INDUSTRIAL VISIT REPORT

Submitted to the University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of technology

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

BY
ARUN KUMAR A
(Reg no: 14431010)

Department of electrical and electronics

SRI VELLAPPALLY NATESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 SRI VELLAPPALLY NATESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE

MARCH 2018

Certificate that this is a bonafide report of the industrial visits prepared

By
ARUN KUMAR A
(Reg no: 14431010)

During the year 2015-2018 after successfully completing the

industrialvisits at Protection systems (INDIA) Bangalore, High voltage
(INDIA) Bangalore, Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological
Museum.

IV Coordinator Head of department

Mr.Vaisakh J B
Mr. SMITH PS
Asst.Professor
H.O.D
Department of EEE
Department of EEE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of anything depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have
been instrumental in the successful completion of this report

I thank the almighty GOD for making our path free of all difficulties and helping us to bring this
report into existence

I would thank my principal Dr.H GANEESHAN for granting me the permission to go and
attend the Industrial visit.

I am extremely happy to mention a great word of gratitude to Mr. SMITH PS, Head of electrical
and electronics department, Sree Vellappally Natesan College of Engineering, Pallical for
providing me with all facilities for the completion of this work

I express my indebtedness to all the officials of protection system, high voltage ltd (INDIA),
Bangalore, Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum bangalore

I would like to thank Mr.ATUL THOMAS Assistant Professor, Department of EEE,

MR. VAISAKJ J B Assistant Professor, Department of EEE for providing the necessary
facilities and for their sincere co-operation.

Finally, yet importantly I would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved PARENTS
for their blessing and my friends, for their help and wishes for successful completion of the
report.

----ARUN KUMAR A
INTRODUCTION

As the part of curriculum, we the students of Sri Vellappally Natesan College of

Engineering had undergone industrial visit related to various electrical engineering
related aspect

The first visit was to Protection System ltd (INDIA) on 25th FEBRUARY 2017
and it helped us to know more about different types of relays and other protection
devices.

The second visit was to Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum

(INDIA) on 25th FEBRUARY 2017 and it helped us to know more about
industries and old technologies.

The third visit was to Aswathy Enginering Industry Goa (INDIA) on 16th
OCTOBER 2018 and it helped us to know more about industries conductors
construction and technologies.

The last visit was to Jaypee Industries Manglore (INDIA) on 17th OCTOBER
2018 and it helped us to know about the control panels and dictribution board
construction.

1. PROTECTION SYSTEMS INDUSTRY, BANGALORE

ABOUT THE INDUSTRY;

Protection Systems (India) is India’s premier company engaged in manufacturing of Power

System Laboratory Equipments; mainly used in Engineering Colleges, Research Institutions and
Laboratories all over the world. The company with a high technology base manufactures high
quality products catering to the needs of its various customers.

Protection Systems (India) is committed to maximizing customer’s satisfaction and sales of

quality products. The details of various types of equipments manufactured by the Company are
given here for customer’s information and reference.

PROTECTION SYSTEMS INDUSTRY

PROTECTION DEVICES
INTRODUCTION;

A digital (numeric) multifunction protective relay for

distribution networks. A single such device can replace
many single-function electromechanical relays, and
provides self-testing and communication functions.

 Protective relays control the tripping of the circuit

breakers surrounding the faulted part of the network
 Automatic operation, such as auto-re-closing or
system restart
 Monitoring equipment which collects data on the
system for post event analysis

While the operating quality of these devices, and especially of protective relays, is always
critical, different strategies are considered for protecting the different parts of the system. Very
important equipment may have completely redundant and independent protective systems, while
a minor branch distribution line may have very simple low-cost protection.

There are three parts of protective devices:

 Instrument transformer: current or potential (CT or VT)

 Relay
 Circuit breaker

Advantages of protected devices with these three basic components include safety,
economy, and accuracy.

 Safety: Instrument transformers create electrical isolation from the power system, and
thus establishing a safer environment for personnel working with the relays.
 Economy: Relays are able to be simpler, smaller, and cheaper given lower-level relay
inputs.
  Accuracy: Power system voltages and currents are accurately reproduced by
instrument transformers over large operating ranges

Protection systems usually comprise five components:

 Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents of the
electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with
 Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order;
 Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser commands;
 Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.
 Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage at remote terminals
of a line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.

