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This chapter presents the related literature and studies which were used by the
researcher as a guide in conceptualizing his study. The similarities and differences between
the cited studies and the researcher’s proposed study are discussed briefly at the end of
each section.
Related Literature
progression of past literatures to present literatures. The historical review focuses only on
the proposal of a sustainable house that is eco-friendly and nature-responsive. This also
includes all the variables and sub-variables in the study which are the aspects of a
Finch (2007) defined sustainable development as: ‘meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ and ‘the
ensuring a better life for everyone, now and for generations to come’. Sustainable housing
is used to describe the process of sustainable development applying to the housing industry.
Sustainable housing simply means less waste, more reuse and recycling, low environmental
impacts and costs, reliability, less maintenance and renovation and residents’ comfort and
satisfaction.
Henley (2013) presented different innovative eco houses around the world. Architects
from Bucharest to Buenos Aires are creating affordable (and not so affordable) eco-friendly
twist. With a passive solar design, the highest Irish energy efficiency rating, and can be
expanded at low cost by adding modules. It's an inexpensive low energy home for a new
starting family. In Germany, German kit house developer WeberHaus has developed this
walls and triple thermal insulation glazing. The houses are ventilated with heat recovery. In
Vietnam, Stacking Green, in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, best house award at the World
Architecture Festival in Singapore in October 2012. It is a wind and water house, which
builds its properties. Its green façade is fitted to northern Vietnam's hot, rainy climate and
allows for natural ventilation, saving energy. There are also houses in France, Romania,
US, and Argentina that are built based on the features of a sustainable eco house. It shows
in the article that the progress of building a sustainable house has been emerged globally as
Kacyira (2016) stated that housing is at the center of the sustainable development
agenda. The future has been emerging into urbanization that leads to negative impact to
environment. Thus, sustainability is the only brightest way to prevent the negative impact
of urbanization. The housing challenge stated that the world is facing now is large percent
of people reside in urban areas by 2030. And it is estimated that the problem to get
affordable housing could affect 1.6 billion people globally within 10 years. An approach
proposed is to give emphasis from a simple house to holistic framework where housing is
Rika (2017) stated that a sustainable house has three aspects which truly defines its
sustainability: the size (the capacity of house to give residents space wherein it aims to
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have a big size but low house's running costs), energy use (its resulting energy
consumption that goals to have less and efficiency in energy), and lifespan (where a
standard house lasts for 80 years but a sustainable house aims to last for over 80 years).
Look at Millenials and the Housing Market” that explains and describes the idea of the rise
millenials. Presently, the millenials and also celebrities almost live in sustainable houses
resulting that the eco houses are now hit and trend in the present time for its some key
air (and better health), reduced waste, and reduced expenses. Lots of people are aiming to
live in a sustainable house because of its positive impacts and benefits it could bring to
them.
Years 2007 to present, the progress in the idea of sustainability housing continuously
develops as years passes by. It clearly shows that sustainable housing is a great idea not
only because of its beautiful appearance but of course the effect and impact it could
contribute to human and environment. The reviewed literatures presented that the features
and designs of a sustainable house is evolving and are becoming broad for it covers large
The reviewed literatures are all comparable to each other because they define
‘sustainable house’ similarly. Mostly, they define the sustainable house as less waste and
beneficial, energy-efficiency, residents’ comfort, insulation, and other aspects. They differ
Retrofitting existing buildings can offer huge energy savings, economic advantages,
and community benefits contributing to a more sustainable built environment. This study
focuses and discusses specific architectural interventions that develop in inhabitable and
tectonic examples of social sustainability. There are three ways to analyzed: selective
customizable architectural elements for the façade; and the reconfiguration of interior
examples are of social housing renovations from the 1960s and 1970s lately renovated in a
national sustainability program in Denmark. The findings of this study are applicable in the
sustainable transformation of future housing and offer practical and built examples of how
architectural interventions can support social sustainability to send tactile and inhabitable
Sustainability has become compatible with protecting and contributing for the natural
environment and has become the target of many public and private developments. Social
changing social needs caused by demographic shifts, economic cycles and complex
environments that support societies in meeting their social needs. In most cases, it is not
difficult to understand how the construction, operation, and design of buildings affect the
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environment. But when it comes on social value, the building's impact is often less directly
Energy efficient building design includes the constructing of buildings that are able to
get the most work out of the energy that is supplied to them by taking steps to reduce
energy loss such as decreasing the loss of heat through the building envelope. Energy
efficient homes are cost-efficient and especially it is sustainable. There are many ways to
risen the energy development of the building by using roofs, walls and insulation. Basically
these materials determine the energy efficiency of the building (Donev, Hanania, Jenden, &
Stenhouse, 2015).
