoke charge from red
phosphorus and fuse is pressed in the body.
The front part of the body and bottom is
made from thin-wall plastic material. Body
is made in the form of thin-wall shell with
Methods And Apparatus For High- shaped driving band and local diametrical
Impulse Fuze Booster For Insensitive lowering at an open end surface. Smoke
Munitions
Country of origin: US
Language: English
A method for initiating a low-sensitivity
explosive charge includes initiating a booster
explosive charge within an explosive charge
Firing Brakes for Cannons or Mortars

Nexter Systems
Country of origin: France
Language: English
The invention relates to firing brake assem-
bly for weapons of the type incorporating an
actual firing brake and means to modulate
January 2011 35
the function of said firing brake wherein cylindrical bodies there are ribs the size of tended for firing said shell, the mortar being
the modulating means are in the form of a which provides passage of muzzle constric- characterized in that the mortar comprises a
chamber equipped with a piston delimiting tion to 1 mm. Along central bullet axis there corresponding securing part for locking the
an upstream chamber and a downstream is through hole in the form of flattened cone shell.
chamber, the upstream chamber communi- the bigger diameter of which is located in 6 drawings
cating with the gun barrel by means of an cylindrical body of bigger diameter; at that,
upstream circuit ensuring that part of the chamfer is made in hole on the base of cylin-
combustion gases are taken up and a down- drical body of smaller bullet diameter.
stream chamber filled with a fluid and com- The reported effect is improving shooting
municating with the firing brake by means of accuracy, comfortable arming and reducing
a downstream circuit. lead-covering of barrel.
2 drawings 1 drawing
Armour-Piercing Bullet
Zakrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Novosi-
Sknyatin High-Explosive Fragmentation birskij patronnyj zavod (ZAO NPZ)
Shell With Plastisol Munitions Method of Removing Copper Coating Country of origin: Russia
Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezh- From Channel Of Barrel of Rifle and Language: Russian
denie vysshego professional’nogo obrazo- Artillery Systems This design is of an armor-piercing bullet
vanija Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj tekh- Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezh- consisting of bimetal shell, core and inertial
nicheskij universitet imeni N.Eh. Baumana denie vysshego professional’nogo obra- material. Inertial material is arranged in
Country of origin: Russia zovanija Novosibirskij gosudarstvennyj front of core, in internal cavity of head part
Language: Russian tekhnicheskij Universitet of shell. Centre of mass of bullet is located
This design describes a high-explosive Country of origin: Russia at the distance of (1.52-1.56)d relative to its
fragmentation shell with plastisol munition Language: Russian end. Master part of shell is arranged in the
includes body with drive belt, head or bot- This project describes that during shooting, form of circular ledge with length of (0.4-
tom exploder, charge of plastisol explosive ammunition with copper and steel drive ele- 0.5)L and thickness of (0.11-0.12)d, where
compound of cold curing, which consists of ments are used in turn. L – length of its cylindrical part. Core length
blasting explosive, aluminum powder, liquid The reported effect is reducing toxicity level makes (3.05- 3.15)d, and radius of head
plasticiser and polymer. Armature attached of explosive gases and improving operating part is (6.3-6.4)d, at the same time weight
to shell body is located inside charge of conditions of combat units owing to exclud- of inertial material makes (0.14-0.19) of
plastisol explosive. ing the substance for removal of copper core weight, where d - bullet caliber. Master
The reported effect of this invention provides coating from the composition of combative part of shell has hardness of 160-200 HV.
the possibility of using processible plastisol charge. Density of inertial material is less than core
explosive in shells of screwed artillery and 0 drawings density. Lead is used as inertial material, and
improving conditions of shell body crushing core material is represented by hard alloy.
at explosion. The reported effect is lower force of obstacle
9 drawing Shell Designed For Securing In A Mortar resistance.
And Mortar Designed For Such A Shell 1 drawing
Country of origin: Sweden
Language: English
The invention relates to a shell intended for
firing from a weapon, preferably a mortar
weapon, the shell being designed for secur-
ing the shell in a mortar weapon in order
thereby to prevent movement of the shell
when adjusting the angle of elevation of the
Alva-Max Caliber Bullet weapon. According to the invention this is
Country of origin: Russia achieved in that the shell comprises a lock-
Language: Russian ing part, the locking part forming an integral
This design is for a bullet is formed with part of the shell and being designed so that
two in-series installed cylindrical bodies the shell after ramming home is locked to a
with various diameters the passage between corresponding securing part in the mortar.
which is ledge-shaped. On outer side of The invention also relates to a mortar in-
36 January 2011
Projectile also equipped with dynamic protection, with guided missile (GM) is rotated relative to an
Rheinmetall Waffe Munition simultaneous reduction of labor intensive- external axis, and the moment of centrifugal
Country of origin: Germany ness and cost of its manufacturing. force in respect to the axis of the bearing
Language: English 1 drawing surface folding is used as the aerodynamic
A projectile is optionally used as a frag- load at opening bearing surfaces of GM.
mentation projectile or as a projectile that GM rotation is carried out up to the speed,
utilizes a pressure wave effect created when when the value of the specified moment of
the explosive charge explodes. The projectile the centrifugal force matches the value of the
contains an ejection charge, and an explo- aerodynamic load moment. Afterwards the
sive charge arranged in a jacket that can be mechanism of the bearing surfaces open-
moved axially with respect to a fragmenta- ing is actuated. The value of the mentioned
tion casing. The ejection charge allows the speed of GM rotation relative to the external
explosive charge and surrounding jacket to axis may be calculated using a certain func-
be pushed at least so far out of the projectile tion.
casing that, in the event of explosion, the The reported effect is reduced material and
explosive charge does not act on the frag- time expenditures when doing tests.
mentation casing. In order to ensure that the 1 drawing
jacket of the explosive charge does not de-
velop any fragmentation effect, or develops
only a small fragmentation effect, when the
explosive charge is ignited, a molded part
composed of plastic or a light alloy is used
as the jacket.
4 drawings
Grenade Method For Ground Testing Of Guided

Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Missile Bearing Surfaces
Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie
Country of origin: Russia Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija
Language: Russian Country of origin: Russia
This grenade comprises tandem cumulative Language: Russian
explosive assembly in body, made of leading The design describes a method of testing a
cumulative explosive assembly with safety
actuating mechanism, arranged in front part
of body, and main cumulative explosive
assembly with safety actuating mechanism,
arranged in back part of body of larger diam-
eter, equal to caliber of grenade, protective
device and delay device of main cumulative
explosive assembly actuation, head contact
closer and rocket engine installed in tail
part of grenade. Between body of tandem
explosive assembly and rocket engine there
is a cylindrical adapter, which holds unit of
electronic delay and pyrotechnical battery
connected in gas-dynamic manner to cavity
of combustion chamber of rocket engine and
electrically - to head contact closer, safety-
actuating mechanisms of explosive assem-
blies and unit of electronic delay.
The reported effect is increased efficiency
and reliability of grenade action on target,
January 2011 37
Artillery Emerging Defense Technologies
Ground Guided Missile System Armed Jet Charge “Kalyazin” For Rifled Cannon jacket is arranged to provide for shock-free
Vehicle Transfer Module Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezh- movement of cartridge. Reflector is installed
Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Voen- denie vysshego professional’nogo obrazo- in breech with the possibility of rotation
nopromyshlennaja korporatsija Nauch- vanija Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj tekh- relative to barrel, and slant is arranged on
noproizvodstvennoe ob edinenie mashi- nicheskij universitet imeni N.Eh. Baumana gate and reflector to provide for directed
nostroenija, Obshchestvo s ogranichennoj Country of origin: Russia movement of cartridge into nozzle. Balance
otvetstvennost’ju Tekhnosojuzproekt Language: Russian weight, inside of which cartridge ejector is
Country of origin: Russia This projectile comprises body with explo- installed, is fixed on armored jacket. Profile
Language: Russian sive charge, nose fuse, cumulative funnel of cartridge ejector neck, facing nozzle, is
This armed vehicle transfer module (TM) arranged between fuse and explosive charge, arranged with the provision of unimpeded
body flooring, external lining of its side and and detonator arranged in narrow part of movement of cartridge case from nozzle
end walls and folds of the body roof are ar- funnel. Funnel is arranged in the form of into cartridge case ejector. Inner surface of
ranged in the form of frame with the panels body, having symmetry of rotation of N cartridge case ejector is arranged with provi-
fixed on it. The panels are made of plastic order, where N=12...30, at the same time sion of cartridge trajectory rotation in side
boarding with heatinsulating filler. Each of element of funnel cross section, which is direction from air defense system.
two folds of the body roof is arranged in the within the limits of central angle of rotation The reported effect is higher reliability and
form of a monoblock panel. The panel frame symmetry is asymmetrical relative to axis safety of air defense system operation by
is installed on the hauling unit by means passing through centre of mass of element increasing speed of cartridge ejection and
of two links that are hingedly connected to and axis of funnel. eliminating possibility of its ingress into ele-
the body floor. The mechanism of the folds The reported effect is makes it possible to ments of air defense system structure.
opening is arranged in the form of a hydrau- realise tangential motion of funnel in process 2 drawings
lic motor, which is kinematically connected of its collapse.
to the shaft arranged along the upper part of 2 drawings
the body side wall. Gear wheels are fixed on Method of Removing Copper Coating
shaft and contact with roller sectors fixed from Channel of Barrel of Rifle and
on inner surface of the fold frame. Joints of Artillery Systems
floor panels and body walls fixed in respect Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezh-
to each other are sealed. Each of folds along denie vysshego professional’nogo obra-
perimetre is sealed with a flexible profile, zovanija Novosibirskij gosudarstvennyj
therefore the body in a marching state is a tekhnicheskij Universitet
contained space. Headers for air intake from Country of origin: Russia
environment are mounted along the sides of Language: Russian
the front or back end of the body. Headers During shooting, ammunition with copper
include fans and louvers with opening folds. and steel drive elements are used in turn.
Similar exhaust louvers are mounted at the The reported effect is reducing toxicity level
sides of the opposite part of the body. of explosive gases and improving operating
The reported effect of this invention pro- conditions of combat units owing to exclud-
vides for specified conditions of missiles Device For Ejection Of Air Defense Sys- ing the substance for removal of copper
handling. tem Cartridge coating from the composition of combative
6 drawings Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie charge.
Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija
Country of origin: Russia
Language: Russian Automatic Arms
This device comprises barrel with breech Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Kontsern
and gate installed in armored jacket with Izhmash
opening. Nozzle fixed with clutch to armored Country of origin: Russia
jacket is hingedly installed in armored jacket Language: Russian
opening. Inner guide surface of armored This design describes arms that contain
barrel fixed in casing and frame with breech
mechanism, which is installed in casing.
Frame has shaped slot interrelated to drive
protrusion of the breech mechanism. The
latter is equipped with firing protrusions, gas
chamber and gas piston with the striker at-
tached to the frame; at that, movable assem-
blies are mounted in the casing concentrical-
ly relative to each other, coaxially with the
38 January 2011
of effect at main explosive assembly as lead-
ing cumulative charge actuates.
2 drawings
barrel and are spring-loaded. Arms include