For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and disconnecting faults.

Failures may occur in each part, such as insulation failure, fallen or broken transmission lines,
incorrect operation of circuit breakers, short circuits and open circuits. Protection devices are
installed with the aims of protection of assets, and ensure continued supply of energy.

Switchgear is a combination of electrical disconnects switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to

control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switches are safe to open under normal load
current, while protective devices are safe to open under fault current

Types of protection

 High-voltage transmission network

 Generator sets
 Overload and back-up for distance (overcurrent)
 Earth fault ("ground fault" in the United States)
 Distance (impedance relay)
 Back-up
 Low-voltage networks
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER TESTING

Single phase induction type energy meter is also popularly known as watt-hour meter. This name
is given to it. This article is only focused about its constructional features and its working.
Induction type energy meter essentially consists of following components:
1. Driving system
2. Moving system
3. Braking system and
4. Registering system

The driving mechanism of the meter consists of two electromagnets. The core of these
electromagnets is made up of steel laminations. The coil of the electromagnets is excited by load
current. This coil is called the current coil. The coil of second electromagnet is connected across
the supply voltage. This coil is called the pressure coil. Consequently the two electromagnets are
known as series and shunt magnets respectively. Copper shading bands are provided on the
central limb.The position of these bands is adjustable. The function of these bands is to bring the
flux produced by the shunt magnet exactly in quadrature with the applied voltage. Moving
system consists of an aluminum disk system. The „Al‟ disc moves in the field of this magnet and
thus provides a breaking torque. The position of the permanent magnet is adjustable and
therefore rotor shaft devices a series of 5 or 6 pointers. These rotate on sound dials which are
marked with 10 equal divisions.
THREE PHASE ENERGY METER TESTING.

We cannot think of life without

electricity and when there is
electricity consumption there is
a need to measure its
consumption. Here energy meter
comes in a picture. In every
residence, malls, industry,
everywhere energy meters are
used to measure the energy
consumed. Those consumers
which consume large energy
needs better technology to manage their energy consumption and need more data to improve
their services. Improvement in energy meter technology has increased the value-added features
such as remote sensing, LCD display, recording of tempering events, and many more quality
monitoring features in it, along with compactness of size. But it has risen the problem of
electromagnetic interference which affects the performance of the equipment. So for better
reliability, energy meters have to pass through various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
tests where meters are compared under various normal and abnormal conditions with a
laboratory to ensure its accuracy in the field.
Standard Tests for Energy Meters
The performance tests of an energy meter as per IEC standards are divided mainly in three
segments which include its mechanical aspects, electrical circuiting, and climatic conditions.
1. Mechanical component tests.
2. Climatic conditions test include those limits which influence the performance of the
meter externally.
3. Electrical requirements covered many tests before giving accuracy certificate.
CIRCUIT BREAKER TEST KIT

Testing of circuit breakers is more difficult as compared to other electrical equipment like
transformer or machine because the short circuit current is very large. Testing of the transformer
is mainly divided into two
groups, type tests, and routine tests.

Type Tests of Circuit Breaker

Type tests are conducted for the purpose of proving the capabilities and confirming the rated
characteristic of the circuit breaker. Such tests are conducted in the specially built testing
laboratory.Type tests can be broadly classified as the mechanical performance test, thermal test,
dielectric or insulating test, short circuit test for checking the making capacity, breaking capacity,
short time rating current and operating duty.

Mechanical Test – It is mechanical ability type test involving the repeated opening and closing of
the breaker. A circuit breaker must open and close at the correct speed and perform its
designated duty and operation without mechanical failure.

Thermal Test – Thermal tests are carried out to check the thermal behavior of the circuit
breakers. The breaker under test deal with the steady-state temperature rises due to the flow of its
rated current through its pole in a rated condition. The temperature rise for rated current should
not exceed 40° for current less than 800A normal current and 50° for normal value of current
800A and above.

Dielectric Test – These tests are performed to check power frequency and impulse voltage
withstand capacity. Power frequency tests are kept on a new circuit breaker; the test voltage
changes with a circuit breaker rated voltage.

Short -Circuit Test – Circuit breakers are subjected to sudden short-circuits in short-circuit test
laboratories, and oscillograms are taken to know the behavior of the circuit breakers at the time
of switching in, during contact breaking and after the arc extinction.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER TEST KIT

A current transformer (CT) is a transformer that is used to produce an alternating current (AC)
in its secondary which is proportional to the AC current in its primary. Current transformers,
together with voltage transformers (VTs) or potential transformers (PTs), which are designed for
measurement, are known as an Instrument transformer.

When a current is too high to measure directly or the voltage of the circuit is too high, a current
transformer can be used to provide an isolated lower current in its secondary which is
proportional to the current in the primary circuit. The induced secondary current is then suitable
for measuring instruments or processing in electronic equipment. Current transformers have little
effect on the primary circuit. Often, in electronic equipment, the isolation between the primary
and secondary circuit is the important characteristic.

Current transformers are used in electronic equipment and are widely used for metering
and protective relays in the electrical power industry. ike any transformer, a current transformer
has a primary winding, a core and a secondary winding, although some transformers, including
current transformers, use an air core. In principle, the only difference between a current
transformer and a voltage transformer (normal type) is that the former is fed with a 'constant'
current while the latter is fed with a 'constant' voltage, where 'constant' has the strict circuit
theory meaning.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER TEST KIT

Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high
voltage circuit to a lower level for the purpose of measurement. These are connected across or
parallel to the line which is to be monitored. Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets
used in electrical power system for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can
be fed to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for
protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. This is a simplest form of potential
transformer definition. A voltage transformer theory or potential transformer theory is just like a
theory of general purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer is connected across
the phase and ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential
transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at its secondary.

The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and
then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary terminals of the PT. The
secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an ideal potential transformer or voltage
transformer, when rated burden gets connected across the secondary; the ratio of primary and
secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal
voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual transformer, there must be an
error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY TEST

Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The differential
relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power transformer, if
any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and inter
trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.
Suppose you have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary current Is.
If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at the primary side and similarly, CT of ratio Is/1A at the
secondary side of the transformer. The secondaries of these both CTs are connected together in
such a manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose each other. In other words, the
secondaries of both CTs should be connected to the same current coil of a differential relay in
such an opposite manner that there will be no resultant current in that coil in a normal working
condition of the transformer. But if any major fault occurs inside the transformer due to which
the normal ratio of the transformer disturbed then the secondary current of both transformers will
not remain the same and one resultant current will flow through the current coil of the
differential relay, which will actuate the relay and inter trip both the primary and secondary
circuit breakers. To correct phase shift of current because of star - delta connection of
transformer winding in the case of three-phase transformer, the current transformer secondaries
should be connected in delta and star.
At maximum through fault current, the spill output produced by the small percentage unbalance
may be substantial. Therefore, differential protection of transformer should be provided with a
proportional bias of an amount which exceeds in effect the maximum ratio deviation.
ELECTRO MECHANICAL OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

There are nearly a million lightning strikes each year – a risk best avoided. Surge arresters offer
protection against overvoltage from the in feed to the socket. As a result, systems and plants, as
well as expensive devices are protected and consequential economic damage abused by system,
plant, and device failure is prevented. The entire new lightning, overvoltage and device
protection concept includes uniform plug-in modules. In addition, decoupling inductors are no
longer required, tType 1 lightning arresters protect low-voltage systems against over voltages
and high surge currents that can be triggered by direct or indirect lightning strikes. The
protection level is lowered to 1.5 kV by the lightning arresters. The lightning arresters are
enclosed and suitable for mounting in the recounted sector. All spark gaps are tripped. For this
reason, decoupling reactors are no longer required for the installation of overvoltage protection
devices. The lightning arresters are tested using wave-shaped lightning impulses, 25 ... 100 kA
with waveform 10/350 µs. Hus providing the easiest installation and configuration to date.
MOTOR PROTECTION SIMULATION

