Lecture 2

Performance criteria

The efficiency of the technological process is evaluated by a number of indicators, which are divided into
the following groups: technological, economic and environmental.

Technological indicators include: power, or productivity, yield of the target product, selectivity, degree
of conversion, expenditure ratios for raw materials and energy.

Power is the maximum performance of the device. Typically, when designing a process, the capacity of
the apparatus or process line is indicated. Power characterizes the degree of perfection of the
technology used.

Productivity is the amount of the target product obtained or the consumption of raw materials per unit
time. It is calculated by the formula

P = G / τ,

where P is the performance; G is the amount of the target product (raw material); τ is the time.

The amount of the target product is determined in units of mass (kg, t) or volume (m3). As a unit of
time, an hour or a day is used, less often a month or a year. It is significant that the performance is
attributed to the target product or the main component of the raw material.

When analyzing the practical work of the process, the indicator “productivity” is used (as a rule,
productivity is less than power).

The product yield is one of the main criteria for the perfection of the technological process. Distinguish
between absolute and relative output.

For processes whose course cannot be expressed by the reaction equation, the product yield is
calculated per unit mass or per 100 mass. including the main raw materials.

The relative yield or yield of the target product is the ratio of the amount of product obtained to the
amount of the same substance calculated by the reaction equation.

The yield of the target product η is expressed in percent or fractions of a unit and calculated by the
formula

η = (Gτ-G beginning) / G theory

where Gτ is the amount of product in the reaction mixture at a given time; Gnach is the initial amount of
product in the reaction mixture; Gtheor - the maximum possible amount of product.

If the reaction is reversible, then the amount of substance that was formed at the moment of
equilibrium is taken as the maximum possible amount. This product yield is called equilibrium and is
denoted by ηр.

The conversion of starting materials characterizes the completeness of conversion of starting materials
to the final target product. Conversion, like output, is expressed as a percentage or a fraction of a unit.
General conversion is the ratio of the amount of one of the starting materials that has reacted in all
possible directions to the mass amount of the same substance that has passed through the reaction
apparatus.

The degree of conversion of K is calculated by the formula

K = G reactive raw materials / G,

where G reagent. raw materials - the amount of reacted raw materials; G is the amount of raw material
passed through the reactor.

To determine the degree of useful use of raw materials, useful conversion is calculated.

The useful conversion of K * is the ratio of the mass amount of the substance G * cheese converted into
the target product, to the amount of the starting substance G passed through the reactor:

K * = G * syr / G.

In cases where several starting materials are involved in the process, the yield and conversion are
calculated by the most valuable component of the feedstock.

For complex processes in which other processes occur simultaneously with the main process leading to
by-products, the concept of selectivity is introduced.

Selectivity is one of the most important characteristics of industrial production.

The selectivity S is determined by the equation

S = G * cheese / Greag. Cheese,

where G * syp - the amount of raw materials that have turned into the target product; Greag. Raw
materials - the amount of raw material that has reacted to all reactions.

Consumption ratios show the amount of spent raw materials or energy per unit of production.

Between the feed rate for raw materials, product yield and conversion, calculated on 100 mass.
including raw materials, there is the following relationship:

b = Msyr (Mpr Kηr) s / t,

where b is the expenditure coefficient; MCbip is the molecular weight of the raw material product; MPR
is the molecular weight of the target product; K– total degree of conversion; ηр is the equilibrium yield;
p / t - stoichiometric reaction coefficients.

The values of the expenditure coefficients of raw materials and other materials are included in the
reporting documentation.

Economic indicators determine the economic efficiency of production. The most important among them
are the cost of production and labor productivity.

Environmental production criteria are widely used in industry to assess the state of the environment and
process excellence.
Distinguish between environmental indicators, determined empirically, and indicators that are obtained
by calculation.

The first group of indicators includes MPC (maximum permissible concentration) and SHOE
(approximately safe exposure levels). After the development and approval of these indicators, they
acquire legislative force and are binding. In some cases, these values can be adjusted (for example, in
regions with abnormal environmental conditions).

The calculated environmental criteria include MPE (maximum permissible emission) and VAT
(normatively permissible discharge). These criteria take into account the numerous factors operating in
a limited area of a region or enterprise, such as environmental conditions, climate, geographical
location, and the saturation of the region with industrial enterprises. They are calculated by local
environmental services, have a limited scope and can be changed many times.

The main criteria for assessing the state of the environment (atmospheric air, water bodies) are
standard normative indicators: MPC of chemicals and SHOES.

Test questions for self-training students:

1. The structure of production. Basic concepts.

2. Hierarchical organization of processes in production. Using hierarchical structure in solving research

problems.

3. Criteria of production efficiency: technological, economic, environmental, operational, social.

4. Characterization of environmental criteria