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Language is learned and studied from time to time by men that also can be
studied thoroughly in Discourse Analysis. Utterances between languages used both
by the speaker and interlocutor is bridged by Fillers and Backchannel during the
conversation. The purpose of this article is to re-analyze the number of types of fillers
and also backchannel of other’s team result of analyzing their own conversation. This
paper uses descriptive qualitative method, because it analyzes the types of fillers and
backchannels found in the analysis. The steps to analyze the data are re-checking the
other team’s analysis, finding the fillers and backchannels also give conclusion and
suggestion regarding the findings whether should it be revised or no. Based on the
data analysis, the researcher found some minor mistakes in the analysis. The total
number of the Empathizing should be (15) whilst in the analysis says (18), Time-
creating devices should be (3) whilst it is stated (2), Mitigating should be (3) also
whilst it is stated (2). We also found that the team didn’t provide the paper with
backchannels which should be counted as (14) for vocal.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER …………………………………………………………….. i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………...…. ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………..…………….... 1
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Methodology…………….………….……. 8
CONCLUSION………………………………………....................... 14
REFERENCES…………………………………………………….… 15
APPENDIX
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INTRODUCTION
means of communication. It simply means that human, since long time ago,
and many of the usages. Among many, one field that focused on the study
sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units,
communication, a two ways process between speaker and listener and involve
appear anywhere in the utterance and that could be deleted from the utterance
the flow of speech. Most people produce fillers in their spoken interaction.
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According to Pamolango (2015) in his article, he defines that fillers and other
along with its forms, produced both orally and in writing. Moreover,
recognition and interpretation, together with cultural and social aspects that
the same classroom. The analysis is done just in case the other team made a
slight mistake in analyzing the conversation, so that the research here is made
B. Research Questions
1. What are the missing types of fillers and backchannels found in the
1. To find out how many missing types of fillers and backchannels found
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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Clark and Clark (1977) stated that speaking appears to be divided into
have process. There are five processes. The first is discourse plan. The speaker
decides the discourse that they want to take. For example is telling story. The
second is sentence plan. The speaker should select the appropriate sentence to
discourse. The next is constituent plan. The speaker decides the sentence, and
then the speaker plans the constituent. The fourth is articulatory program. The
speaker puts then sentence into articulatory program. The last is articulation.
different lengths, orally produce differences among the English phonemes and
devices (pauses, fillers, and et cetera), monitoring our oral production and
enhancing the clarity of the message, using grammatical word classes, systems,
word order, patterns, rules, and elliptical forms, producing speech in natural
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B. The Definition of Fillers
Stenstöm (1994) also stated that fillers are categorized into two types;
those are a silent pause and a filled pause (p. 1). On the other hand, Rose
(1998) also divides the field pauses into two types. The first one is an
C. Types of Fillers
Stenstöm (1994) stated the five functions of the application of Fillers, they
are;
5) Time creating devices: giving some times for the speakers to think
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as yes and uh-uhh without releasing the turn. Backchannelling is a direct
or non-verbal gestures. Yule (1975) argues that there are two types of
backchannels, they are vocal and non vocal. The vocal backchannels are
such as yeah, uhm, okay. The non vocal backchannels such as nods, smiles
have been conducted by a lot of researchers from time to time with various
subjects of research that made the research rich in sources. The first research
is conducted by Afriani et. al. (2014), she analyzed the used of fillers in the
South Korea in the means of comparative study. The last one is the research
University.
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RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Methodology
collecting and analyzing the data. The qualitative research design was
employed to reveal what fillers and backchannels types that the other team
used and found the most common one. In the finding, some data which
represented the main deixis would be presented. It would not present all the
deixis found since the data were quite plenty. The analysis was done by
B. The Instrument
analyzing the types of fillers and backchannels. In the end, we give feedback
to the team whose analysis was revised. The name of the members will remain
The primary data were taken by swapping the analysis of each team,
because that is what the lecturer requests. Our team (consisted of I and Diah
papers will possess the same data due to the similarity of subject and object of
the research. The data were categorized based on the kinds of fillers and
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D. The Object of the Research
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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Types Types
1. Lexicalized: 19 1. Lexicalized: 19
2. Unlexicalized: 4 2. Unlexicalized: 4
Functions: Functions:
1. Empathizing: 18 1. Empathizing: 15
2. Hesitating: 2 2. Hesitating: 2
3. Time-creating Devices: 2 3. Time-creating Devices: 3
4. Mitigating: 2 4. Mitigating: 3
5. Editing Term: 0 5. Editing Term: 0
between the findings in terms the type of fillers between both analysis. But when
it comes to functions, there are three major differences that can be seen towards
the bold numbers, they are the functions of Empathizing, Time-creating devices
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The bolded terms above should be Empathizing, not mitigating. Because,
to prove that, there is one evidence also made by the other group in their analysis,
using the same terms but ended up putting different analysis like this below
The other examples are as the misconception in placing the term in the
table presented below. The term stands for time creating, but the other team stated
The utterance ow has dots that follow behind it, which interpreted as the
time gap before the speech continued. With such condition, it would be better if
the analysis put them into time-creating devices which suit the types more. Below,
Backchannel
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CONCLUSION
bridged by Fillers and Backchannel during the conversation. The purpose of this
other’s team result of analyzing their own conversation. Based on the data
analysis, the researcher found out that there are differences between the findings
that were analyzed by our team and the other team. The total number of types of
fillers remains the same with lexicalized type (19) and Unlexicalized (4).
The difference comes after our team started analyzing the functions of
fillers, there are minor mistakes in the analysis. The total number of the
devices should be (3) whilst it is stated (2), Mitigating should be (3) also whilst it
is stated (2). We also found that the team didn’t provide the paper with
backchannels which should be counted as (14) for vocal.. Due to the findings of
the differences, it is concluded that research, in any terms and fields, should be
done really carefully and the note also applies to our team as well.
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REFERENCES
Site :http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/hsl_shl/vanBaalen.htm.
Brown, H.D. 1980. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall Inc.
Byrne, Donn. 1980. English Teaching Perspectives, England: Longman Group Ltd.
Clark, Herbert H and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language. New York:
University of Surakarta.
University Press.
Publishing.
Kholis, Nur. 2016. Deixis Analysis of the Good Dinosaur the Movie. SINTA:
http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.74-89.
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Knutson, Elizabeth M .2009. “on being heard: a study of listening behavior in
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4168801.
Pamolango, Valantino A. 2015. Types and Functions of Fillers used by the female
http://bank.rug.ac.be/da/refs.htm
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