Reinforced Concrete Structure

ECV 5221

Ir. Dr. Fairul

Basic Requirements to EN 1990

There are 4 principle fundamental requirements concerning bearing

capacity for any structure or structural members.

1. Withstand action at ULS and Remain fit at SLS (VERIFICATION)

2. Have adequate structural/mechanical resistance
3. Have adequate resistance to fire
4. Must be robust
Typical load relationship of reinforced concrete structures and the limit states
The following ULS shall be verified as relevant:
EQU: Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any
part of the structure considered as
rigid body

STR: Strength assessment, Internal failure or excessive deformation

GEO: Geotechincal failure or excessive deformation of the ground where the strength of
soil or rock are significant in providing resistance

FAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural member

At ULS verification….:
For limit state of static equilibrium (EQU):

(EQU) : Ed,dst ≤ Ed,stb

For limit state of strength resistance (STR):

(STR/GEO) : Ed ≤ Rd
Combination of action (ULS)..:

Based on DESIGN SITUATION….

1. Persistent – normal use

2. Transient -- temporary condition, during execution
3. Accidental – exceptional condition – fire,explosion, etc..

4. Seismic --- event of earthquake, ground excitation, etc..

Combination for Persistent or Transient design situation (FUNDAMENTAL COMB.)

Main expression


j 1
G, j Gk , j +  p P +  Q ,1Qk ,1 +   Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
Eq. 6.10 EN 1990

or alternatively for STR and GEO, the less favorable of the two following expressions


j 1
G, j Gk , j +  p P +  Q ,1Ψ 0,1Qk ,1 +   Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
Eq. 6.10a EN 1990

 
j 1
G, j Gk , j +  p P +  Q ,1Qk ,1 +   Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
Eq. 6.10b EN 1990
Equation 6.10 may be defined to unfavorable
(superior) and favorable (inferior)
(PERMANENT ACTION ONLY) for EQU verification as…..: (similar to STR/GEO)
And for Expression 6.10(a) and 6.10(b)


j 1
Gj ,sup Gkj ,sup +  p P +  Q ,1Qk ,1 +   Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
or

j 1
Gj ,inf Gkj ,inf +  p P +  Q ,1Qk ,1 +   Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1

 Gj ,sup = 1.10
 Gj ,inf = 0.9
 Q ,1 = 1.50 0 where favorable

 Q ,i = 1.50 0 where favorable

At SLS verification….:
Combination of action (SLS)..:

1. Characteristic Combination irreversible serviceability limit states

2. Frequent Combination reversible serviceability limit states

3. Quasi-Permanent Combination Long-term serviceability limit states
Irreversible

Irreversible
1. Characteristic Combination


j 1
Gk , j + P + Qk ,1 +  0,i Qk ,i
i 1

2. Frequent Combination


j 1
Gk , j + P + 1,1Qk ,1 +  2,i Qk ,i
i 1

3. Quasi-Permanent Combination

j 1
Gk , j + P +  2,i Qk ,i
i 1
 EC 2 versus BS 8110
1. EC2 is generally laid out to give advice on the basis of phenomena
or structural response (bending, shear, etc) rather than by member
type as in BS 8110 ( eg, beam,column, slabs.)

2. Use characteristic cylinder strength not cube strength

3. EC does not provide derived formulae (bending, shear) except

stress block diagram

4. The partial factor of steel reinforcement is 1.15. However the

characteristic yield strength of steel that meets the requirements
of BS 4449 will be 500 MPa – so effect is negligible.

5. EC applicable for ribbed reinforcement with characteristic yield

strength of 400 to 600 MPa. No guidance for plain bar and mild
steel, - however refer to UK Annex
6. Include the geometric imperfection ( notional horizontal load) to
additional to lateral loads.

7. Minimum concrete cover is related to bond strength, durability

and fire resistance. Include deviation allowance – 10mm or 5mm in
the case of stringent QC.

8. Higher strength of concrete are covered by EC 2 up to C90/105.

However, due to different characteristic for high strength concrete,
the expression is adjusted for concrete class grater than C50/60.

9. EC2 Uses the variable strut inclination method for the assessment
of shear capacity of a section. The assumed angle of the concrete
compression strut can be altered to give the most economic design.

10. IN EC 2, punching shear checks are carried at 2d from the face of

the column and for rectangular column, the perimeter is rounded at
the corners.
11. Serviceability check can still be carried out using “ deemed to
satisfy” span to effective depth rules similar to BS 8110. However for
more detailed check, EC 2 guidance check varies from the BS8220 pt2.

12. The rules for determining the anchorage and lap length are more
complex than the simple table in BS 8110. Eurocode considers the
effects of among others, the position of bars during concreting , the
shape of bar and cover.

13. The use of favourable and unfavourable for ULS limits in EC 2.

14. Units for stress are mega Pascals, MPa (1 MPa = 1 N/mm2)