“Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and
philosophy begins in wonder” - Socrates
PHILOSOPHY
- From two Greek words: philos (love)
and sophia (wisdom)
- “love of wisdom”
- uses human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and
principles which govern all things.
Asian Communities
- School of thoughts and belief
systems (2000 BCE)
West
- First philosophical schools emerged
in ancient Greece (6th century BCE)
Western Philosophy
- Uncovering the truth through
systematic argumentation and theory
- Use of reason rather than faith
- increased focus on man as an
individual
Greece
- home to one of the great civilizations
during the ancient period
Sophists
- teachers who traveled throughout
Greece and taught people who
wished to learn
- excellent public speakers
- Learning was done through
discussion and argument
Philosophos
- “lovers of wisdom”
- Believed that teaching and learning
should be an opportunity to learn the
truth of all things in this world
- Arguments and discussion must be
based on sound reasoning
Pythagoras
- One of their leaders (philosophos)
Among the ancient Greeks, the philosophers
became pioneers in various fields of
knowledge:
- History
- Biology
- Medicine
- Mathematics
- Astronomy
- Physics
Pythagoras
- Mathematician and scientist
- Pythagoream threorem
- Established community of learners –
study of religion and philosophy
Heraclitus
- Logos: everything that exist is based
on a higher order or plan
- Change is permanent
- “No man ever steps on the same
river twice”
Democritus
- studied causes of natural phenomena
- first to propose atoms
Diogenes of Sinope
- advocate of a simple and virtuous
life
- vocal critic of Plato and Aristotle
- influenced several schools of
philosophy: Cynicism and Stoicism
Epicurus
- philosophy could enable man to have
life of happiness
- Epicureanism: wisdom and simple
living will result to life free from
fear and pain
Socrates
- foremost philosopher of ancient
times
- great contribution to the field of
ethics
- considered himself “midwife”
- believed that philosophy could
enable man to live a life of virtue
- Socratic Method: means of
examining a topic by devising a
series of questions that let the learner
examine and analyze his knowledge
and views
Plato
- pinagkakainan
- student of Socrates
- his writings were the foundation of
western philosophy
- Theory of Forms: everything that
exists is based on an idea or template
that can only be perceived in the
mind
- Dialectic: method of inquiry where
two opposing ideas are discussed in
 an attempt to arrive at new
knowledge
- Academy: instiution of higher
learning
Aristotle
- Prominent student of Plato
- disagreed with Plato
- for him, all ideas and views are
based on perception and our reality is
based on what we can sense and
perceive
- involved in zoology, psychology,
ethics and politics
- Deductive reasoning: process by
which specific statements are
analyzed to reach a conclusion or
generalization
Archimedes
- renown for the practical aspects of
his philosophical inquiries
- leading scientist, mathematician,
physicist, engineer, inventor,
astronomer edi ikaw na
- gave rise to modern calculus
- inventions: screw, devise for raising
water, method for determining
volume using displacement
Historical developments in Europe and the
Western world led to the gradual shaping of
Western Philisophy
Wala sa book descriptions nila.. YUNG VARIOUS SCHOOLS OF
THOUGHT EH TIGNAN NIYO
St. Thomas Aquinas NALANG SA BOOK KATAMAD EH
- Italian, Dominican friar, catholic HEHE
priest and Doctor of the Church
- wrote Summa Theologica
- “The reason is found in God”
Petarch
- Italian scholar and poet in
Renaissance Italy
- earliest humanist; founder of
Humanism
- lyric poetry of his Canzoniere
Rene Descartes
- French philosopher, mathematician,
scientist
- Father of modern western philosophy
- “Cogito, Ergo Sum” meaning “I
think, therefore I am.”
Soren Kierkegaard
- Danish philosopher, theologist, poet,
social critic
- Father of existentialism
Edmund Husserl
- German philosopher
- critics of historicism and
psychologism
- father of phenomenology
Michael Foucault
- French historian and philosopher
associated with structuralist and post
structuralist movement
- Discipline and Punish; History and
Sexuality