Patent Law, Industrial Design and Plant Variety Protection

Atty. Lolibeth Ramit – Medrano

First Semester, SY 2019-2020

Reference:

Robert Patrick Merges and John Fitzgerald Duffy, PATENT LAW AND POLICY: CASES AND
MATERIALS

Aug. 9

I. Introduction

A. Framework and General Principles of Intellectual Property System

B. Economic Rationale of the Patent System

Report on the International Patent System, pp. 7 – 22, WIPO Standing Committee on the
Law of Patents 12th Session (2008) available at
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/scpen/ scp_12_3.pdf

C. History of the Patent System

D. History and Development of the Philippine Patent System

E. Sources of Patent Law

1. 1987 Philippine Constitution

Art. XII, Secs. 6, 14

Art. XIV, Secs. 10 - 18

2. International Agreements

2.1 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS

Agreement)

Art. 1 – Nature and Scope of Obligation

2.2 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

2.3 Patent Cooperation Treaty

 International Conventions and Reciprocity (Sec. 3, Republic Act No. 8293, IP

Code of the Philippines
 Reverse Reciprocity of Foreign Laws (Sec. 231, IP Code)

3. Laws

3.1 Civil Code of the Philippines - Art. 521, Art. 712

Page 1 of 10
 3.2 Republic Act 8293 - Intellectual Property Code (IPC) of the Philippines
3.3 Republic Act 9150 - Protection of Lay-Out Designs of Integrated Circuits Act
3.4 Republic Act 9168 - Philippine Plant Variety Protection Act
3.5 Republic Act 9502 – Cheaper Medicines Act

II. Patents

A. General Principles of Patents

B. TRIPS Agreement General Provisions
1. Art. 3 (National Treatment)
2. Art. 4 (Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment)
C. Types of Patents and Term of Protection
1. Invention - Sec. 21, IPC, Art. 33 TRIPS, Sec. 54, IPC
2. Utility Model – Sec. 109.1, 109.3, IPC
3. Industrial Design - Secs. 112, 113, 119.1, IPC, Art. 26.3, TRIPS, Sec. 118
4. Lay-Out Designs – Republic Act 9150 (Topographies of Integrated Circuits RA 9150
amending RA 8293)
D. Prohibition on Parallel Filing
Sec. 111, IPC

Aug. 16

E. IP Code Provisions on Patents

1. Patentable Inventions – Sec. 21, IPC

2. Purpose
Manzano vs. Court of Appeals, 278 SCRA 688 (1997)
Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)

Reading:

The Nature and Function of the Patent System, Edmund Kitsch, The Journal of Law
and Economics, pp. 265 -291

3. Non-Patentable Inventions
3.1 Sec. 22, IPC amended by Republic Act 9502, Cheaper Medicines Act
3.2 Art. 27, TRIPS Agreement
3.3 Republic Act No. 9168, Plant Variety Protection Act
3.4 Secs. 32, 34 of the Indigenous People’s Right Act

A. Discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods

Le Roy v. Tatham, 55 U.S. 156 (1852)
O’Reilly v. Morse, 56 U.S. 62 (1854)
The Telephone Cases, 126 U.S. 1 (1888)

B. Living Things
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980)

Page 2 of 10
Aug. 23
i) Natural Products and Substances
-Naturally Occurring but Artificially Packaged
Funk Bros. Seed v. Kalo Inoculant Co., 333 U.S. 127 (1948)

ii) Naturally Occurring but Isolated and Purified

Parke-Davis & Co. V. H.K Mulford& Co., 189 F.95 (S.D.N.Y. 1911)
Association for Molecular Pathology v. USPTO (The Myriad Case), 569 U.S.
12 (2013)

C. Programs for Computer

C.1 Definition of a computer program – Sec. 171.4, IPC

Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972)

Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978)
Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981)
In re Bilski v. Kappos, 545 F.3d 943, 88 U.S.P.Q.2d 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
Bilski v. Kappos,130 S.C.P. 3218 (2010)
Berheimer v. Hewlett-Packard, 881 F.3d 1360 (2018)

Aug. 30

C.2 Patentability of Computer Program and Computer Related Inventions

EU Approach vs. US Approach

Art. 52, European Patent Convention
35 U.S. Code § 101 - Inventions patentable
IPOPHL Revised Examination Guidelines in the Examination of ICT and CII
Applications

D. Methods of Doing Business

State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc. 149 F.3D 1368,
47 U.S.P.Q. 2D 1596 (1998)
In re Bilski v. Kappos, 545 F.3d 943, 88 U.S.P.Q.2d 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
Bilski v. Kappos,130 S.C.P. 3218 (2010)
Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International, 573 U.S. ___ (2014)
EU Approach vs. US Approach

E. Medical Procedure

Pallin v. Singer, 36 U.S.P.Q.2d 1050

F. Drugs and Medicines

Sec. 5, Republic Act 9502 amending Sec. 22 of the IP Code

Sec. 3(d), Indian Patent Law

Novartis AG v. Union of India & Others (decided by the India SC, April 2013)

Page 3 of 10
 4. Patentability Criteria

Art. 27.1, TRIPS Agreement

4.1 Novelty (Secs 23-24, IPC)

Frank vs. Kosuyama, 59 Phil 206 (1933)

Del Rosario vs. CA, 255 SCRA 152 (1996)
Manzano vs. CA, 278 SCRA 688 (1997)
Helsinn Healthcares v. Teva Pharmaceuticals (January 2019)
GoPro, Inc v. Contour IP Holding (Fed Cir. 2018)

4.1.1 Standard for Anticipation

i) Identity Requirement
In re Robertson, 169 F.3d 743, 49 U.S.P.Q. 2D 1949 (Fed Cir. 1999)
ii) Accidental and Unknown Anticipations and the Doctrine of Inherency
Schering Corp. vs. Geneva Pharmaceuticals, 339 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir.
2003)

Sept. 6 – Office Visit

Sept. 13

4.1.2 Known by Others

National Tractor Pullers Association v. Watkins, 205 U.S.P.Q. 892 (N.D. Ill, 1980)

4.1.3 Used by Others

Rosaire v. Barroid Sales Division and National Lead Co., 218 F.2 (5th Cir. 1955)

4.1.4 Non-prejudicial Disclosure (Sec. 235, IP Code)

4.2 Inventive Step (Sec. 26, IP Code as amended by RA 9502)

Aguas vs. De Leon, 111 SCRA 238 (1982)

Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1 (1966)

4.2.1 Obviousness
Hotchkiss v. Greenwood, 52 U.S. 11 (1850)
In re Peterson, 315 F .3d1325 (Fed. Cir. 2003)
DSS Technology Management, Inc. v. Apple Inc., 2016-2523, (Fed. Cir. 2018)

4.2.2 Scope and Content of Prior Art

In re Winslow, 365 F 2d 1017, 177 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 48 (C.C.P.A)
Hazeltine Research v. Brenner, 382 U.S. 252 (1965)
Iron Grip Barbell Co. Inc. v. USA Sports, Inc., 04-1149 (Fed Cir 2004)

Page 4 of 10
Sept. 20

4.2.3 Subtests of Non-Obviousness

KSR International v. Teleflex, Inc. , 550 U.S. 398 (2007)

Perfect Web Technologies, Inc. v. InfoUSA, Inc. 587 F.3d 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2009)

4.2.4 Non-analogous Arts Limitation

In re Clay, 966 F.2d 656, 23 U.S.P.Q.2D 1058 (Fed. Cir. 1992)

4.3 Industrial Application

Sec. 27, IP Code

Art. 27.1, TRIPS Agreement

4.3.1 Beneficial Utility

Lowell vs. Lewis, 15 Fed. Cas. 1018 (C.C.D. Mass. 1817)

Juicy Whip, Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc. 183 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 1999)