the follower located mainly on the barrel so
that it can interact at least with one of firing
protrusions of breech mechanism. Gas cham-
ber of breech mechanism is extended so that
there formed is annular pocket and front wall
in which there are channels directed towards
the barrel. Drive protrusion of the breech
mechanism has the platform supported at
longitudinal movement of the breech mecha-
nism on the appropriate platform of shaped
slot of the frame. Shaped slot of the frame is
equipped with deactivated fixing mechanism
installed with possibility of interacting with
inner surface of casing equipped with an
opening and longitudinal slot made in the
breech mechanism. Arms contain the bush
which is installed in rear part of the frame
coaxially with the breech mechanism with
possibility of interacting with the breech
mechanism and casing.
The reported effect is reliable operation of
automation system and latching system.
6 drawings
Guided Projectile
Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie
Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija
Language: Russian
This guided projectile comprises tandem
explosive assembly, including leading jet
charge (LJC) and main explosive assembly
(EA), and also protective device and steer-
ing linkage unit (SLU). Protective device is
arranged in the form of armored disk-shaped
base profiled with preferable provision of
axial rigidity, where LJC is installed. Base
is fixed in projectile on circular support
element with support along external circuit.
Base is arranged on the basis of glass-filled
plastic material with density that is less than
density of support element material, at the
same time it is armored and profiled with
structural elements and functional cavities of
SLU composite parts.
The reported effect is increased efficiency of
tandem explosive assembly due to reduction
January 2011 39
Communications, Sensors & Surveillance Emerging Defense Technologies
Simplifying and Cost-effective IR-RF

Combat Identification Friend-or Foe
(IFF) System for Ground Targets
Language: English
Combined IR-RF combat identification
friend-or-foe (IFF) system for a ground
targets, such as dismounted soldiers, vehicles
or military platforms comprising IR-RF
interrogator mounted on a firearm and IR-RF
transponder mounted on a friendly target. RF
channel operates in Ka-band providing brief
information about friendly targets that could
be in attacked area, and if they are, develop
alert signal: “Friendly soldiers are in the
area”. The interrogator additionally contains
RF channel receiving reflected signal that
allows recognize armed foe. IR channel of
the system prevents friendly fire in the case
of direct sighting to a friendly soldier.
6 drawings
Vehicle-Mountable Imaging Systems

BAE Systems
Language: English
Imaging systems, methods, and vehicles
having imaging systems.
41 drawings

40 January 2011
Ground Vehicles Emerging Defense Technologies
Military Track Laying Vehicle the functions of camouflage and jamming. modular armor subsystem has a leading layer
OAO Pribor-Kontrol This allows the use of a small-caliber muni- having metal, leading relative to the expect-
Country of origin: Russia tion that exclusively deploys jammers. These ed projectile trajectory, and an intermediate
Language: Russian jammers, or munitions, are preferably fired sheet-like layer having low density mate-
This design is for a vehicle containing an vertically upwards or laterally from the rial, of a density less than metal, abutting a
aluminum body of deckhouse type with vehicle to be protected. For this purpose, the rear surface of the leading layer. The armor
pneumatic suspension and adjusted by hy- launch barrels are fitted and aligned vertical- system also has an intermediate sheet-like
draulic unit clearance, and standard special ly on the vehicle or the object to be protect- layer having glass fiber material and abutting
equipment kit for medical activities. In the ed. An adequate light flash is produced in the a rear surface of the intermediate low density
body in the front part control compartment is relevant spectrum by initiation of a pyro- material layer, and an intermediate sheet-
located, and in the middle part medical com- technic charge, with the initiation clocked in like layer having metal and abutting a rear
partment is located. Medical compartment is time and arranged offset in height, and with surface of the intermediate glass fiber layer.
made with possibility to accommodate the the light flash interfering with the aiming 6 drawings
wounded on litters in 3 tiers and equipped mechanism of the approaching warhead. Al-
with device for loading/unloading of the ternatively, different heights of the break-up
wounded. In the aft engine compartment, flashes can be generated above and/or to the System Of Automatic Weapon Supply
power train and two board water-jet propul- side of the object by a plurality of munitions. Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie
sors are installed. The power train includes 3 drawings Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija
diesel engine and hydromechanical transmis- Country of origin: Russia
sion with hydrostatic steering device. Language: Russia
The reported effect is high floatation and This system of automatic weapon supply
mobility characteristics and high volume- comprises guide neck fixed with one end at
weight parameters inside the body thus receiving window of weapon, and with its
essentially increasing mobility and might other end on magazine cartridge belt. Guide
of airborne and amphibious units during ac- neck is arranged of two telescopically joined
complishment of medical challenges. parts in dimensions of cartridge with link
19 drawings with account of clearance for passage of
cartridge belt. Lower part of neck is inserted
into upper part of neck fixed on weapon.
Radius of necks bend in area of their con-
nection matches horizontal axis of weapon
rotation.
Apparatus for Defeating High Energy The reported effect is an invention provides
Projectiles for compact structure of automatic weapon
Country of origin: US power supply system.
Language: English
A armor system for protecting a vehicle
from a projectile, the projectile having an
expected trajectory and the vehicle having
a hull, is disclosed. The armor system has
a modular armor subsystem configured to
be mounted exterior to the vehicle hull. The
Protection System Including A Net