John (2016) stated that largest single waste of energy in every building is coming from
building's walls, roofs and windows. The energy efficiency depends on what materials that
makes to help its envelope. With the latest LEED® 2009 minimum energy update, projects
are paying even closer attention to how tight they can make their envelope to drive down
energy usage and costs. The outturn can be stunning; using of energy saving products helps
engineering and design: it’s in juggling the trade-offs. Every element of a home has
ramifications on other elements. You can’t have it all, and deciding what’s most important
to you demands a lot of knowledge and thought. “It’s a process of going through the
choices and making decisions,” Jim McKnight said (Countryside Editorial, 2019).
Renewable Energy is now capturing market share from Fossil fuels and Nuclear
energy. When it comes to climate change renewable energy must be guided by scientific
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facts. There are three facts, Renewable systems are reliable, even at night and on windless
days is the most common fallacies about Renewable energy. Baseload is not essential a
second fallacy assumes a steady "baseload" of electricity from nuclear and fossil fuels. The
future will look different than the past a third fallacy that assumption of power systems
must centralized utilities supply electricity from their consumers (Amin, 2015).
Using alternative energy systems can reduce utility bills, and the tax for installing
renewables can make more cost effective. Presented are the ways in using renewable
energy. Roof top panels this is the most common renewable energy but it only works when
Sorensen (2019) stated that much renewable energy nowadays one is the Geothermal
Energy when energy obtain below the Earth's surface which can generate a clean and
Energy Cost Reduction, Humidity Control, Design Flexibility, Smaller Equipment Rooms,
Durability and Reliability, and Noise-Free. Before purchasing geothermal system make
sure your supplier or installer has fully investigated the site in order to avoid any problems.
Rainwater harvesting systems can be used in cooling, bathing, and drinking, or it can
buildings, washing, , and industrial process needs. There are lots of benefits in saving and
using rainwater. One of these benefits include: Rainwater can give water that has a good
quality that can be used in drinking, washing, and gardening because of the absence of
dissolved minerals, salts, and ground contaminants that may be present in surface and
Naeve (2015) described rainwater collectors or Rainwater catchment systems are easy
and economical to install on a house or other buildings. A system can provide a component
to existing buildings or merge into new building design. Rainwater that are being collected
can be safely used for non-potable activities, such as yard and landscape irrigation,
Rainwater Harvesting minimized the need for water suppliers to use energy collected
from pumping out water from various sources and bodies of water, purifying water, and
restoring the water table and other underground and surface sources of water (Linden,
2018).
Grey water refers to all domestic waste water that is drained from, showers, sinks,
washing machines and bathtubs. Since grey water is whatever you send down your sinks,
bath and shower drains, it will contain traces of dust, grease, detergents, food, clothing
fibres, hair and even disgusting matter that results from doing laundry, washing your hands,
and showering. Despite that, grey water is a beneficial resource that can be treated, filtered,
and reused. The UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, for example, improves
the recycling and collection of grey water to help in protecting quickly decreasing water
supply. Recycling grey water is becoming more usual, it reduces the responsibility on
urban sewage treatment along with preserving a quickly decreasing of natural resource
(Pavey, 2014).
Ferguson (2014) stated that greywater system can decrease your water usage by about
50% so, if you switch to a water meter, you could possibly reduce your water bills into half
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as well as lessen your water footprint. Unlike a rainwater harvesting system, which
depends on rainfall, greywater is in sufficient supply on a daily basis - the more pure water
that you will use to wash food, your dishes and yourself, the more greywater you will need
to recycle. But while you’ll find greywater systems in hotels, university hostels and even
or even a manufacturer supplying this market because greywater, says Jacob Tompkins
from Waterwise, must be handled correctly at the moment that makes it expensive.