4.3.2 Practical or Specific Utility

Brenner v. Manson, 383 U.S. 519, 148 U.S.P.Q (BNA) 689 (1966)
Fujikawav. Wattanasin, 93 F.3d 1559 (Fed. Cir. 1996)
In re Brana, 51 F.3d 1560, 34 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1436 (Fed. Cir. 1995)

5. Disclosure and Enablement

Art. 29, TRIPS Agreement

Sec. 35, IP Code

5.1 “Undue Experimentation”

The Incandescent Lamp Patent, 159 U.S. 465 (1895)

Sept. 27

5.2 Written Description Requirement

Godines vs. CA, 226 SCRA 338 (1993)

Frank vs. Kosuyama, 59 Phil 206 (1933)
Vas-Cath, Inc. v. Mahhurkar, 935 F.2d 1555, 19 U.S.P.Q.2d 1111

6. Patent Drafting and Claims Analysis

6. 1 Definite Claims
Orthokinetics v. Safety Travel Chairs, Inc. 806 F.2d 1565, 1 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1081
(Fed. Cir. 1986)

6.2 Interpreting Claims

Page 5 of 10
 Section 75, IP Code
Merrill v. Yeomans, 94 U.S. 568 (1877)
Philips v. Awh Corporation, 415 F.3d 1303 (2005)
Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370 (1996)
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc v. Sandoz, Inc., 574 U.S. (2015)

Oct. 4 – Midterm EXam

Oct. 11

6.3 Extent of Protection and Interpretation of Claims

Doctrine of Equivalents

Winans v. Denmead, 56 U.S. 330

Pascual Godines vs. CA (G.R. No. 97343 September 13, 1993)
Smith Kline Beckman vs. CA (G.R. 126627 August 14, 2003)

7. Ownership of Patent

Article 712, New Civil Code

Section 6, RA 10055 Philippine Technology Transfer Act
Secs. 28-30, IP Code
Secs. 67-70, IP Code
Sec. 236, IP Code

Albana vs. Director of Patents, 93 Phil. 113

8. Applicant

Secs. 28-30, IP Code

Sec. 68, IP Code
Sec. 3, IP Code
Secs. 231, 235, IP Code

9. Patent Application Process

Secs. 32-39, 8, IP Code
Secs. 108, 109.2, IP Code (Utility Models)
Secs. 114-115, IP Code (Industrial Design)

9.1 Priority Date, Sec. 31, IP Code

Boothe vs. Director of Patents, 95 SCRA 446
E.I Dupont De Nemours and Co. vs. Director General Francisco (G.R. No. 174379),
Aug. 31, 2016

Oct. 18

9.2 Filing Date, Secs. 40-41, IP Code

Sec. 116, IP Code (Industrial Design)

9.3. Formality Examination, Sec. 42, IP Code

Page 6 of 10
 9.4 Classification and Search, Sec. 43, IP Code

9.5 Publication
Confidentiality Before Publication, Sec. 45, IP Code
Publication, Sec. 44 IP Code
Rights Conferred After Publication, Sec. 46, IP Code

9.6. Third Party Observation, Sec. 47, IP Code

9.7 Request for Substantive Examination, Sec. 48, IP Code

9.8 Amendment, Sec. 49, IP Code

9.9. Issuance or Refusal of Patent

Secs. 50-51, 53, IP Code

Secs. 117, 119, IP Code (Industrial Design)

9.10 Publication Upon Grant of Patent

Sec. 52, IP Code

10. Annual Fees and Effect of Non-Payment

Sec. 55, IP Code

11. Surrender, Correction, Changes and Amendment of Patent

Secs. 56 – 60, IP Code

12. Cancellation of Patent

12.1 Grounds
Secs. 61, 82, IP Code
Sec. 109.4 , IP Code (Utility Model)
Sec. 120, IP Code (Industrial Design)

12.2 Proceedings
Secs. 62-66, IP Code
Sec. 230, IP Code

Oct. 25

III. Rights Conferred, Limitations and Exceptions, Enforcement of Patent Rights

A. Rights Conferred

Article 28, TRIPS Agreement

Section 71, IP Code

B. Limitations to Patent Rights

Page 7 of 10
 WTO Ministerial Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health
(WT/MN(01)/DEC/2 (Doha Declaration) adopted November 14, 2001can be
accessed at
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm

WTO General Council Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha

Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health adopted August 30, 2003
can be accessed at
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/implem_para6_e.htm

WTO General Council Decision on Amendment of the TRIPS Agreement adopted

December 6, 2005 can be accessed at
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/wtl641_e.htm

Chapter 1. From Paris to Doha: The WTO Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement
and Public Health, pp. 1-26, Negotiating Health Intellectual Property & Access to
Medicines (2006)

Arts. 30 – 31, TRIPS Agreement

Art. 31(bis), TRIPS Agreement
Secs. 7, 8, 10-13, Republic Act 9502 –Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality
Medicines Act

Roma Drug vs. RTC, G.R. No. 149907 (April 2009)

Experimental Use
Merck KGaA v. Integra Life Sciences I, Ltd., 545 U.S. 193 (2005)

Compulsory Licensing
Secs. 93-95, IP Code as amended by RA 9502
Secs. 96-102, IP Code

Price vs. United Laboratories, 166 SCRA 133 (1988)

Nov. 1 – Holiday

Nov. 8

Enforcement of Patent Rights

14. Patent Infringement; Defenses

Sec.76, IPC - Civil Action

Sec. 81, IPC - Defenses
Sec. 84, IPC – Criminal Action
Secs. 77 – 80, 82
A.M. No. 10-3-10- SC, Special Rules on IP Litigation
Rules on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions for Infringement of IP Rights

Page 8 of 10
15. Assessors
Sec. 83, IP Code

16. Voluntary Licensing

Secs. 85-92, IP Code

17. Assignment and Transmission of Rights

Secs. 103-107, IPC

Nov. 15

IV. International Agreements

A. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

B. Patent Cooperation Treaty
C. Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for
the Purpose of Patent Procedure
D. Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

V. Industrial Design and Lay-out Design of Integrated Circuits

A. Definition and Conditions for Registration

Arts. 5, 6, TRIPS Agreement

Secs. 112, 113, IPC

B. Application and Registration Process

Secs. 114 – 117, 119.3 IPC

C. Term of Protection and Rights Conferred

Secs. 118, IPC

D. Cancellation

Sec. 120, IPC

Nov. 22

VI. Plant Variety Protection Act

Republic Act 9168 – Philippine Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA)

A. Purpose
B. Definition of Plant

Page 9 of 10
 Sec. 3(i), PVPA
C. Conditions for Protection
Secs. 4-8, PVPA
D. Registration Process
Secs. 24-32, PVPA
E. Term of Protection
Sec. 33, PVPA
F. Rights of Holders
Secs. 36-38, PVPA
G. Post-Grant Requirement
Sec. 34, PVPA
H. Coverage of Protection
Secs. 39-42, 43, PVPA
I. Exhaustion
Sec. 44, PVPA
J. Infringement
Secs. 47-50, PVPA
K. Compulsory License
Sec. 44, PVPA
L. Cancellation and Nullity
Secs. 61-65, PVPA

Nov. 29 – Integration

--------------
Course Requirements & Grading System:
Class Recitation - 33.33%
Midterm Exam - 33.33%
Final Exam - 33.33%
Total 100%
Paper/s* (+ 1-2 pts. of final grade)
Perfect Attendance (+ 1 of final grade)

A Paper will be required to be submitted by December 16, 2019 on a selected topic

Paper: at least 5 pages, Times New Roman font 12, short bond, 1 inch margin on all sides, 1.5
space, cite references

Outline:
Introduction – 1 page
Analysis – 2 pages (minimum)
Conclusion - 2 pages (maximum)
Cite references

Page 10 of 10