September

MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS

1, 2019

UNIT 1
WORD ORDER
The combination of parts of speech to make or produce various constructions of
sentences

 BASIC CONSTRUCTIONS
 Nominal Construction
Use To Be instead of verb in a sentence.
Pattern:
S + To Be + (adj/adv/noun)

e.g. I am a student
He is not fine
Are they in the class now?
Who are you?
 Verbal Construction
Use Verb in a sentence
Pattern: S + Verb + (adj/adv/noun)

e.g. I sleep in the bedroom

He does not feel good today
Do you understand?
Where does she live?

EXERCISES
A. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. She is a student (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. You are not fine today (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How)
3. Am I your teacher (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Who)
4. Tim and Bill are not in the garden now (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
5. There are ten students in the class now (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How many)

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 PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSES
 Basic Tenses
o Simple tenses
 Nominal (S + To Be) and Verbal (S + Verb)
o Progressive tenses
 To Be + Verb-ing
o Perfect tenses
 Have/Has/Had + Nominal (Been) and Verbal (Verb participle)
o Future tenses
 Shall/ Will
o Perfect Progressive
 Been + Verb-ing
To Be has several forms in a sentence depending on the subject and tense.
Present is/am/are e.g. She is in Singapore
Past  was/were e.g. She was in Singapore
Perfect  been e.g. She has been to Singapore
Future/Modals  be e.g. She will be in Singapore
Time Chart

past present future

EXERCISES
Identify and match the following statements in the box with the tenses
provided. What kinds of tenses are the following statements?
A. Alice will have studied English for two hours by seven o’clock tomorrow.
B. Bill usually eats lunch at a restaurant next to the bank in London.
C. Betty was sleeping on a sofa in the living room at one o’clock yesterday.
D. Mike will be meeting with the director at ten o’clock tomorrow.
E. Ann went to the cinema last night.
F. Ronald had been watching TV for three hours.
G. Bobby will go to the library and read a book there tomorrow.
H. Tommy will have been painting his house for four hours by eleven o’clock tomorrow.
I. Teddy is eating at ten o’clock now.
J. Hawk has already done all his works well
K. Jane had put all vases in the garden yesterday.
L. Tim has been working for five hours.
1. Present Simple Tense (________)
2. Present Progressive Tense (________)
3. Present Perfect Tense (________)
4. Present Perfect Progressive Tense (________)
5. Past Simple Tense (________)
6. Past Progressive Tense (________)
7. Past Perfect Tense (________)
8. Past Perfect Progressive Tense (________)
9. Future Simple Tense (________)
10. Future Progressive Tense (________)
11. Future Perfect Tense (________)
12. Future Perfect Progressive Tense (________)

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MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS
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UNIT 2
TENSES
The change of a verb in a sentence shows the time of an action or event.

 PAST
 Past Simple
Study this example situation
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He
lived in 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote
more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died.

o Patterns
S + To Be (was/were) S + Verb II
I was sick yesterday I went to a movie last night
She was not here yesterday She did not go anywhere
Were you in the class? Did you tell him the truth?
Where were you last night? What did you do yesterday?
o Usage
 Past activity
The past simple tense is used to talk about activities happened in
the past with references to finished periods and moments of time.
e.g. I opened the door last night.
o Time signals  yesterday, last night, two days ago…etc
o Time chart

past present future

The key notions

Past verb forms
 Regular verbs
- Add d/ed
Work  worked rain  rained
- Verbs ending –e
Hope  hoped decide  decided
- Verbs ending in a stressed vowel
Stop  stopped plan  planned
- Verbs ending a consonant + y
Study  studied cry  cried
- Verbs ending a vowel + y
Play  played stay  stayed
 Irregular verbs
speak  spoke  spoken
Expressive items
 Past habit
e.g. I used to smoke (but I don’t)
 Non-strange habit

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e.g. I am used to smoking (It’s not something strange)

 New habit
e.g. I get used to smoking (I did not smoke)

EXERCISES
Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex was a doctor at Hilton Hospital ten years ago (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. They were not in the garden last night (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Was she very happy yesterday (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
4. Tom got up late this morning (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You did not go to cinema two days ago (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
 Past Progressive
Study this example situation
Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o’clock and
finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.
They were playing tennis = they were in the middle of playing tennis
and they had not finished playing.