Method And Launching Apparatus Language: English
For Protection Of An Object Against A A net deployment system which, in one ex-
Threat, In Particular A Missile, As Well ample, includes a manifold assembly includ-
As Munition ing multiple weight ducts and a bladder port.
Rheinmetall Waffe Munition A weight is disposed in each weight duct and
Country of origin: Germany each weight is tied to the net. A bladder is
Language: English behind the net and is over the bladder port.
The present invention separates, absolutely, At least one inflator charge is associated
January 2011 41
with the manifold for inflating the bladder catching on gear. The belts are extendable starter. In order to provide the possibility
and firing the weights out of the weight ducts from Inertial reels which are calibrated for of switching welding equipment to GTE
to deploy the net in the path of an incoming off-road operation. The buckle engages starter at operating GTE or to GTU at non-
threat. each belt separately and includes a single operating GTE in power and control circuit
13 drawings action release. The buckle position is easily there installed is switching unit and power
adjusted using an oversized knob so that a contactors.
soldier may easily find and adjust buckle The reported effect is improving operating
length in the dark, wearing heavy gloves, characteristics of the vehicle.
or with muddy slippery fingers. The latch/ 4 drawings
unlatch mechanism and associated hardware
is an open frame type to reduce or eliminate
affects of mud, dust, water or other contami- System and Method for Protecting Vehicle
nants on operation. Occupants
16 drawings Country of origin: US
Language: English
The present invention is directed to an armor
Armored Train system that protects vehicle occupants
Country of origin: Russia from lands mines or improvised explosive
Language: Russia devices. In the preferred embodiment, the
This design is for an armored train includes armor system has an arc member, a mem-
the locomotive having drive, small arms and brane, reactive blocks, and a reactive block
movement and shooting control system. Ar- enclosure. The armor system is designed to
mored train consists of locomotive installed dissipate, neutralize, and redirect explosion
on wheel pairs and equipped as drive with energy, fragments and shrapnel, thereby
two jet engines installed in engine nacelles ensuring the safety of the vehicle occupants.
and attached to side walls of locomotive 10 drawings
body, and armored military car, which are
connected to each other with coupling and
flexible cable. Movement and shooting con-
trol system consists of two parts: board part Armored Maintenance Recovery Vehicle
arranged in locomotive and in military car, Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Kon-
and stationary one arranged outside them. struktorskoe bjuro transportnogo mashinos-
In locomotive there mounted is vehicle- troenija (OAO KBTM)
mounted system of movement and shooting Country of origin: Russia
control, in military car there installed is at Language: Russian
least one unit of remote-controlled small This invention refers to armoured main-
arms and shooting control drive. tenance-recovery vehicles (MRV) made
The reported effect is improving reliability by using tank chassis with gas-turbine
and survivability of remote controlled arms. engine (GTE), namely T-80 tank chassis.
10 drawing Maintenance vehicle includes maintenance- Apparatus For Providing Protection From
recovery equipment, GTE, welding network Ballistic Rounds Projectiles, Fragments
with feed circuits and control circuits, GTE And Explosives
start-up system including starter, power Country of origin: US
supply system of consumers of chassis or Language: English
welding equipment at non-operating GTE, Armor systems for protecting against various
including auxiliary gas-turbine unit (GTU), threats, including projectiles and explosive
and electrical circuits connecting electric devices. An armor system includes one or
power sources and consumers. As indepen- more ballistic panels, one or more wire mesh
Combat Vehicle Restraint System dent power supply of welding equipment at layers and a backing on a side of the armor
Conax Florida Corp. operating GTE there used is its starter. In system facing away from potential threats
Country of origin: US welding network there formed are additional that helps to absorb force impacting on the
Language: English feed and control circuits connected to GTE first ballistic panel. The first ballistic panel
A combat vehicle restraint system accom- includes a core that provides strength and
modates a wide range of soldiers, both with
and without battle, arctic, or chemical gear.
The restraint system includes lengthened
belts and an adjustable buckle position. The
belts include loops for locating and grasp-
ing the belts, and separate lap and shoulder
belts with small narrowing ends to prevent
42 January 2011
rigidity for the first ballistic panel and that Externally Mounted Window System, A second damping subsystem between the base
distributes and dissipates force impacting on Bracket Therefore And A Method For Its and the seat frame has a second force/stroke
the first ballistic panel, a grinding layer com- Assembly relationship.
prising grinding media situated within and Plasan Sasa 7 drawings
positioned on at least one side of the core Country of origin: Israel
facing towards potential threats, and a bond- Language: English
ing layer that encapsulates the grinding layer. An externally mounted window system, a Infantry Impact Machine (Versions)
The one or more wire mesh layers contain bracket therefore and a method for its as- Country of origin: Russia
the ballistic panel, increasing the durability sembly is disclosed. The system includes a Language: Russian
and re-usability of the ballistic panel. reinforced window pane fixed in a frame. According to the version 1, the machine
50 drawings The frame has at least two brackets, each comprises power set, transmission, running
having an L-shaped section. A first arm of gear, armored body, control compartment,
the L-shaped section is armored against an fighting and motor-transmission compart-
Mine-safe Mounting Means for incoming projectile and a second arm is fit- ments. A commander’s seat is located at
Components ted with at least one stud projecting through the right side of the armored body and
Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh and secured within an opening formed in an is equipped with the right armored wind
Country of origin: Germany external wall surface. screen, the right armored door with armored
Language: German 9 drawings glass and elements of manual armament
Vorgeschlagen wird eine minensichere Kom- control, the driver’s seat is arranged at the
ponentenlagerung für diverse Komponenten left side of the armored body and is equipped
eines Fahrzeugs, wie eines Bergepanzers, with the left armored wind screen, the left ar-
Pionierpanzers oder Minenräumfahrzeuges mored door with armored glass and elements
etc., bestehend aus einem im / am Fahrzeug- of manual motion control and hatch to fire
boden als auch am Fahrzeugdach befes- using personal weapons, a gun layer’s seat
tigbaren Lagerbock mit Nutenführungen is located at the stern of the armored body
und einem Gegenlager mit Nutensteinen. and is equipped with the stern armored door
Das Gegenlager dient zur Aufnahme der with armored glass and elements of manual
Komponente und deren Teile dient und mit armament control, and on machine roof there
dem Lagerbock spielfrei verspannt wird, are the right and stern armament modules in-
sodass die Nutverbindung bei einer Minen- Blast Mitigating Seat stalled onto a rotary rack with hatches for fir-
detonation die Hauptkräfte aufnehmen kann. Country of origin: US ing. According to the version 2, the machine
Die Nutführungen sind bevorzugt parallel Language: English is equipped with the commander’s seat and
ausgeführt, sodass ein paralleles Verschie- A blast mitigating seat features a base and the driver’s seat, according to the version 3 -
ben des Gegenlagers mit der Komponente a seat frame. The seat frame includes a pan with the commander-driver’s seat.
erfolgt. Bei runden Nutenführungen wird das and a backrest including an open area for The reported effect is improved fight ef-
Gegenlager hingegen verdreht. gear worn by a user. A first damping sub- ficiency of the machine, its better protection
6 drawings system between the base and the seat frame and mobility, and also reduced cost and
has a first force/stroke relationship and a increased reliability of the machine opera-
tion as a result of using serially produced
vehicles.
4 drawings