Greywater systems are most certainly earth-friendly innovations. Their use can change
a place for living into an eco-friendly home. Additionally, greywater systems are great
forms of a system for the development of a household’s water efficiency. These systems
are fairly ordinary overall, but those that are new to greywater use can profit from
understanding where errors might be made along the way (Water Use It Wisely, 2018).
Magwood (2017) stated that rammed earth walls are usually made up of poured
concrete, wood or steel. Formwork is one of the key to building with rammed earth, the
better formwork the faster and more accurate. Rammed earth wall have a lot of thermal
mass and easily be an airtight system. Rammed earth buildings can last for several years
Building a house should use eco-friendly materials. People need to pick materials that
lessen the environmental impact. Using recycled materials that caused less environmental
impact. Choose materials that are promoting sustainable energy (Wild, 2018).
Exterior walls can finish a wide array of materials and techniques. Exterior wall can
also produce significant savings on the contractor and building occupant. Exterior walls
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can protect from fire, extreme heat, and cold. Through all of these options can give
featuring advantages, tips, benefits, and cost-saving for materials used in building
(Rodriguez, 2019).
Cob is made up with a mixture of sandy-sub soil, clay and straw. It's a strong and
durable house materials can last for a very long time if maintained and looked properly.
Cob house is affordable as long we have land or space to build, anyone can build cob walls.
Examples of building with cob: Cob cottage, Keppel gate, and Hobbit hole (Koru
architects, 2017).
Cob house is build-up of mud or likely most clay-like soil that found underneath.
Mud is usually use in ancient times and nowadays. This technique in building a cob was
perfected in the last several years. In other methods in building a cob it must be less than
200 square meters. Using these technique can easily to build other part of house like
Craven (2019) stated that a cob house usually does not use dried bricks or blocks.
Instead, wall surfaces are made up with lumps of damp cob mixture, compressed, and
sculpted into smooth, sinuous forms. Cob building is the most durable type of earth
architecture and cob is even good for very cold climates. Because of the mud mixture that
Radiant Floor can provide enough heat to feel warm underfoot. Radiant floor heating
system has a very long lag time when the heat is supplied to the floor. While radiant-floor
heat has a sense in certain buildings, it is non-well-suited to highly insulated green building
for a number of reasons because thermal mass in radiant floor systems will increase the risk
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of overheating. Radiant floor may still deliver heat after solar gain raises the air
Edwards (2017) described that the range of materials and color options for floors is
now huge and, there are options for sustainable flooring materials. There are sustainable
flooring options. Sustainable carpet using carpet, wool, sisal, and jute are great sustainable
materials. Recycled timbers are the second-hand and recycled products are also sustainable
flooring. Natural lino is a great choice. Lino is a durable, long-lasting floor from a
There is much great kind of floors that are eco-friendly. Mostly flooring choices have
some green credentials but people need to make sure the sustainability against the other
option. And people also need to consider the factors of the energy used to sustain and clean
Kenway (2014) stated that windows have principle loss of energy in buildings. Most
window manufactures on how energy efficient products and most modern windows labeled
with their Solar Heat Gain level and air leakage. Window manufacturers are moving in the
Sustainable building offers a variety of benefits including lower cooling and heating
costs, and reduces their general expenses. Window films are one of most cost-effective and
efficient option. Window films also have variety of roles, including solar control,
insulation, UV blocking, safety and privacy, and even decorations (Mahendriyani, 2016).