The Motor Protection Simulation Study Unit is used to study the three phase induction motor
protection using power system protection relays.
Protection Relays like Motor protection relay, over/under voltage relay, temperature relay with
indicator, negative phase sequence relay are provided.
Temperature sensor and proximity sensor for temperature and RPM measurement. Capacitor
Bank with selector switch for power factor improvement is also provided with the panel.
Necessary Fuses and protection devices fitted inside the panel for safer operation.
Specifications
Power Supply : 3ph 415V AC, 50Hz

Motor : 3ph Induction Motor

Motor Rating : 3HP, 415V, 1440rpm

Load type : Spring balance mechanical load

Protection Relays : Motor protection relay

Over/under voltage relay
Temperature relay
Negative sequence relay

Meters provided : Power Analyzer

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Time Interval Meter
RPM meter
 2. VISVESVARAYA INDUSTRIAL AND
TECHNOLOGICAL MUSEUM (BANGLORE)

ABOUT

The Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, (VITM), Bangalore, India, a

constituent unit of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Ministry of Culture,
Government of India, was established in memory of Bharat Ratna Sir M Visvesvaraya. The
building, with a built up area of 4,000 m2 (43,000 sq ft), was constructed in Cubbon Park. It
houses various scientific experiments and engines, and was opened by the first Prime Minister of
India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, on 14 July 1962. The first gallery set up at VITM, on the theme
of 'Electricity', was opened to the public on 27 July 1965.
STEAM POWERED ENGINE

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working
fluid.Steam engines are external combustion engines,[1] where the working fluid is separate from
the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear
power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this
process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam
within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines,
mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then exhausted to the atmosphere, or
condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

In general usage, the term steam engine can refer to either the integrated steam plants
(including boilers etc.) such as railwaysteam locomotives and portable engines, or may refer to
the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the beam engine andstationary steam engine.
Specialized devices such as steam hammers and steam pile drivers are dependent on the steam
pressure supplied from a separate boiler.

The use of boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early
devices were not highly practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y
Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606.[2] In 1698 Thomas Saverypatented
a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped.
DIESEL ENGINE

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) is an internal

combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion
chamber is caused by the high temperature which a gas achieves (i.e. the air) when greatly
compressed (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This
increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that it ignites atomised
diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition
engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed
to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow
plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when
the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the
"constant pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any
practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and
inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is
also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is
not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the
exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine
weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2]

Diesel engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles. They were originally
used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines.
EARLY AIRCRAFT ENGINE

At the start of the twentieth century, aircraft

engines were simple, low-powered machines that were designed and built one by one for specific
aircraft. But very soon, engines started being built in quantity, often by several manufacturers in
different countries who were licensed by the designer or initial manufacturer. In the United
States, particularly during World War I, automobile manufacturers dominated the aero-engine
field until companies that specialized in aircraft engines were established in the 1920s.The
earliest aero engines were stationary—either radial in style or in line. The Antoinette series was
the most commonly used. These were succeeded by the popular rotary engine. The best known
were the Gnome and Le Rhône, which were used on the majority of aircraft until the in-line
Liberty engine, designed for mass production, started dominating the aero-engine market. From
that point on, increasingly more sophisticated and powerful stationary in-line engines were
developed until the arrival of the jet engine a couple of decades later.The most advanced aircraft
engine early in the century was the 50-horsepower (37-kilowatt) engine designed by Charles
Manley for use on Samuel Langley's aerodromes. But because Langley's aircraft never succeeded
in flying, these engines did not have the opportunity to demonstrate their potential. The engine
designed and built by Charlie Taylor and the Wright brothers for their Flyer, although much
lower powered, had a greater place in history because it propelled the first successful powered
flight in 1903. Wright's engine had four inline cylinders, was water-cooled, generated 12
horsepower (9 kilowatts) (as compared to Manley's 50 horsepower), and had weighed about 179
pounds (81 kilograms) without the fuel. It had no fuel pump, carburetor, or spark plugs.The
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Corporation produced two notable engines.
ELECTROMAGNET MODEL

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric

current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually
consist of insulated wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field
which is concentrated in the hole in the center of the coil. The wire turns are often wound around
amagnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic
core concentrates the magnetic fluxand makes a more powerful magnet.

The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can
be quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in the winding. However, unlike
a permanent magnet that needs no power, an electromagnet requires a continuous supply of
current to maintain the magnetic field.

Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such

as motors, generators, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments,
and magnetic separation equipment. Electromagnets are also employed in industry for picking up
and moving heavy iron objects such as scrap iron and steel.[2]
ARCHIMEDES SCREW

The Archimedes screw, also called the Archimedean screw or screwpump, is

a machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water
into irrigation ditches. Water is pumped by turning a screw-shaped surface inside a pipe.The
Archimedes screw consists of a screw (a helical surface surrounding a central cylindrical shaft)
inside a hollow pipe. The screw is turned usually by a windmill or by manual labour or by cattle.
As the shaft turns, the bottom end scoops up a volume of water. This water is then pushed up the
tube by the rotating helicoid until finally it pours out from the top of the tube.The contact surface
between the screw and the pipe does not need to be perfectly watertight, as long as the amount of
water being scooped with each turn is large compared to the amount of water leaking out of each
section of the screw per turn. If water from one section leaks into the next lower one, it will be
transferred upwards by the next segment of the screw.

In some designs, the screw is fused to the casing and they both rotate together, instead of the
screw turning within a stationary casing. A screw could be sealed with pitch resin or other
adhesive to its casing, or cast as a single piece in bronze. Some researchers have postulated this
as being the device used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders
of the Ancient World. Depictions of Greek and Roman water screws show them being powered
by a human treading on the outer casing to turn the entire apparatus as one piece, which would
require that the casing be rigidly attached to the screw.

The design of the everyday Greek and Roman water screw, in contrast to the heavy bronze
device of Sennacherib, with its problematic drive chains, has a powerful simplicity.
 3 ASWATHY ENGINEERING (GOA)

INTRODUCTION

It’s a Sole Proprietorship Service Provider company established in the year 2001. is a leading
provider of high quality engineering, procurement and construction services to India’s core
sector industries; both in the public and private domain. With over 17 years of experience, a
strong team of 150 engineers supported by 200 skilled professionals.
The main constructed products of this company are :

 ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS.
 STEEL POLES
 POWER TRANSFORMERS
 ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS
 STEEL POLES
 STEEL RAILINGS
 POWER TRANSFORMERS
 POLE LINE HARDWARES
 STRINGING TOOLS AND PLANTS
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 HDGI ANGLES AND CHANNELS
 METAL NUTS BOLTS
 HDGI CHANNELS
 RCC POLES
 RS JOIST
ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS.

Aluminum has been safely and effectively used in electrical applications in the United States for
more than 100 years. It takes only one pound of aluminum to equal the current-carrying capacity
of two pounds of copper making it an extremely attractive material for utilities, builders and
others. Aluminum has 61% the conductivity of copper on a volume basis and 200% the
conductivity of copper on a weight basis. Conductor sizing is based on the load to be carried and
applicable rules in the National Electrical Code (NEC). The NEC contains Tables to size either
copper or aluminum conductors with a variety of insulations. Table 310.16 is the most
commonly used, and includes up to three current-carrying conductors in raceway, cable or earth.
considerations other than ampacity when using aluminum or copper
Conduits: Copper conductors may allow the use of a smaller conduit size. However, with the
compact conductors normally used for aluminum alloy building wire, conduit sizing is generally
the same for equal ampacity copper and aluminum.
Connections: Connector sizing must match the AWG or kcmil size of the conductor, whether
copper or aluminum.
Physical characteristics: Aluminum conductors are lighter and easier to pull and/or support.
Aluminum alloy building wire requires less force to bend, and once bent, exhibits less
springback.
Cost: Aluminum conductors are usually more economical than equal ampacity copper
conductors.
Specifications: Job specifications may require a certain type of conductor. They may or may not
permit an alternate.
STEEL POLES

Weathering steel, often referred to by the genericized trademark COR-TEN steel and sometimes
written without the hyphen as corten steel, is a group of steel alloys which were developed to
eliminate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance after several years
exposure to weather.
U.S. Steel holds the registered trademark on the name COR-TEN.[1] The name COR-TEN refers
to the two distinguishing properties of this type of steel: corrosion resistance and tensile
strength.[2] Although USS sold its discrete plate business to International Steel Group (now
Arcelor-Mittal) in 2003,[3] it still sells COR-TEN branded material in strip-mill plate and sheet
forms.
The original COR-TEN received the standard designation A242 (COR-TEN A) from the ASTM
International standards group. Newer ASTM grades are A588 (COR-TEN B) and A606 for thin
sheet. All alloys are in common production and use.
The surface oxidation of weathering steel takes six months, but surface treatments can accelerate
the oxidation to as little as two hours. Weathering steel is popularly used in outdoor sculptures,
such as in the large Chicago Picasso sculpture, which stands in the plaza of the Daley Center
Courthouse in Chicago, which is also constructed of the same weathering steel and as exterior
facades, for its rustic antique appearance. Examples include Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New
York,[11] The Angel of the North, Gateshead, and Broadcasting Tower at Leeds Beckett
University.[12]

It is also used in bridge and other large structural applications such as the New River Gorge
Bridge, the second span of the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge (1980), and the creation of the
Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA) and MONA.
POWER TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing frequency. This is a very basic definition of transformer. Since, there is no
rotating or moving part, so a transformer is a static device. Transformer operates on an ac supply.
A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective. Theoretically,
this low voltage level power can be transmitted to the receiving end. This low voltage power if
transmitted results in greater line current which indeed causes more line lossesBut if the voltage
level of a power is increased, the current of the power is reduced which causes reduction in
ohmic or I2R losses in the system, reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e.
reduction in capital cost of the system and it also improves the voltage regulation of the system.
Because of these, low level power must be stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission.
This is done by step up transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this
high voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be stepped down
to the desired level at the receiving end with the help of step down transformer. Electrical power
transformer thus plays a vital role in power transmission.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS.

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit. Circuit breakers
may also be used in the event of pre-existing damage to electrical systems. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must
be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect low-current circuits or
individual household appliance, up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits
feeding an entire city. The generic function of a circuit breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an automatic
means of removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated as OCPD (Over Current
Protection Device).
All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, but details vary
substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker.

The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low voltage circuit
breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the heating or magnetic effects
of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening
mechanism. These typically require a separate power source, such as a battery, although some
high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective relays, and
an internal control power source.
Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit; this is
commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as a spring
or compressed air to separate the contacts. Circuit breakers may also use the higher current
caused by the fault to separate the contacts, such as thermal expansion or a magnetic field. Small
circuit breakers typically have a manual control lever to switch off the load or reset a tripped
breaker, while larger units use solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore
energy to the springs.
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also
withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made
of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive materials. Service life of the
contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current.
Miniature and molded-case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn,
but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts.

When a high current or voltage is interrupted, an arc is generated. The length of the arc is
generally proportional to the voltage while the intensity (or heat) is proportional to the current.
This arc must be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between
the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum,
air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium the arc forms in. Different techniques are used to
extinguish the arc including:
 Lengthening or deflecting the arc
 Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
 Division into partial arcs
 Zero point quenching (contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC
waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero crossing
occurs at twice the line frequency; i.e., 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per
second for 60 Hz AC.)
 Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits.
Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore
power to the interrupted circuit.
 4 JAYPEE INDUSTRIES (MANGLORE)

JayPee Industries is a SSI Unit manufacturing Electrical Panel Boards,Distribution

Board,Capacitor banks. It was Started on 8 August 1984.
Products and services in this industry.
 Steel Switch Boards,
 Meter Boards,
 Control & Relay Palels,
 Mcb Distribution Boxes,
 Control Desks,
 Bus Bar Boxes,
 Motor Control Centre Control Panel Boards
STEEL SWITCH BOARDS

Since our inception, we have been instrumental in offering premium quality Modular Steel
Switch Board that is used for connecting electrical appliances with electric power. It is
manufactured using high grade raw material and modern machinery at our vendor’s end. In
ahead of dispatching the delivery from our end, the offered product is tested thoroughly to ensure
its flawlessness. Our precious clients can avail this switch board at rock bottom prices.