January 2011 43
Vehicle Protection System machine gun. The gun mount and ejection
Country of origin: US system includes an ejection chute assembly
Language: English including a hopper positioned intermedi-
A structure or vehicle protection system ate the uprights of a carriage supporting the
including a removable frame on the structure machine gun.
or vehicle, and a net within the frame and (Although this design describes a helicopter
spaced from the structure or vehicle and mount, much of the technology could have
having a mesh size designed to disarm an ground applications)
incoming threat. 28 drawings
This invention was made with U.S. Govern-
ment support under DARPA contract No.
HR0011-05-C-0056. The Government may
have certain rights in the subject invention.
20 drawings
Ceramic Armor Component

Industrie Bitossi Inc.
Country of origin: Italy
Language: English
The present invention relates to ceramic tiles
for armor.
10 drawings
Gun Mount And Ejection System

Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center
Language: English
An armament system for aircraft includes
gun mount and ejection system for a
44 January 2011
Infantry Weapons Emerging Defense Technologies
Arrangement for Weapon ernmental purpose without payment of any Shotgun Drum Magazine
Saab royalties thereon. Country of origin: US
Country of origin: Sweden 21 drawings Language: English
Language: English A magazine for shotgun shells for use with
An arrangement for a weapon including a shotgun including an open frame housing
a countermass for reducing the pressure having a generally flat front and a generally
around the weapon. The countermass is flat rear portion connected and separated by
enclosed in a container, which is mount- spacers. The flat front and flat rear portions
able in the barrel of the weapon behind an each include an annular groove, the annular
ammunition part. The container is provided groove forming an annular path along which
with an openable bottom with break indica- the shells travel. A rotatably mounted cog
tions. A guiding folding support, configured wheel for carrying the shells along the an-
as an annular element, is arranged adjacent nular path and a coil spring for rotating the
to the openable bottom on the outside of the Gun Magazine Extractor cog wheel such that shells can be manually
bottom relative to the countermass container. Country of origin: Russia loaded into the magazine against a force
The annular element is provided with a sup- Language: Russian generated against the spring and automati-
port member for each openable flap forming This gun magazine extractor includes catch cally dispensed by the spring.
part of the bottom. Thereby, the opening area and projection of magazine, pin with a slot 7 drawings
in the bottom of the counter mass container and support screw, spring of extractor, rod
is defined by folding edges, formed in each and key. Rod is made in the form of frame
base region of the flaps in the open state as with slots and protrusions with holes on one
in contact with its corresponding support of its ends and with support platform located
member. at an angle to the frame of rod, with safety
7 drawings lock hinged on it and having a bend on the
other. Key connects the gun safety lock with
the rod through slot of the pin to holes of the
rod protrusions. Lateral Restraining Device for a
The reported effect is achieving the possibil- Backpack
ity of quick authorized removal of magazine Country of origin: US
from the gun with one hand. Language: English
8 drawings A lateral restraining device for preventing
lateral movement of a backpack including at
least two vertically extending curbs situated
on an anterior surface of the backpack, the
curbs corresponding to a respective lateral
side of the wearer and configured to grip the
wearer. A convertible lateral restraining de-
vice for preventing movement of a backpack
on a wearer including at least two flaps of
Link Chute Adapter