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Windows highly comprise a large portion of heat in a wall. Installing windows will
help eliminate air infiltration and water leaks. Windows are expensive, but in order to save
Green roofs are new technology of green building will represent by the vegetative layer
of the roof. In building a green roof can reduce in using of electricity green roofs can save
the energy needed for heating and cooling of building. Green roofs reduce air pollution and
greenhouse gases. Green roofs also reduce and slow down rainwater drainage mostly in
Roofing is very important in home building. It helps to control the flow of air and
moisture into the home and insulates home from extremes in temperature. But the most
important is to sustainably built house is durability in any weather. The longer roof lasts,
Bernard (2019) stated that re-roofing is the most costly renovation projects can
undertake. Green roofs are also known as living roofs, are low-slope roofs that are
completely covered by vegetation, either in the form of grass or other small plants. Also
green roofs are usually can high maintenance and so expensive to install, can give several
benefits, including absorption of rainwater to prevent runoff and also insulate our homes,
Badore (2013) defined insulation as a major part of green building, because it’s a way
to reduce the energy usage of a structure. This is a way to lower the energy costs and the
environmental goal to lessen the greenhouse gasses. Spray polyurethane foam is one of
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most efficient insulators on the market and is most used in buildings that seeking for low
energy needs.
Insulation, which carries many tiny air cavities, slows the heat transferal when it was
installed on a building’s or house interior and exterior surface, or in building cavities. Each
kind of insulation medium will be given an R-value rating, which is calculating its thermal
resistance. A higher R-value dictates a better insulator. The R-value of medium changes
with their density, so especially when installing loose-fill insulation, the suitable density is
needed to reach the peak R-value. A proper insulation depends on a building's mass sized
When people think of insulation, the color pink probably comes to their mind. But it
turns out; insulation can be green, as in eco-friendly. Most owners always leave the
decision of insulation to contractors. After all, insulation is not completely plan with
aesthetics in mind. But an advance way of eco-friendly insulation options has come, and
they're worth discovering for their green building. Insulation is made to reduce energy
costs, and every insulation is considered as green. But eco-friendliness needs to consider
these two factors; the manufacturing process, materials, and toxicity (ElementalGreen,
2019).
Making an eco-friendly landscape design is very easy. The traditional landscape design
involves wide range areas of turf, or grass, areas encompasses by trees but this kind of
landscaping is not capable on hot climate place. There is a big impact where people can
have on conservation of water is minimizing the amount of water needed for landscaping.
Up to 60% of the usual residential water use is for landscaping, people find ways to cut
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back on water consumption in their eco-friendly landscape will save their money while
and sustain your landscape to save time, money, and energy. Green landscapes nurture
wildlife; lessen air, soil, and water pollution; and also create a healthy recreation spaces.
resources. Those who are dedicated to such behaviors give careful and deliberate thought to
the choices they make to preserve water, recycle materials, work with native plants and
harness the power of their landscape to lessen home energy use. If they are making a new
landscape, they need to consider some plan to make sustainability a key component – this
Related Studies
A. Foreign
Lots of studies tackle on the house building, but there are limited studies focusing on
the sustainable house building and innovation. The following review of related studies
provide the foundation to conduct the present study because of the limited or if not zero
number of studies innovating and evaluating sustainable house. The studies reviewed in
this section are the known related studies to specific variables of the present study because
no study can be found in different materials and sources, which is the same as the entire
study at hand.
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their sustainability levels. The method of analysis found that the master-planned
development among the probed case studies has the potential to produce higher levels of
sustainability outcomes. The results exposed insights and indication for policymakers,
level sustainability analysis, and; highlight the need for collective efforts and an effective
house but its affordability for the urban poor to afford specifically a house. The main focus
of this study is how to meet the goal of a sustainable house if affordability is prioritized. In
the methodology of the study, the researcher explored the needs of the urban poor in
housing through profiling and researched about the measures and costs of a sustainable
house building. It was concluded in the results that the sustainable goals for low-cost
Hamid, Jamaludin, and Mahayuddin (2017) conducted a study that reviewed the
challenges are the four sections that describe the challenges in the study. In methodology,
construction industry on affordable housing and sustainable practices. The result showed,
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as the concern relating to economics and the environment increases, the need for
integration of affordable housing and sustainable practice becomes more imperative. The
study found that the implementation of affordable and sustainable housing development in
Chan, Darko, and Owusu (2018) identified the green technologies for sustainable
housing development in Ghana through an empirical study. The study’s objectives were
literature review and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 43 green building-
system, and installation of water‐efficient appliances and fixtures were the five most
water efficiency technologies and energy efficiency technologies had the highest level of
importance. The identified green technologies form a conceptual framework which can be
used to guide the identification and selection of green technologies for sustainable housing
development. The research findings would be useful for industry professionals responsible
Arellano, Bello, Hernández, Hernández, and Schilmann (2019) conducted a pilot study
sustainable housing index. The study’s aim was to evaluate the link between housing and
children´s respiratory symptoms, through the construction of an index (HSHI) based on the
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general and household questionnaire, and respiratory symptoms diary were applied. HSHI
was constructed using principal component analysis. Using logistic and Poisson regression
models, the association between HSHI and the presence and duration of respiratory
symptoms were evaluated. It was observed that schoolchildren who inhabit a sufficient-
quality house, showed a reduction in nose irritation duration and in the allergic symptoms
probability regarding component 1 (ventilation, lighting and cloth washing) and presented
three times less duration of common cold by component 2 (construction material, painted
walls inside the house and type of bathroom) compared to poor-quality house residents.