o Pattern
S + To Be (was/were) + Verb-ing
I was sleeping at 8 o’clock last night
She was not studying when I came
Were you reading while mother was cooking?
What were you doing when she came?
o Usage
 Progressive past activity
The past progressive tense is used to say that something was in
progress around a particular past time.
e.g. I was sleeping at this time yesterday.
o Time signals  at this time yesterday, when, while…etc
o Time chart

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MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS
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past present future

The key notion
Expressive items
 Distributive use
e.g. I stood under a tree when the rain began. (happened first).
I was sleeping when you came. (happened first)

EXERCISES
Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex was doing his homework at this time yesterday (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. They were not playing in the garden at ten last night (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Was she washing her hair at eight o’clock yesterday (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
4. Tom was reading at the library at seven o’clock this morning (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
5. You were not going to cinema at this time yesterday (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
 Past Perfect
Study this example situation
Sarah went to a party last week and Paul did too, but they did not see
each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11.00. So,
when Sarah arrived at the party, Paul was not there. Paul had gone
home.

o Patterns
S + Had + Been
I had been at home at 7 pm last night
She had not been here when you came
Had you been there before I arrived?
Where had you been when I came?
S + Had + Verb III
I had cleaned my room at 7 pm last night

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MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS
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She had not done her work when I came

Had you written a letter before I arrived?
What had you done when she came?
o Usage
 Result of completed activity
The past perfect tense is used to talk about the result of completed
activities that happened one after the other in the past.
e.g. I had finished my work before you came.
o Time signals  before, after…etc
o Time chart

past present future

EXERCISES
Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex had been a bus driver for two years before he came here (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)

2. They had not been in the garden when mother arrived home (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Had she been sick for two days last week (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
4. Tom had stopped crying for an hour when mother came home (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You had not done your work when teacher came into the class (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)

 Past Perfect Progressive

Study this example situation
Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. It was not
raining but the ground was very wet. So, it had been raining before.

o Pattern
S + Had + Been + Verb-ing
I had been watching TV for two hours when you came
She had not been sleeping for an hour when I arrived

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MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS
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Had you been reading for all morning when she woke up?
How long had you been working before the company closed?
o Usage
 Duration of uncompleted activity
The past perfect progressive tense is used to talk about the
duration/continuation of uncompleted activities in the past.
e.g. I had been working for two years before the company got
crisis.
o Time chart

past present future

EXERCISES
Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex had been driving a car for an hour before he got the town (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
2. They had not sitting in the garden for an hour when Lee arrived
home (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Had it been raining for two hours when I woke up (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
4. Tom had been crying for an hour when I came home (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You had not been doing your work all morning yesterday (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)

 PRESENT
 Present Simple
Study this example situation
Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. So, he is not driving.
He is a sleep. He drives a bus. Driving is his profession and habitual
action.
o Patterns
S + To Be (is/am/are) S + Verb I – s/es

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MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS
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I am a student I go to school everyday

The fire is not cold The sun does not rise from the west
Are you happy? Do you understand?
What are you? Where do you live?
o Usages
 Habitual action
The present simple tense is used to express habitual action or
things happening regularly all the time.
e.g. He is a doctor. She goes to school every day.
 General truth
The present simple tense is also used to talk about the permanent
situations or things that are true in the past, present and future.
e.g. The fire is hot. The sun rises from the east.
o Time signals  always, often, usually, seldom, sometimes …etc
o Time chart

past present future

The key notions

No Progressive forms
Some verbs cannot be used in progressive forms
 Mental verbs  believe, remember, forget, suggest, agree,
need…etc
 Possessive verbs  have, own, belong…etc
 Sensual verbs  see, smell, hear, taste…etc
 Emotional verbs love, hate, like
 Linking verbs  appear, seem, look…etc
Singular verb forms
 Add s/es
work  works make  makes build  builds
 Verbs ending vowel + y
play  plays stay  stays pay  pays
 Verbs ending consonant + y
cry  cries bury  buries apply  applies
 Verbs ending in hissing sounds
wash  washes miss  misses fix  fixes
 Irregular changes
have  has do  does go  goes

EXERCISES
Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex is a bus driver (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. They are not in the garden now (-)