US Navy, Crane Naval Surface Warfare
Center
Language: English
A link chute ejection adapter for conveying
spent links of an ammunition belt from the
receiver chamber of a machine gun to a link
chute.
The invention described herein includes
contributions by one or more employees
of the Department of the Navy made in
performance of official duties and may be
manufactured, used and licensed by or for
the United States Government for any gov-
January 2011 45
material and at least two straps, where the sight post body carrier in other directions. the firearm muzzle; a transition portion; an
two flaps may be positioned in a flat position The sight post body includes a plurality of intermediate portion; and a truncated conical
to act as a torso pad or in a rolled posi- different length sight posts. The sight post portion having a diameter that increases
tion secured by the straps to act as a lateral body is moveably mounted on the sight post toward the exit end. The transition portion
restraining device. A method of forming a body carrier in a manner allowing each one joins the mount portion and the intermediate
lateral restraining device from a torso pad is of the sight posts to be selectively moved to portion, and the intermediate portion joins
also provided. a sight post use position with respect to the the transition portion and the truncated coni-
25 drawings main body. cal portion. The apertures extend through
9 drawings the body of the flash suppressor and into
the truncated conical portion, and channel
Firearm With An Improved Breech Bolt propellant gases.
Assembly 5 drawings
Fabbrica D’armi Pietro Beretta S.P.A.
Country of origin: Italy
Language: English Composition Material For Traumatic
A firearm with an improved breech bolt Missiles of Firearms
assembly comprises a barrel, a breech bolt OOO Proizvodstvenno-kommercheskoe
assembly, a body equipped on opposite sides predprijatie Agentstvo kommercheskoj be-
with ports for the ejection of a cartridge zopasnosti, spetsizdelija (OOO PKP AKBS)
case, in addition to a magazine, wherein the Country of origin: Russia
breech bolt assembly, which is moveable Language: Russian
with respect to the body comprises a breech This design is of a material that contains
bolt-holder slide, a breech bolt equipped organic polymer matrix of rubber and curer
with a rotating locking head, cam guide rails and powdery metal weighting agent dis-
of the relative movement between the breech persed in the matrix. At the same time rubber
bolt and slide, and also stopping means of is represented by a polyunsaturated rubber
the relative movement comprising a control with double carbon-to-carbon bonds, the
pin which can be moved vertically with curer is represented by technical sulfur, and
respect to a first control seat, charged by a powdery metal weighting agent is repre-
recoil spring applied between the slide and sented by a metal powder with particle size
the pin, said pin having a cocking handle, or Firearm Flash Suppressor from 10 to 500 micrometre. Metal powder is
reloading lever, rotatingly applied thereto, Colt Canada selected from a group of refractory metals,
for the manual moving of the breech bolt Country of origin: Canada which are inert to sulfur at the curing tem-
assembly. Language: English perature of polyunsaturated rubber, including
15 drawings There is provided a flash suppressor for use tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, zirco-
with a firearm to attenuate muzzle flash. The nium, at the following ratio of components,
flash suppressor can be used in conjunction wt parts: polyunsaturated rubber - 100.0;
with attachments, and provides mount- technical sulfur - 0.4-2.5; powdery metal
ing and alignment means therefore. In an weighting agent - 20-360.0; or from a group
embodiment, the flash suppressor com- of nonrefractory heavy metals, including tin,
prises: a generally cylindrical body having a copper, lead, bismuth and their alloys, at the
longitudinal axis, a muzzle end, and an exit following ratio of the components, wt parts:
end; a passage extending through the body polyunsaturated rubber - 100.0; technical
Gun Sight Configured for Providing and along the longitudinal axis; and a set of sulfur - 3.0-60.0; powdery metal weighting
Range Estimation and/or Bullet Drop apertures. The passage includes: a mount agent - 20-360.0.
Compensation portion for mounting the flash suppressor to The reported effect is a material provides
Country of origin: US for development of a non-killing missile
Language: English of firearms, which does not create a risk of
A front sight has a main body, a sight post severe harm to a live object and ensures its
body carrier, and a sight post body. The main neutralization for quite a sufficient
body has an engagement structure for having period of time.
a sight post body carrier movably engaged
therewith and has a mounting structure for
being attached to a weapon. The sight post
body carrier is moveably engaged with the
engagement structure of the main body in a
manner allowing the sight post body carrier
to be selectively translated at least partially
along a length of the engagement structure
and limiting unrestricted movement of the
46 January 2011
Soldier Survivability & Gear

Protection Device Against Action Of rear end surfaces and a side surface extend- Military Part of Directed Action
Mechanical Destructive Means ing therebetween along a height axis of the Federal’noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe pred-
Country of origin: Russia element. The carrier is flexible and each of prijatie “Rossijskij federal’nyj jadernyj tsentr
Language: Russian a majority of the armor elements is bonded - Vserossijskij nauchno-issledovatel’skij
This device contains convex elements, one to the carrier at one of its end surfaces and institut ehksperimental’noj fiziki (FGUP
of the surfaces of which is spherical and is free of bonding to adjacent armor ele- RFJaTs - VNIIEhF)
leans upon the protected surface. Convex ments at its side surface. When the carrier Country of origin: Russia
elements are made of elastic material and has a planar orientation, at least a major- Language: Russian
connected between each other by connec- ity of the armor elements has their height This design is of a military part that includes
tion straps that form ribs at the outer side axes essentially parallel to each other and, housing in which the blasting charge and
and grooves at the side facing the protected when the carrier is at least slightly bent, the fuse is arranged. Housing is double-layered;
surface. height axis of at least one of the elements is at that, outer layer is made from material
The reported effect is increase of protection inclined relative to the height axis of another which is stronger (for example high-strength
safety and elongation of the impact pulse in of the armor elements adjacent thereto. alloyed steel) than inner one. Above outer
time. 12 drawings layer of the housing, which is stronger, there
5 drawings arranged is one stronger layer (for example
from high-strength alloyed steel) which
Method of Manufacture of Pultruded forms together with the housing the addition-
Non-metallic Damage-tolerant ally introduced multilayered armor providing
Hard-ballistic Laminate mechanical protection of blasting charge
Country of origin: US and fuse. Layer between rear and front parts
Language: English of multi-layered armor (between housing
A lightweight and highly effective armor in and strong layer) is made from dielectric
which engineered ballistic broad goods are heat-resistant porous material with low heat
encased in exacting alignment within a spe- conductivity, which provides protection of
cialized housing, composed of a polymeric blasting charge against action of thermal
composite, which is simultaneously formed field of fire, as well as against action of elec-
around the dry broad goods by a pultrusion tric arc appearing at contact of wires under
manufacturing process. The product finds voltage to the housing of military part.
use as protective armoring for vehicles, per- The reported effect is providing explosion
sonal armor, siding and roofing for existing and fire safety of military parts of directed
structures, and structural panels for construc- action in various emergency situations, and
tion of ballistic resistant structures. namely at and after bullet and- fragment ac-
5 drawings tions, without deterioration of fighting quali-
ties in the specified mass-and dimensional
parameters.
2 drawings
Semi-fabricated Armor Layer
Plasan Sasa
Country of origin: Israel
Language: English
A semi-fabricated armor layer for use in
production of an armor panel adapted to
protect a body from an incoming projectile
comprises a carrier and a plurality of armor
elements. Each armor element has front and
High-Performance Bulletproof Glazing