The results recommend that living in a sufficient-quality house reduced the occurrence of
wheezing incidents and the possibility of ear pain, providing sign about the positive
All studies reviewed above are all similar to the present study because all studies
focuses on the features, characteristics, content, design and layout evaluation, and impact
of sustainable housing. The aims and goals of the following studies are comparable to each
other.
The studies of Bredenoord (2016) and Hamid et al., (2017) are similar to each other
because the main concept of the two conducted studies involves the affordability in
building a house or low-income house and the sustainability features of house. Also, both
studies were closely related to the present study because of the building of house that
The reviewed foreign studies about sustainable housing made an impact to the purpose
of the present study for it conveys the rationale that sustainable housing could contribute
positively to environment and to the people residing. However, other studies where differs
on their main goal including the study of Kamruzzaman et al. (2015), the main aim is to
sustainability levels in houses, another is the study of Chan et al. (2018) which evaluated
all possible green technologies in sustainable housing, and the study of Arellano et al.,
(2019) which focused on a house’s materials and composition that can possibly affect
school children’s health regarding respiratory symptoms. The focus of the present study
roots on the creation of a sustainable cabin that has unique features and characteristics that
B. Local
In the local research arena, there are no specific studies that tackle about the Filipinos
conducting research study about sustainable house building. Most of the researches
available focus on the building of houses for the victims of calamities the Philippines is
encountering. Though limited, there are some interesting findings that Filipino researchers
Gonzales and Romero (2014) stated the Hugeness of land utilization as a variable of
economic improvement has made private subdivision arranging idea a significant subject
among the worldwide natural issues. Be that as it may, very little is thought about this idea
and specifically about its social qualities. The examination was proposed to assess the
social and natural effect of ordinary subdivision idea in the Municipality of Tuba, found
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South of Baguio City,Province of Benguet, Philippines, and takes a gander at the versatility
and positive effect that an elective idea, for example, the group sort of methodology could
bring to the region and the earth. The outcomes uncovered that the respondents, both
implementers and occupants, concede to the components that have set off the development
of traditional subdivisions and the subsequent negative effect on nature of Tuba. Thus, the
information in maintainable arranging and structure standards. The outcomes show that
components, for example, feeling of network need and access to open spaces and outside
exercises are attractive angles in the network. These inclinations in Tuba of housing cluster
Kouyoumji, Lopez, Salzer, and Wallbaum (2016) studied the study features the
lodging in quickly creating nations of Asia, Latin America, and Africa. At the case of the
framework is created. Through division of the unpredictable issue into these activity things,
endpoints. Along these lines, subjective partner information is converted into quantitative
as subject for further research. It overcomes any issues between hypothetical methodology
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and down to earth utilizations of supportability and underlines the quality of joining multi-
Escamilla, Habert, and Wohlmuth (2016) argued the development of human population
in urban territories has presented an expanding interest for lodging arrangements. The
lodging request in the Philippines is additionally expanded by the seriousness and number
social lodging projects will in general utilize ordinary development materials. These
materials are known for elevated amounts of discharges identified with their generation.