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_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Is she very happy today (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
4. Tom often gets up late in the morning (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You do not come from Canada (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
 Present Progressive
Study this example situation
Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work now. This
means that she is driving now – at the time of speaking. And the action is not
finished.
o Pattern
S + To Be (is/am/are) + Verb-ing
I am watching TV now
She is not sleeping
Are you coming soon?
What are you doing?
o Usages
 Time of speaking
The present progressive tense is used to express things that are
happening around the time of speaking.
e.g. I am watching TV now.
 Period of event
The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things
that are in progress or a period around now.
e.g. He is taking an English course this semester.
 Process of change
The present progressive tense can be used for temporary
situations or things that are in a process of getting change.
e.g. The economic situation is getting worse.
 Process of arrangement
The present progressive tense can refer to the future within a
process of arrangement
e.g. I am coming soon.
o Time signals  now, today, soon, at the moment …etc
o Time chart

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MODULE: ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMY STUDENTS
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past present future

EXERCISES
Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Amy is reading a magazine at the moment (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. They are not playing in the garden now (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Is she going to the office today (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
4. Tom is visiting his girlfriend soon (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You are not studying at the library at present (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)

 Present Perfect
Study this example situation
Tim is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key.
He has lost his key = he lost it and he still has not got it yet.

o Patterns
S + Have/Has + Been S + Have/Has + Verb III
I have been here for an hour I have cleaned my room
She has not been here She has not done her homework
Have you been to London? Have you finished?
Where have you been? What have you done?
o Usages
 Result of recent event
The present perfect tense is used to express the result of
recent/past activities at present.
e.g. I have just cleaned my room.
 News of repeated/continuous event

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The present perfect tense can also be used to talk about news of
recent events that have happened several times up to the present.
e.g. I have ever been to Singapore. I have seen that film twice.
o Time signals  never, ever, just, already, yet, for, since …etc
o Time chart

past present future

EXERCISES
B. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex has been a bus driver for two years (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
2. They have not been in the garden so far (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Has she been sick for two days (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
4. Tom has cried since morning (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You have not done your work yet (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)

 Present Perfect Progressive

Study this example situation
It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.
So, it has been raining for two hours.

o Pattern
S + Have/has + Been + Verb-ing
It has been raining the whole day
I have not been staying here for a week
Have they been working for a year?
How long have you been working here?
o Usages
 Duration of recent event
The present perfect progressive tense is used to talk about the
duration of unfinished/recent activities at present.
e.g. She has been working the whole day.

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 Continuous change
The present perfect progressive tense can also refer to continuous
change/development of past activities in the present.
e.g. Scientists believe that the universe has been expanding
steadily since the beginning of the time.
o Time signals  all morning, the whole day…etc
o Time chart

past present future

EXERCISES
A. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex has been driving a car for two hours (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
2. They have not been waiting in the garden so far (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Has it been raining the whole day (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
4. Tom has been crying since morning (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You have not been watching news program all day (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)

 FUTURE

 Future Simple
Study this example situation

Kevin loves football and this evening there is a big football match on TV. The
match begins at 07.30 and ends at 09.15. He wants to watch it. So he will
watch the match on TV tonight.

o Patterns
S + Shall/Will + Be S + shall/Will + Verb I
I will be here tomorrow I will do it later

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She will not be there She will not go to London

Will you be there for me? Will you make some coffee?
When will you be there? What will you do?
o Usage
 Prediction/Willingness
The future simple tense is used to talk about prediction or
willingness that will happen in the future.
e.g. I will take an English course.
o Time signals  tomorrow, next week…etc
o Time chart

past present future

The key notion

Expressive items
 Willingness
e.g. I’ll take an English course.
 Plan
e.g. I’m going to take an English course next month.
 Future arrangement
e.g. I am taking an English course this semester.
 Future time table
e.g. The class closes at 9 p.m.
 Distributive use
e.g. I will clean my room before I go.
I will call you when I arrive.

EXERCISES
B. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex will be a doctor (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. They will not be in the garden tomorrow (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Will she be very happy at the party (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
4. Tom will get up late tomorrow morning (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You will not go to cinema (-)
_________________________________________ (+)

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_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
 Future Progressive
Study this example situation

Kevin loves football and this evening there will be a big football match on TV
tomorrow. The match begins at 07.30 and ends at 09.15. Paul wants to watch.
So at 08.00 tomorrow he will be watching football match on TV.

o Pattern
S + Shall/Will + Be + Verb-ing
I will be waiting for you at this time tomorrow
She will not be watching TV at 8 am?
Will you be staying with me at 9 tonight?
What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
o Usage
 Future progressive activity
The future progressive tense is used to talk about something
that will be in progress at a particular time/moment in the
future.
e.g. I will be sleeping at 8 o’clock tomorrow.
o Time signals  at this time tomorrow, at seven tonight…etc
o Time chart