Saint-Gobain Glass
Country of origin: France
Language: English
A transparent laminated bulletproof and/
or splinter-proof structure comprising three
stacks of glass sheets all connected together
by adhesive interlayers, in which the first
stack is adjacent to and protrudes from the
January 2011 47
second stack, which is itself adjacent to and through deformation and heat. Attachment classes “friendly troops” and “own forces”
protrudes from the third stack, a liner made of ceramic layer and hardened metal layer is directly prior to the military action. The
of bulletproof and/or splinter-proof material preferably by use of an adhesive. marks are arranged in the form of a crystal
is bonded to the laminated structure on the 3 drawings with aluminum thin-film interdigital trans-
free peripheral surface of the first stack, the ducer joined to a microstrip transceiving an-
edge and the free peripheral surface of the tenna of surface acoustic waves and a set of
second stack and the edge of the third stack, reflectors. A harmonic oscillation is formed
and a transparent plastic sheet is bonded in the scanning unit, amplified in capacity
to the liner and to the free face of the third and directionally radiated in the air, caught
stack. A manufacturing process, the applica- by the microstrip transceiving antenna of
tion of this laminated structure, and a glazing identification mark, converted into an acous-
comprising it. tic wave, providing for its propagation on
1 drawing the crystal surface and return reflection, the
reflected acoustic wave is converted into a
signal with the phase manipulation. Voltage
Apparatus For Protecting A Target From proportional to the signal of ground equip-
An Explosive Warhead ment or a trooper appendage to one of the
Country of origin: Greece classes “friendly troops” and “own forces”,
Language: English is directed to the party systems.
A web includes strings and connectors that The reported effect is improved validity.
form ogive damagers. An ogive damager has 8 drawings
three or more strings and three or more con-
nectors. The connectors connect the strings
to form a closed loop having an area that Systems and Methods for Mitigating a
allows at least a tip of an ogive of a rocket to Blast Wave
pass through the area. Each ogive damager is Complex Method To Determine Country of origin: US
configured to damage the rest of the rocket. Appendage Of Ground Equipment And Language: English
16 drawings Armed Forces Personnel to Party of In accordance with a particular embodi-
Military Action ment of the present disclosure, a method to
Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Avan- mitigate a blast wave includes detecting an
gard imminent explosion that produces a blast
Country of origin: Russia wave. In response to this detection, the
Language: Russian energy of a portion of this blast wave may be
This device is for sensors that equip a party reduced by deploying a fluid in the path of
with a scanning unit arranged on the ground the blast wave.
or on the helicopter board, and identification 6 drawings
marks are applied onto ground equipment
and armed forces personnel included into
Anti-Terror Lightweight Armor Plates

Country of origin: Israel
Language: English
A lightweight armor plate having a contigu-
ous ceramic layer that absorbs and disperses
energy from a projectile. Therefore, the
ceramic layer is generally considered to be
the front of armor plate. The ceramic plate Body Armor Suite Cooling System
receives the impact of the projectile, such US Navy, Naval Research Laboratory
as but not limited to, bullets and shrapnel. Country of origin: US
In the case of bullets, for example, the tip Language: English
of the bullet is deformed and the pressure A body cooling system is provided for
load is reduced by contact with the ceramic utilization with a protective suit worn by
plate. Plate further includes a hardened metal a person. The cooling system includes an
layer situated behind, and fixedly attached external air flow source that produces an
to, contiguous ceramic layer and designed air flow and blows it in free atmosphere
and constructed to prevent penetration by towards an evaporative cooling apparatus.
projectile. The high plastic elasticity of this A fluid volume flows from the cooling ap-
hardened metal layer completely absorbs paratus to a conduit contained in an under-
the rest of the kinetic energy of the bullet suit worn under the protective overcoat. A
48 January 2011
pump circulates fluid through the conduit. to the first direction. Two or more layers of lead to compression of the spine, are signifi-
The undersuit includes both an envelope, woven fabric are loosely stacked together so cantly mitigated. The carrier system has a
surrounding an outer surface of the conduit, as to permit relative slippage therebetween vertical back support and a belt for secur-
and a cloth layer, situated closest to the skin, and are rotationally offset by an offset angle ing the device around the waist of the user.
to aid in a transfer of heat from a body to the selected so as to inhibit mechanical interfer- In addition to alleviating shoulder fatigue
fluid flowing in the conduit. The evapora- ence between opposing adjacent surfaces and spine compression, the device is light,
tive cooling apparatus can include a radiator of the woven fabric layers during slippage comfortable, durable, adjustable and easy to
body having finger-like projections extend- therebetween. Also provided are methods for maintain.
ing therefrom. A fluid channel is formed assembling penetration-resistant articles. 3 drawings
within the evaporative cooling apparatus for 7 drawings
egress of the heated fluid carried away from
the undersuit.
4 drawings Apparatus for Providig Protection from
Ballistic Rounds Projectiles, Fragments
And Explosives
Language: English
Armor systems for protecting against various
threats, including projectiles and explosive
devices. An armor system includes one or
more ballistic panels, one or more wire mesh
layers and a backing on a side of the armor
system facing away from potential threats
that helps to absorb force impacting on the
first ballistic panel. The first ballistic panel
includes a core that provides strength and
rigidity for the first ballistic panel and that
distributes and dissipates force impacting on
the first ballistic panel, a grinding layer com-
prising grinding media situated within and Method and Apparatus for Protecting
positioned on at least one side of the core Vehicles and Personnel Against Incoming
facing towards potential threats, and a bond- Projectiles
ing layer that encapsulates the grinding layer. BAE Systems
The one or more wire mesh layers contain Country of origin: US
the ballistic panel, increasing the durability Language: English
and re-usability of the ballistic panel. A projector of multiple skewed light planes
Rotationally Offset Penetration Resistant 51 drawings or sheets is located adjacent a vehicle to
Articles be protected and detectors are arranged to
Country of origin: US detect the penetration of the light sheets by
Language: English an incoming object, with the time intervals
A penetration-resistant article is provided between the piercing of the planes defin-
comprising two or more layers of woven ing the path of the incoming object and its
fabric. The layers of woven fabric each expected impact time. An array of bullet-
comprise a first series of fibers aligned in a firing barrels is arranged to project bullets in
first direction and a second series of fibers an iron curtain under control of a fire control
interwoven with the first series of fibers and module that fires a round in a barrel above
aligned in a second direction perpendicular the projected flight path such that the round
impacts the nose of the object and disables
it. It is thus the piercing of the skewed light
sheets that provides information as to the
Carrier System impact point of the object as well as its time
Country of origin: US of arrival so that a round can be fired to
Language: English intercept the object as it arrives at the iron
A carrier system for use with a body armor curtain.
garment that distributes the shoulder loads 9 drawings
produced by equipment carried or worn by
military or law enforcement personnel, away
from the user’s shoulders and comfortably Composite Panel For Blast And Ballistic
to the hips. Heavy shoulder loads, which Protection
typically cause chronic back pain and can The University Of Maine System Board Of
January 2011 49
Trustees
Language: English
A composite panel comprises a single
composite layer and the single composite
layer includes a thermoplastic resin matrix,
reinforcing fiber, and nano-filler particles.
The nano-filler particles are dispersed within
the thermoplastic resin matrix to define a
nano-filled matrix material. The reinforcing
fiber is further disposed within the nano-
filled matrix material.
15 drawings

