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Sae Byul Kang, Hong Young Oh, Jong Jin Kim, Kyu Sung Choi
PII: S0960-1481(17)30596-7
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.092
Please cite this article as: Sae Byul Kang, Hong Young Oh, Jong Jin Kim, Kyu Sung Choi,
Characteristics of spent coffee ground as a fuel and combustion test in a small boiler (6.5kW),
Renewable Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.092
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4 Sae Byul Kanga,*, Hong Young Ohb, Jong Jin Kima and Kyu Sung Choia
5
11
14
15 Abstract
16 Spent Coffee Ground is a residue of coffee drink mainly used at a coffee shop. Spent coffee
17 ground is used as an odor removal, manure in flowerpot and so on. However most of spent
18 coffee ground is discarded as garbage. In this study, we investigated characteristics of spent
19 coffee ground as a fuel and combustion characteristics in a small boiler system (6.5 kW based
20 on input lower heating value), such as CO, NOx, O2 and heating characteristic of heating boiler.
21 Drying of spent coffee ground in the open air condition takes less than 6 days in case of height
22 of 11 mm. More than 96 % of spend coffee ground is between 100 ~ 500 m in particle size.
23 Lower heating value of spent coffee ground used as fuel is about 18.8 MJ/kg (4 500 kcal/kg at
24 water content 10 %). Combustion chamber of the boiler is a crucible type with primary and
25 secondary air supply and heat exchanger is one through type. Spent coffee ground consumption
26 as a fuel of the boiler is about 1.17 kg/hr. O2 concentration of the flue gas of the boiler is about
27 17.8 % which is higher than a commercial domestic gas boiler or a domestic wood pellet boiler.
28 CO and NOx concentration are 643 and 163 ppm respectively.
29 Keywords: boiler; combustion; heating value; spent coffee ground
30
31
32 1. Introduction
33 Nowadays, there are many solid biomass resources replacing fossil fuel, such as olive dry
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34 pomace, palm kernel, sunflower shells, bagasse, paper fiber residues, miscanthus, straw and so
35 on [1]. Spent coffee ground (SCG) is one of those solid biomass resources. Ministry of
36 Environment of Korea reported that annual amount of spent coffee ground in Korea is up to
37 103 000 ton in 2014 [2]. If heating value of spent coffee ground is 18.8 MJ/kg, total heating
38 value of annually unused spent coffee ground is more than 1 940 TJ (46.3 Gtoe, ton of oil
39 equivalent). Originally spent coffee ground has higher water content more than 50 % just after
40 making a drink coffee. Figure 1 shows picture of spent coffee ground and coffee bean. Figure
41 2 gives lower heating values of various solid biomass resources [3]. Lower heating value of
42 solid biomass resources is about 8.4 ~ 20.9 MJ/kg (2 000 ~ 5 000 kcal/kg) which can be varied
43 in accordance with water content. Lower heating value of wet spent coffee ground has very
44 low heating value about 8.4 MJ/kg (2 000 kcal/kg), but that of dried spent coffee ground
45 (dSCG) has relatively high heating value compared to the other solid biomass resources. The
46 Swiss 3R company sells spent coffee ground briquette as a fuel for barbecuing in open fire
47 spaces and in wood furnaces. [1]
48 T. J. Pilusa et al. [4, 5] made an ecofuel briquettes with 32% spent coffee ground, 23% coal
49 fines, 11% saw dust and so on for domestic applications. Their results say that the ecofuel
50 briquettes emit lower toxic emissions compared to fossil fuel.
51
52
53
54
55 Figure 1. Picture of spent coffee ground (left) and coffee bean before brewing (right).
56
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50
45
40
Lower Heating Value [MJ/kg] 35
30
25
20
15
10
57
58 Figure 2. Lower heating value of various solid biomass resources including spent
59 coffee ground and fossil fuels [3].
60
61 L. Limousy et al. [6] did a combustion test in a commercial residential wood pellet boiler with
62 a pure spent coffee ground pellet, a blended pellet (50% spent coffee ground and 50% sawdust)
63 and a pure pine wood pellet. Combustion of a pure spent coffee ground pellet emits higher CO
64 and NOx concentration but combustion of a blended spent coffee ground pellet emits relatively
65 low CO and NOx similar to combustion of a pure pine wood pellet [6].
66 As viewpoint of air pollution, V. K. Verma et al [7] did boiler efficiency test and flue gas
67 analysis for various solid biomass pellets, such as wood, apple, peat, grass, sunflower husk and
68 so on. Their findings are some high ash content with low melting point fuel such as straw pellet
69 is unsuitable for domestic boiler but canary grass pellet and citrus shell pellet with low ash
70 content can be more suitable for domestic boiler. And there are studies on pellet burner and
71 optimization [8-10].