Past present future

EXERCISES
C. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Amy will be reading a magazine at this time tomorrow (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
2. They will not be playing in the garden at nine tomorrow (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Will she be going to the office tomorrow morning (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
4. Tom will be visiting his girlfriend at seven tonight (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You will not be studying at the library at this time next week (-)

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_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
 Future Perfect
Study this example situation

Kevin is a university student. He takes a one-year program at his

university. He has been studying there for seven months. He started
studying in September. The program will finish in July. So by August
he will have finished his study.

o Patterns
S + Shall/Will + Have + Been
I will have been there by 10 o’clock
She will not have been at home by noon
Will you have been to London by this month?
How many times will you have been there by June?
S + Shall/Will + Have + Verb III
I will have graduated by June
She will not have finished writing her paper by this month.
Will you have built this building by the end of June?
How many times will you have visited her by this month?
o Usage
 Result of completed activity
The future perfect tense is used to show the result of
completed activities by a certain time in the future.
e.g. She will have graduated by the end of June.
o Time signals  by…, by the end of…etc
o Time chart

past present future

EXERCISES
C. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex will have been a bus driver for two years by July (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)
2. They will not have been in the garden for two hours by eight (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Will she have been sick for two days by Wednesday (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)

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_________________________________________ (?-How long)

4. Tom will have visited his parents for five days by Monday (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You will not have done your work by tonight (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)
 Future Perfect Progressive
Study this example situation
Kevin is in London now. He left by a train last January. He will stay in London
until April. So he will have been living in London for three months by the end
of March.
o Pattern
S + Shall/Will + Have + Been + Verb-ing
I will have been studying English for two years by July.
She will not have been working here for a year by July
Will you have been sleeping for ten hours by 8 o’clock?
How long will you have been staying here by this month?
o Usage
 Duration of uncompleted activity
The future perfect progressive is used to show the duration of
uncompleted activities by a certain time in the future.
e.g. I will have been watching TV for six hours by 9 o’clock.
o Time chart

past present future

EXERCISES
A. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms.
1. Alex will have been driving a car for five hours by ten. (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)

2. They will not have been sitting in the garden for two hours
by eight (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Where)
3. Will she have been living here for two days by Wednesday (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?-How long)

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4. Tom will have been visiting his parents for five days by
Monday (+)
_________________________________________ (-)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-Why)
5. You will not have been doing your work for an hour by twelve (-)
_________________________________________ (+)
_________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_________________________________________ (?-What)

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UNIT 3
PASSIVE VOICE
The structure of word order in which the subject is affected
by the action of the verbs

 DIRECT PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice consisting of one object
Patterns:
 Simple present tense
S + To Be I (is/am/are) + Verb III

e.g. Tom often reads this book

 This book is often read by Tom (+)
This book is not often read by Tom (-)
Is this book often read by Tom (?)
How often is this book read by Tom (?)
What is often read by Tom (?-Subject)
 Present progressive tense
S + To Be I (is/am/are) + Being + Verb III

e.g. Tom is reading this book now.

 This book is being read by Tom (+)
This book is not being read by Tom (-)
Is this book being read by Tom (?)
Why is this book being read by Tom (?)
What is being read by Tom (?-Subject)
 Present perfect tense
S + Have/Has + Been + Verb III

e.g. Tom has just returned this book

 This book has just been returned by Tom (+)
This book has not been returned by Tom (-)
Has this book been returned by Tom (?)
How long has this book been returned by Tom (?)
What has been returned by Tom (?-Subject)
 Simple past tense
S + To Be II (was/were) + Verb III
ex. Shakespeare wrote the play
e.g. Shakespeare wrote the play.
 The play was written by Shakespeare (+)
The play was not written by Shakespeare (-)
Was the play written by Shakespeare (?)
When was the play written by Shakespeare (?)
What was written by Shakespeare (?-Subject)

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 Past progressive tense

S + To Be II (was/were) + Being + Verb III
e.g. He was writing a letter when you came
 This letter was being written yesterday (+)
This letter was not being written yesterday (-)
Was this letter being written yesterday (?)
Where was this letter being written (?)
What was being written yesterday (?-Subject)
 Past perfect tense
S + Had + Been + Verb III

e.g. Jacky had scored the winning goal.