50 January 2011
Unmanned Systems
Method To Fight Armored Objects command generation for actuators in group
Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Radio- control mode.
zavod The reported effect is increasing demining
Country of origin: Russia efficiency of mine fields and usability of
Language: Russian navigation systems of independent modules.
The objective of this design is to destroy 0 drawings
armored objects, up to 10 small-scale
automated ground vehicles (SSAGV) are
used, which are controlled remotely from a
single mobile control station (CS). SSAGV
are equipped with reactive antitank gre-
nades, system of automated armament and
movement control, facilities of naviga-
tion, reconnaissance and communication.
CS is equipped with a system of SSAGV
automated control, facilities of navigation,
reconnaissance and communication. CS
crew guides SSAGV moving out to posi-
tions, does reconnaissance of targets, their
identification, designation, and also homing
SSAGV armament at the target with its sub-
sequent destruction. Small dimensions, se-
cretive motion and terrain positioning make
it possible for SSAGV to fire at armored
objects from short distances.
The reported effect is reduced destruction
costs as a result of the efficient firing by
relatively low-cost grenade launcher shots
with multiple use of other complex elements,
improved mobility of the complex and provi-
sion of safety as a result of remote control
over destruction facilities.
0 drawings
Anti-mine Robot
Institut informatiki i problem regional’nogo
upravlenija Kabardino-Balkarskogo nauch-
nogo tsentra RAN
Language: Russian
This design describes an anti-mine robot that
consists of multiple single-axis mobile mod-
ules delivered to demining place by means
of separate transport vehicle and perform-
ing group actions, demining of individual
weapons or mine fields. Single-axis mobile
modules are independent and have the
possibility of data exchange between them
and constituent parts of multi-agent system.
At that, they are equipped with navigation
systems with orientation devices relative
to check points and/or satellite navigation
system, equipment for remote detection and
identification of weapons, actuators for their
marking and disposal, and neuron network
devices for information processing and

Emerging Defense Technologies January 2011

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Emerging Defense Technologies January 2011

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

2

3 Preparing for the Future

8 Analysis of Soldier Effectivenes in an MRAP

Emerging Defense Technologies www.defense-house.com

Preparing for the Future

Let me talk firstly about the changes

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

Emerging Defense Technologies www.defense-house.com

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

BF male = 0.685W − 5 .86 H 3 + 0 .42 (1)

The fat layer in each body segment can then be adjusted by

Vehicle Interior Temperatures

Figure 2: Ambient air temperature and solar load

Figure 4: Surface temperatures after 6 minutes of

Figure 5 shows the core temperature (rectal temperature) for

not deviate more than 1 degree in uncontrolled environments Sweat Rate

Sweat Rate [gr/m]

85% Figure 7: Transient sweat rate (grams/minute)

Mean Skin Temp Overall Sensation

Time [min] Time [min]

Figure 6: Mean skin temperature plot Figure 8: Overall thermal sensation

0.5 50% Technical Bulletin (TBMED) 2003; 507/AFPAM (I),

The UK Future Protected Vehicle could support a particular specialization.

A vehicle which engagement with 35 organizations.

can “sweat” to subsequently developed seven concept

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

History! • Pointer: an agile robot which can

Defense House Publshing

HMMWV Live Fire Testing

Test Methodology Concerns

During the audits of the “Marine Corps

• used FSPs to test armored vehicles

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

Emerging Defense Technologies www.defense-house.com

DoD Small Business

January 12-13, 2011 February 7-10, 2011 March 28-29, 2011

January 24-27, 2011 February 8-9, 2011 March 28-31, 2011

January 24-27, 2011 February 20-24, 2011 April 11-14, 2011

Emerging Defense Technologies www.defense-house.com

Communications, Sensors & Surveillance

Soldier Survivability and Gear

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

Ammunition & Munitions

Firing Brakes for Cannons or Mortars

Grenade Method For Ground Testing Of Guided

Artillery Emerging Defense Technologies

barrel and are spring-loaded. Arms include

Communications, Sensors & Surveillance Emerging Defense Technologies

Simplifying and Cost-effective IR-RF

Vehicle-Mountable Imaging Systems

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

Ground Vehicles Emerging Defense Technologies

Protection System Including A Net

Emerging Defense Technologies www.defense-house.com

Ceramic Armor Component

Gun Mount And Ejection System

Infantry Weapons Emerging Defense Technologies

Link Chute Adapter

Soldier Survivability & Gear

High-Performance Bulletproof Glazing

Anti-Terror Lightweight Armor Plates

www.defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies