09.02.

2016 3
a) When do you need carrier phase synchronization and when symbol synchronization in
digital communications?
b) What means acquisition and tracking mode in synchronization?
c) Which criteria are used with adaptive equalizers to optimize coefficients?
What is the idea of diversity in communications? What kind of diversity methods exist?
Explain the principle for at least three methods. What kind of processing is used in the
receiver with diversity, so that the gain is obtained? Explain the principle for at least
three methods. What diversity methods are utilized in 3G system?

12.1.2016 Explain briefly but accurately

a) Modulator
b) CPM
c) QAM
d) Decision directed mode with equalizers
e) Gradient method with equalizers
a) What kind of is ML estimator for unmodulated carrier phase estimation? Give the
block diagram and explain how it works. (4 p)
b) What are the performance measures for synchronizers? (2 p)
a) Present the principle of differential PSK. Compare the performance with coherent
one.
b) What means diversity and what methods exist?
c) What kind of diversity combining methods exists and which one has the best
performance?

14.12.2016 Explain briefly but accurately

a) Basic resources of the communication system
b) Performance evaluation methods for communication system
c) Factors which have effect on the spectrum of digitally modulated signal
a) You are using 8-level PSK in your system. How many bits you send in each
symbol?
How many base functions are needed in this case to present the signal in signal
space,and what are the properties of base functions?
b) Explain the principle of differential PSK
c) Compare roughly the bit error rate performances of coherent binary PSK and
FSK
modulations both in AWGN channel and in Rayleigh fading channel (no
equations)
a) Explain the principle of diversity and the combining methods for that
b) Explain the principle of Nyquist criterion for signal design for bandlimited
channel to obtain zero ISI
c) What is phase locked loop and how it is used in synchronization?

15.12.2015 Explain briefly but accurately

a) PAM b) Diversity
c) Equal gain combining d) Training mode with equalizers
e) Factors which have effect on the spectrum of digitally modulated signal.
 a) What is meant with i) unbiased estimate and ii) efficient estimate in
synchronization?
b) Sketch the block diagram of ML-estimator for unmodulated carrier phase
estimation and explain how it works.
c) What criteria and algorithms can be used to set the coefficient of linear
equalizers?
a) You are using 4-level PSK in your system. How many bits you send in each
symbol?
How many base functions are needed in this case to present the signal in signal
space,and what are the properties of base functions?
b) Assume that bit error probability equation Pb() in AWGN channel for the
used modulation method is known. How it is obtained bit error probability in
fading channel?
c) Compare roughly the bit error rate performances of coherent binary PSK and
FSK modulations both in AWGN channel and in Rayleigh fading channel (no
need for
equations).

09.02.2016 Consider a cellular system where the received signal power is distributed according to a
lognormal distribution with mean μ dBm and standard deviation σ dBm. Assume the
received signal power must be above 12 dBm for acceptable performance.
a) Explain shortly the meaning of outage probability.
b) What is the outage probability (value), when the log-normal distribution has μ = 14
dBm and σ = 6 dBm?
c) For σ = 3 dBm, what value of μ is required such that the outage probability is less
than 1 %?
A multipath fading channel has a multipath spread of Tm = 1 s and a Doppler spread BD
= 0.01 Hz. The total channel bandwidth at band-pass available for signal transmission is
W = 10 Hz. To reduce the effects of inter symbol interference, the signal designer
selects a pulse duration T = 10 s.
a) Explain and calculate the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time.
b) Is the channel frequency-selective or frequency-non-selective? Justify.
c) Is the channel fading slowly or rapidly? Justify.
d) Suppose that the channel is used to transmit binary data via (antipodal) coherently
detected PSK in a frequency diversity mode. Explain how you would use the available
channel bandwidth obtain frequency diversity and determine how much diversity is
available.

12.1.2016 Consider a cellular system where the received signal power is distributed according to a
log-normal distribution with mean μ dBm and standard deviation σ dBm. Assume the
received signal power must be above 12 dBm for acceptable performance.
a) Explain shortly the meaning of outage probability.
b) What is the outage probability (value), when the log-normal distribution has μ = 14
dBm and σ = 6 dBm?
 c) For σ = 3 dBm, what value of μ is required such that the outage probability is less
than
1 %?
For a multipath fading channel let a scattering function Sc(τ,ρ) is nonzero over 0
≤ τ ≤ 10 μs and –3000 ≤ ρ ≤ 3000 Hz. Assume that the power of the scattering
function is approximately uniform over the range where it is nonzero.
a) What are the multipath spread and the Doppler spread of the channel
(numerical values)? Explain what the meaning of these spreads is.
b) Suppose you input to this channel two identical sinusoids. What is the
minimum value of Δf for which the channel response to the first sinusoid is
approximately independent of the channel response to the second sinusoid?
Explain you answer.
c) For two sinusoidal inputs to the channel u1(t) = sin2πft and u2(t) = sin2πf(t + Δ
t), what is the minimum value of Δt for which the channel response to u1(t) is
approximately independent of the channel response to u2(t)? Explain you
answer.
d) Will this channel exhibit flat fading or frequency-selective fading for channel
with a 2 kHz bandwidth? How about for a channel with a 400 kHz bandwidth?
Explain you answer.
e) Assume that BTs ≈ 1. Is there fast or slow fading, if we use these bandwidths
(2 kHz and 400 kHz)? Explain you answer.

14.12.2016 Viterbi algorithm

For a multipath fading channel let a scattering function Sc(τ,ρ) is nonzero over 0
≤ τ ≤ 10 μs and –3000 ≤ ρ ≤ 3000 Hz. Assume that the power of the scattering
function is approximately uniform over the range where it is nonzero.
a) What are the multipath spread and the Doppler spread of the channel
(numerical values)? Explain what the meaning of these spreads is.
b) Suppose you input to this channel two identical sinusoids. What is the
minimum value of Δf for which the channel response to the first sinusoid is
approximately independent of the channel response to the second sinusoid?
Explain you answer.
c) For two sinusoidal inputs to the channel u1(t) = sin2πft and u2(t) = sin2πf(t +
Δt), what is the minimum value of Δt for which the channel response to u1(t) is
approximately independent of the channel response to u2(t)? Explain you
answer.
d) Will this channel exhibit flat fading or frequency-selective fading for channel
with a 2 kHz bandwidth? How about for a channel with a 400 kHz bandwidth?
Explain you answer.
e) Assume that BTs ≈ 1. Is there fast or slow fading, if we use these bandwidths
(2 kHz and 400 kHz)? Explain you answer.

Viterbi
15.12.2015 For a multipath fading channel let a scattering function Sc(τ,ρ) is nonzero over 0

≤ τ ≤ 10 μs and –3000 ≤ ρ ≤ 3000 Hz. Assume that the power of the scattering
function is approximately uniform over the range where it is nonzero.
a) What are the multipath spread and the Doppler spread of the channel
(numerical values)? Explain what the meaning of these spreads is.
b) Suppose you input to this channel two identical sinusoids. What is the
minimum value of Δf for which the channel response to the first sinusoid is
approximately independent of the channel response to the second sinusoid?
Explain you answer.
c) For two sinusoidal inputs to the channel u1(t) = sin2πft and u2(t) = sin2πf(t + Δ
t), what is the minimum value of Δt for which the channel response to u1(t) is
approximately independent of the channel response to u2(t)? Explain you
answer.
d) Will this channel exhibit flat fading or frequency-selective fading for channel
with a 2 kHz bandwidth? How about for a channel with a 400 kHz bandwidth?
Explain you answer.
e) Assume that BTs ≈ 1. Is there fast or slow fading, if we use these bandwidths
(2 kHz and 400 kHz)? Explain you answer.