 The goal had been scored by Jacky (+)
The goal had not been scored by Jacky (-)
Had the goal been scored by Jacky (?)
How had the goal been scored by Jacky (?)
What had been scored by Jacky (?-Subject)
 Simple future tense
S + Shall/Will + Be + verb III

e.g. Shirley will invite my friend to the party

 My friend will be invited by Shirley (+)
My friend will not be invited by Shirley (-)
Will my friend be invited by Shirley (?)
When will my friend be invited by Shirley (?)
Who will be invited by Shirley to the party (?-Subject)
 Future perfect tense
S + Shall/Will + Have + Been + Verb III

e.g. He will have made a new decision.

 The new decision will have been made by him (+)
The new decision will not have been made by him (-)
Will the new decision have been made by him (?)
How long will the new decision have been made by him (?)
What will have been made by him (?-Subject)
 Going to
S + To Be – Going to + Be + Verb III

e.g. She is going to explain the lesson.

 The lesson is going to be explained by her (+)
The lesson is not going to be explained by her (-)
Is the lesson going to be explained by her (?)
When is the lesson going to be explained by her (?)
What is going to be explained by her (?-Subject)

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 Modals
S + Modals + Be + Verb III

e.g. She must obey the rules.

 The rules must be obeyed by her (+)
The rules must not be obeyed by her (-)
Must the rules be obeyed by her (?)
Why the rules must be obeyed by her (?)
What must be obeyed by her (?-Subject)

S + Modal Perfect (Have Been) + Verb III

e.g. Kim should have invited Jane to the party last night.
 Jane should have been invited to the party last night. (+)
Jane should not have been invited to the party last night. (-)
Should Jane have been invited to the party last night (?)
Why should Jane have been invited to the party last night (?)
Who should have been invited to the party last night (?-Subject)

 INDIRECT PASSIVE VOICE

 Direct object
Direct object becomes the subject of passive voice.
e.g. She gave a car to her sister
 A car was given to her sister.
 Indirect object
Indirect object becomes the subject of passive voice.
e.g. She gave her sister a car.
 Her sister was given a car.

The key notions

No passive verbs
Intransitive verbs do not have passive forms but some transitive verbs do not
have either.
e.g. I sleep (intransitive). I have a nice car (transitive)
Static passive
To express an existing state.
e.g. I am lost. It is gone.
Get passive
Get sometimes can be used to make static passive.
e.g. They get married.
Adjective result verbs
Some adjectives (made from verbs/participle) refer to the result of an action.
e.g. My leg is broken. The door was closed.
Gerund passive
 Gerund made
Passive can be made/combined by Gerund.

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e.g. I do not like being told what to do.

 Gerund meaning
Some verbs followed by gerund can have passive meaning.
e.g. The flowers need/require/want watering  to be watered.
Infinitive passive
 To infinitive
Passive can be preceded by to Infinitive.
e.g. He asked me to go to the party.
 I was asked to go to the party.
 Bare infinitive
Passive can be preceded by bare infinitive
e.g. They made him tell the truth
 He was made to tell the truth
Complement passive
 Subject complement
Passive can refer to the subject
e.g. Mike was elected president. She was called stupid by other students.
 Object complement
Passive can refer to the object.
e.g. We elected Mike president. Other students called her stupid.
Preparatory subject passive
Passive can be preceded by there (preparatory subject)
e.g. There are thought to be more than 3000 different languages in the world.

EXERCISES
D. Change the following sentences into the suitable forms of Passive
Voice.
1. Millions of people in Europe speak English
_______________________________________________ (+)
_______________________________________________ (-)
_______________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_______________________________________________ (?-Where)
_______________________________________________ (What-
Subject)
2. Somebody is washing the dishes in the kitchen at the moment.
_______________________________________________ (+)
_______________________________________________ (-)
_______________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_______________________________________________ (?-When)
_______________________________________________ (What-
Subject)
3. The police have caught the thief in a small village in London.
_______________________________________________ (+)
_______________________________________________ (-)

_______________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_______________________________________________ (?-Where)
_______________________________________________ (Who-Subject)
4. Tim built this house in 1980s.
_______________________________________________ (+)

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_______________________________________________ (-)
_______________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_______________________________________________ (?-When)
_______________________________________________ (What-
Subject)
5. Kim was visiting Jane at this time yesterday.
_______________________________________________ (+)
_______________________________________________ (-)
_______________________________________________ (?Y/N)
_______________________________________________ (?-When)
_______________________________________________ (Who-Subject)

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REFERENCES

Azar, B.S., 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Regents.
Robith, A. Shomad&Asrori.1996. Memahami Tata BahasadanPenggunaan Kata
BahasaInggris. Surabaya: INDAH

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