Bio-based development materials, for example, bamboo or wood, can catch CO2 during
their development stage and can store it in their tough items. This stockpiling stage ends up
significant when it traverses decades, as happens with structures. The present research
ventures. Three classes were utilized for the maintainability evaluation: ecological effect
thinking about CO2 emissions, monetary considering potential income from CO2 credits
and social considering the activity creation potential. The result indicates that the most
significant factors are the durability of the bamboo-based structures, wherein it depends on
how long the bamboo will stay durable and the factors of CO2. It also demonstrate that the
progress through a more sustainable building will be a lot quicker by using of industrialized
bamboo production than using of industrial wood products. But bamboo-based structures
store CO2.
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Koschmann, Moench, Opdyke, and Will (2016) examined the designs that are
implemented and the materials that are needed for the shelters of the families that are
destroyed during typhoon Yolanda. The government and organization are needed to settle
on quick decision that will foresee the path towards long-term recovery. A sustainable or
calamity proof houses designs have been indicated as necessary for assisting resilient and
have examined the case of designs and building material selection for the shelter projects,
using a photo documentation, interview data and field observations as a means to document
rates of design adoption and choices in material selection. Findings use the shelter cluster
‘8 Key Messages’ as a framework to assess level of improved shelter design. The outcome
highlight improved foundations, wherein the factors that are needed have been showed in
this study. Improving the foundations, roofing, the site selection and identify deficits in
configuration includes that saw poor take-up by associations and hold potential to advise
future practice that energizes risk safe structure in the Philippines and other future global
catastrophe reactions.
Alipon, Lopez, Salzer, and Wallbaum, (2018) presented the usage of cellulosic
materials in the development of low-rise housing in tropical climates that has great
potential. Bambusa blumeana (B. blumeana, JA and JH Schultes), the most available
bamboo species in the Philippines, is a perfect alternative material for the construction of
terms with the municipal rules and regulations for construction. The wide-ranging
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understanding of the organic raw material is required to permit its use as a load-bearing
structural member. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of B. blumeana
bamboo from a common development region of the Philippines were tried or tested
according to ISO 22157-1 (2004) and ISO 22157-2 (2004). The characteristic strength
values of B. blumeana were as follows: compressive and tensile strengths parallel to the
grain of 20 and 95 MPa, respectively; shear strength of 5 MPa, bending strength of 34.6
MPa, and the mean and fifth percentile modulus of elasticity of 13100 and 8600 MPa,
respectively. According to the outcomes, a suggestion for permissible stresses for structural
In the local area of reviewed studies, there are no nearly similar studies contrasted to
the present study. Most studies in the Philippines only focus on the shelter for victims of
calamities, alternative sustainable materials in housing such as bamboo, and cluster type
sustainable houses. There are no such specific related to the present study.
The studies of Kouyoumji, Lopez, Salzer, and Wallbaum (2016), Escamilla, Habert,
and Wohlmuth, (2016), and Salzer, Wallbaum, Alipon, & Lopez (2018) are comparable to
each other for their research aim and focus is the use of bamboo as alternative housing
material that has good environmental impact and effect. In conclusion of these three
studies, there is no similar study conducted in the Philippines to the present study
conducting, but there are just slightly related to the present study among studies about
Conceptual Paradigm
Development of a sustainable
and nature-responsive house
with the following features:
Social Sustainability in
Architecture
Well-insulated Building
Efficiency
Evaluation of the features
Alternative Energy Systems
of the sustainable and
. Rainwater Collectors
nature-responsive house
Greywater Systems
Walls
Cob House
Floors
Windows
Roofs
Green Insulation
Eco-friendly Gardens and
Landscapes
Theoretical Framework
As reviewed in this paper, the concept of the present study is mostly supported by
Bredenoord (2016) and Hamid et al., (2016). Because both studies mostly focused on the
issues the country is encountering. One of those problems is the occurrence of natural
calamities, on that issue, the country researches mostly focuses on the public shelter of the
victims of calamities (e.g. victims of Bagyong Yolanda). Another problem the countrymen
are encountering is the problem of money, thus the researchers mostly conduct studies
about sustainable houses alternative building materials that are affordable during the
construction and buying of housing materials to have house that is affordable and high-
quality (not that high). Thus, most reviewed studies are about bamboo as alternative
sustainable material for sustainable and eco-friendly cabin. Generally, all studies conducted
in the Philippines about sustainable housing’s main focus are solving the country’s