72 Arce et al [11] studied combustion characteristics of wood pellet on fixed bed reactor with
73 various conditions. They concluded that particle size of wood pellet, water content are major
74 parameter on combustion and heat transfer. Moradian et al [12] conducted combustion test on
75 a fluidized bed boiler with fuel of a normal sold waste and mixing with animal wastes. They
76 found that solid waste with 20~30% animal waste reduced bed temperature by 70~100℃ and
77 reduced the deposition growth rate. Chun et al [13] studied pyrolysis and gasification
78 characteristics of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge has also high water contents and nitrogen.
79 Their study focuses on high quality gas and char production.
80 Gomez et al [14] conducted simulation study on effect of water temperature on domestic
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81 bioimass boiler performance. Their results showed that low water temperature increase heating
82 performance but also increase CO emission
83 L. Limousy et al [15] did experimental study on gaseous products and particulate matter
84 emission of biomass boiler. They used 12kW wood pellet boiler with spent coffee ground
85 pellet, pine pellet and blend pellet. Their results show that boiler efficiency with pure spent
86 coffee ground pellet was 64.1% which is lower than boiler efficiency of the other pellets.
87 In this study, we investigate characteristics of spent coffee ground as a fuel and combustion
88 test with spent coffee ground in particle state. Elementary and proximate analysis of spent
89 coffee ground were conducted. We measure lower heating value of spent coffee ground and
90 coffee bean before brewing compared to wood chip and wood pellet. Spent coffee ground just
91 after brewing has higher water content more than 50%. Drying characteristics of spent coffee
92 ground were investigated in the open air. We check drying characteristics in outdoor condition.
93 Finally we develop a 6.5 kWth boiler with pure spent coffee ground, perform heating test and
94 flue gas analysis.
95
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25
Coffee
bean before brewing
Spent Coffee Ground
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Water content based on wet base [%]
109
110 Figure 3. Lower heating value of spent coffee ground, coffee bean, wood pellet and wood chip
111 with respect to water content.
112 With dried spent coffee ground, elementary and proximate analysis has been done by quality
113 management team at Korea Institute of Energy Research. We compare the results of dried spent
114 coffee ground to a wood pellet in Table 1. Main differences between wood pellet and spent
115 coffee ground are 1) ash content, 2) hydrogen, 3) Nitrogen and 4) Oxygen content. In Korea,
116 wood pellet with less than 0.7% ash content is categorized as 1st grade wood pellet [16]. The
117 wood pellet in Table 1 must be 1st grade wood pellet in Korea in ash content aspect. On the
118 contrary, coffee bean before brewing and spent coffee ground have 2.1 ~ 3.9% ash which
119 should be categorized as 2nd and 3rd grade wood pellet. With elementary analysis, difference of
120 hydrogen content between wood pellet and coffee bean (or dried spent coffee ground) affects
121 heating value. Hydrogen content of spent coffee ground is higher than wood pellet, so lower
122 heating value of dried spent coffee ground (water content is about 8 ~ 10%) is higher than that
123 of wood pellet. Another difference between wood pellet and spent coffee ground is amount of
124 nitrogen content. Nitrogen content of wood pellet is 0.42%, but that of coffee bean and spent
125 coffee ground is more than 1.4%. High amount of nitrogen may cause high concentration of
126 NOx in flue gas.
127 Table 1. Elementary and proximate analysis on wood pellet, coffee bean before brewing and
128 dried spent coffee ground.
129
Wood pellet 7.39 74.85 0.55 17.21 48.48 6.33 0.42 44.21 0.01
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Coffee bean
2.10 76.75 3.88 17.27 53.25 6.94 1.62 34.25 0.06
(before brewing)
Dried spent coffee
11.69 70.03 2.06 16.22 53.05 7.19 1.45 36.20 0.05
ground
130
131
SCG height
60 case 1 : 6 mm
case 2 : 11 mm
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time [day]
150
151 Figure 4. Drying result of spent coffee ground: heights are 6 mm and 11 mm.
152
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153
164 Figure 5. Pictures of dried spent coffee ground with particle sizes: (a) 500~800 m; (b)
165 250~500 m; (c) ~100 m.
166
80
70 68.2
60
50
distribution [%]
40
28.0
30
20
10
1.3 2.6
0.2 0.9
0
~ 1000 1000~850 850~500 500~250 250~100 100 ~
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193
194 (a) detail view of SCG combustor (b) boiler and test facility of SCG
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195 Figure 7. Schematic diagram of SCG combustor and boiler and test facility with hot water
196 storage.
90
13:38, 78.5°C
80
top surface
350 mm
70
temperature of water [℃]
60
50
100 mm
40
50 mm
30
0 mm
bottom
20
11:12, 9.1°C
10
0
10:33 11:02 11:31 12:00 12:28 12:57 13:26 13:55
197 time [hr]
198 Figure8. Temperatures of hot water storage tank with respect to tank height and time.
199
200 Water content of dried spent coffee ground was 11.1 % with wet base and lower heating value
201 was 20.0 MJ/kg (4 779 kcal/kg). Fuel was supplied the burner with rate of 1.167 kg/hr that is
202 6.5kW (5 577 kcal/hr). Water tank was initially 9.1℃ and contained 40.1 kg water. Burning
203 test had lasted for 146 minutes until the water temperature of storage tank reached more than
204 75℃. Figure 8 shows temperatures of hot water storage tank with respect to tank height and
205 time. There was no water circulation pump so heated water from the boiler flowed naturally.
206 Temperature of storage surface is higher than that of bottom of storage tank due to lower
207 density of hot water. Water temperature of bottom storage tank started to increase after about
208 50 minutes from ignition. Finally after 146 minutes from start, water temperature of entire
209 storage tank was 78.5℃.
210 Figure 9 represents flue gas analysis of burning test of the boiler with dried spent coffee ground.
211 O2 concentration in flue gas was 17.8%. The boiler adapted an induced fan in the middle of
212 chimney, so there was infiltrated air to raise O2 concentration of flue gas. Carbon monoxide
213 (CO) and NOx concentration were about 643 ppm and 163 ppm respectively. With this boiler,
214 possibility to use spent coffee ground as a fuel in small scale boiler was confirmed. For future
215 research, more detailed combustor designs are needed to reduce O2, CO and NOx concentration.
216
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21 1,000
900
20 800
CO : 643 ppm
700
500
18 400
O2 : 17.8 % 300
17 200
16 0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time [hr]
217
218 Figure 9 Flue gas analysis of burning test of the boiler with dried spent coffee ground.
219
800
● : Spent coffee ground (this study)
○ : Sepnt coffee ground [15]
700 ▲ : Pine [17]
■ : Peach stones [17]
NOx Emission (ppm @ 13% O2)
300
200
100
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Nitrogen content in the pellets (wt %)
220
221 Figure 10 Influence of the nitrogen content of the pellets on the NOx emissions. [15-19]
222 NOx emissions from various solid biomass are shown in Figure 10. Most of NOx emission
223 from solid biomass are from fuel NOx which converted from Nitrogen in the fuel.
224
225 4. Conclusion
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226 In this study, we found a possibility using spent coffee ground as a heating fuel in a small scale
227 residential boiler. Elementary and proximate analysis, test of drying characteristic and particle
228 size of spent coffee ground were performed. We designed a prototype of small scale boiler
229 system for a residential heating fueled with dried spent coffee ground. Summary of the study
230 is as follow.
231
232 1. Water content and lower heating value of spent coffee ground are compared with those of
233 wood pellet. Due to higher value of hydrogen of coffee ground, lower heating value of spent
234 coffee ground is higher than that of wood pellet at similar water content. Lower heating value
235 of dried spent coffee ground at 10 % water content is more than 18.8 MJ/kg (4 500 kcal/kg).
236
237 2. After coffee brewing, water content of spent coffee ground is more than 55% at wet base.
238 With 6 mm height of spend coffee ground, it takes 2 days to be dried less than 15% water
239 content at outside.
240
241 3. 96% of particle size of dried spent coffee ground is 100 ~ 500 m.
242
243 4. With 2 types of prototype burner, we developed a boiler system fueled with dried spent
244 coffee ground. Capacity of the boiler is about 6.5 kW with 1.17 kg/hr fuel consumption rate.
245 With burning test, the boiler can heat up 40 kg water from 9℃ to 78℃ in 146 minutes. O2, CO
246 and NOx concentration of flue gas were 17.8%, 643 ppm and 163 ppm respectively.
247
248 5. Possibility to use spent coffee ground as a fuel in a small scale boiler confirmed in this study.
249 Optimization for combustor design should be needed to reduce O2, CO and NOx concentration
250 in flue gas.
251
252
253 Acknowledgments: This work was conducted under the framework of Research and
254 Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER, Korea) (B6-2415-
255 02).
256
257
258 References
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