Features:

High strength
Shock-proof body
Heat resistance
METER BOARDS

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures
the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered
device.
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing purposes. They
are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh).
They are usually read once each billing period.
When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the
maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be
changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost,
periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak
load periods.
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and
current (amperes) to give energy used (in joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services
(such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and
customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current transformers are used,
so that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall
into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic.
CONTROL & RELAY PANELS

This specification covers design, manufacture, assembly, testing before supply,

inspection, packing and delivery and other basic technical requirements in respect of
control and relay panels for 33 kV lines, 33/11KV Power Transformers without
differential protection and 33/11KV Power Transformers with differential protection to
be installed at various 33/11 kV sub-stations in Maharashtra. The equipment to be
supplied against this specification is required for vital installations where continuity of
service is very important. The design, materials and manufacture of the equipment
shall, therefore, be of the highest order to ensure continuous and trouble-free service
over the years.
The equipment offered shall be complete with all parts necessary for their effective
and trouble-free operation. Such parts will be deemed to be within the scope of the
supply irrespective of whether they are specifically indicated in the commercial order
or not.
MCB DISTRIBUTION BOXES

A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component
of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits,
while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure.
Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current devices (RCD) or
residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO), are also incorporated.
In the United Kingdom, a distribution board designed for domestic installations is known as a
consumer unit.
Most of the time, the panels and the breakers inserted inside them must be by the same
manufacturer. Each manufacturer has one or more "systems", or kinds of breaker panels, that will
only accept breakers of that type. In Europe, this is still the case, despite the adoption of a
standard DIN rail for mounting and a standard cut-out shape, as the positions of the busbar
connections are not standardized.

Certain panels use seemingly interchangeable 1-inch-wide (25 mm) breakers. However, a given
manufacturer will specifically mention exactly which devices may be installed in their
equipment. These assemblies have been tested and approved for use by a recognized authority.
Replacing or adding equipment which "just happens to fit" can result in unexpected or even
dangerous conditions. Such installations should not be done without first consulting
knowledgeable sources, including manufacturers.
MOTOR CONTROL CENTRE CONTROL PANEL BOARDS

Power distribution systems used in large commercial and industrial applications can be complex.
Power may be distributed through switchgears, switchboards, transformers, and panelboards:
The contactor’s contacts are closed to start the motor and opened to stop the motor. This is
accomplished electromechanically using start and stop pushbuttons or other pilot devices wired
to control the contactor.

The overload relay protects the motor by disconnecting power to the motor when an overload
condition exists. Although the overload relay provides protection from overloads, it does not
provide short-circuit protection for the wiring supplying power to the motor. For this reason, a
circuit breaker or fuses are also used.
In many commercial and industrial applications, quite a few electric motors are required, and it is
often desirable to control some or all of the motors from a central location. The apparatus
designed for this function is the motor control center (MCC).
A combination starter is a single enclosure containing the motor starter, fuses or circuit breaker,
and a device for disconnecting power.Other devices associated with the motor, such as
pushbuttons and indicator lights may also be included.
BUS BAR BOXES

In electric power distribution, a busbar (also bus bar, and sometimes misspelled as buss bar or
bussbar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway
enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage
equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are
generally uninsulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars.
These features allow sufficient cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various
points without creating a new joint.
The material composition and cross-sectional size of the busbar determine the maximum amount
of current that can be safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10
square millimetres (0.016 sq in), but electrical substations may use metal tubes 50 millimetres
(2.0 in) in diameter (20 square millimetres (0.031 sq in)) or more as busbars. An aluminium
smelter will have very large busbars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the
electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from molten salts.

Busbars are produced in a variety of shapes, such as flat strips, solid bars, or rods, and are
typically composed of copper, brass, or aluminium as solid or hollow tubes.[1] Some of these
shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional
area ratio. The skin effect makes 50–60 Hz AC busbars more than about 8 millimetres (0.31 in)
thickness inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A
hollow section also has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity,
which allows a greater span between busbar supports in outdoor electrical switchyards.