Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE xxx:xxx 1 Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Brand K, Al-Rais A, Pain assessment in children, Anaesthesia and intensive care medicine, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.mpaic.2019.03.003
PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA
Wong-Baker 6 faces (0e5) 3e18 years Easy, quick Confusion with Requires paper scalea
FACES Value 0-10 ‘happiness’
Faces Pain Scale Revised 6 mature faces (0e5) 4e12 years Easy, quick Confusion with Requires paper scalea
Value 0-10 ‘happiness’
Pieces of Hurt 5 stones or poker chips 3e8 years Simple Time consuming Requires piecesa
Multiple-sized Poker Chip 4 poker chips increasing in size 4e6 years Simple Time consuming Requires chipsa
Numerical Analogue Verbal scale 0e5 or 0-10 8e18 years Easy, quick Requires numeracy No props required
Visual Analogue 10cm line 8e18 years Easy, quick, Requires proportionality Requires pen & papera
Scale 0e5 or 0-10 versatile
Adolescent Paediatric Body map drawing & word 8e18 years Detailed Time consuming Requires pen & papera
Pain Tool graphic scale
a
Adjuncts may have cost, time and infection control implications.
Table 1
Face No particular expression or Occasional grimace or frown, withdrawn, Frequent to constant quivering
smile disinterested chin, clenched jaw
Legs Normal position or relaxed Uneasy, restless, tense Kicking, or legs drawn up
Activity Lying quietly, normal Squirming, shifting back and forth, tense Arched, rigid or jerking
position moves easily
Cry No cry (awake or asleep) Moans or whimpers, occasional complaint Crying steadily, screams or sobs,
frequent complaints
Consolability Content, relaxed Reassured by occasional touching hugging or Difficult to console or comfort
being talked to, distractable
Note: each of the five categories is scored between 0 and 2, resulting in a total score of 0e10.
Table 2
ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE xxx:xxx 2 Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Brand K, Al-Rais A, Pain assessment in children, Anaesthesia and intensive care medicine, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.mpaic.2019.03.003
PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA
ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE xxx:xxx 3 Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Brand K, Al-Rais A, Pain assessment in children, Anaesthesia and intensive care medicine, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.mpaic.2019.03.003
PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA
Recognition and Assessment of Acute Pain in Children guideline 5 Royal College of Nursing (UK). Clinical guidelines for the recogni-
produced by the Royal College of Nursing (2009).5 tion and assessment of acute pain in children. 2009, www.rcn.org.
Most organizations now have dedicated paediatric acute pain uk/development/practice/pain (accessed 23 October 2015).
teams to promote pain assessment and management. It is vital
that audit and research is undertaken within each organization to FURTHER READING
better understand the challenges that clinicians face when A guideline from the association of paediatric Anaesthetists of great
assessing pain, and allow the necessary changes to be made to britain and Ireland. Pediatric anesthesia July 2012; 22(suppl 1).
improve the assessment and management of pain in children. To Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection. Improving services
achieve this it is recommended that individual organizations for children in hospital, The healthcare commission. 2007, http://
develop local policies and guidelines and also provide regular www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc00/0097/
education for all clinicians involved in the management of acute 0097.pdf (accessed 23 October 2015).
Good practice in postoperative and procedural pain management. 2nd
pain in children. A
edn, 2012.
Harrop E. Management of pain in childhood. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract
REFERENCES Ed 2007; 92: ep101e8.
1 Pain assessment. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22(suppl 1): 10e6. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child health. Guidelines for good
2 Stinson J, Kavanagh T, Yamada J, Gill N, Stevens B. Systematic practice: recognition and assessment of acute pain in children.
review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasi- 2009, http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/child-health/standards-care/child-
bility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in health-guidelines-and-standards/guidelines-endorsed-rcpch-
children and adolescents. Pain 2006; 125: 143e57. subspe-7#RCN_acute (accessed 23 October 2015).
3 Wong D, Baker C. Pain in children: comparison of assessment Treadwell MJ, Franck LS, Vichinsky E. Using quality improvement
scales. Pediatr Nurs 1988; 14: 9e17. strategies to enhance pediatric pain assessment. Int J Qual Health
4 Simons J, Macdonald L. Changing practice: implementing vali- Care 2002; 14: 39e47.
dated paediatric pain assessment tools. J Child Health Care 2006;
10: 160e76.
ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE xxx:xxx 4 Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Brand K, Al-Rais A, Pain assessment in children, Anaesthesia and intensive care medicine, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.mpaic.2019.03.003