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The properties of matter are determined by the

properties of atoms and molecules.

Chapter 1: Matter,
Measurement, and
Problem-Solving
CHEM 1211K

Used for…
Drinking, bathing, cooking, etc. Bleaching hair, rocket fuel, etc.

We can define chemistry as the science that seeks to

understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior
of atoms and molecules.

We can use the concepts of chemistry to explain why water

and hydrogen peroxide behave so differently.

The Scientific Method

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“why/how” “why/how”
Observations, laws, hypotheses,
and theories
“what”
This is only an ideal
version of science!
“what”
• Observation – a single act of perception

• Law – a summary of past observations that may also predict future

observations

• Hypothesis – a tentative explanation/interpretation of

observations/laws – explains why or how

• Theory - what one or more hypotheses become once they have been
verified and well-established

Let’s try the scientific

method!
• Need observation,
hypothesis, and experiment
you could use to test it.
Reliability of a Measurement

http://xkcd.com/242/

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Accuracy vs. Precision Accuracy vs. Precision

• Accuracy – how close measured value is to actual value Low Accuracy High Accuracy
 High  Low
• How correct you are systematic systematic
error error
• Precision – how reproducible your measurements are
• How consistent you are Low Precision Low Precision
 High random  High random
error error
• Affected by two types of error:
• Random error – error with equal probability of being
too high or too low Low Accuracy High Accuracy
 High  Low
systematic systematic
• Systematic error – error that tends toward being either error error
too high or too low (skewed in one direction)
High Precision High Precision
 Low random  Low random
error error

Significant Figures
• Scientific measurements are reported so that every
digit is certain except the last, which is estimated .

Significant Figures 4.58 mL

Certain Estimated

“Significant” digits tell you about the

accuracy and precision of your
measurement.

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Using Scientific Notation Rules for Calculations

1. Multiplication/Division: result has same number of sig figs
• To avoid ambiguity and make counting sig figs easier, use as the factor with the fewest
scientific notation
9.12859 x 2.4 = 21.908616 = 22
• Move the decimal point, leaving one digit before 6 s.f. 2 s.f. 2 s.f.
decimal point
2. Addition/Subtraction: result has same number of decimal
• Exponent = number of decimal places you moved
places as the factor with the fewest
• If the original number is larger than 1, the
exponent is positive 5.324 500
• If the original number is smaller than 1, the 0.9 45000
exponent is negative +124.25__ + 751__
130.474
_ = 130.5 46251
_ = 46000 = 4.6 x 104
• 500 → 5 x 102 Make sure you keep all
• 0.05 → 5 x 10-2 significant zeroes when you 3. Don‘t round until the very end of the calculation!!
• 0.0500 → 5.00 x 10-2 change to scientific notation!

Unit Systems
• English/Imperial System – used in the US
• Feet, inches, gallons, pounds, etc.

Units of • Metric System – used pretty much everywhere else

• Grams, meters, liters, etc.
Measurement • International System of Units (SI) – unit system used by
scientists
• Based on metric system

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Prefix Multipliers Prefix Multipliers

Examples:

1 kilometer = 1000 meters

1 milliliter = 0.001 liters

1 nanosecond =
1 = Base units
0.000000001 seconds

1 terawatt =
1,000,000,000,000 watts

Units

Unit Conversions –
Part 1
Don’t need to memorize this, just need to learn how
to use it!

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Unit Conversions Unit Conversions – Example

• Most unit conversion problems look like this: • Convert 15.5 cm to inches. (1 inch = 2.54 cm, exact)
• Write down what you know:
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 × = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 15.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
1 inch = 2.54 cm
• Remember: your units must always cancel!
• If you’re given a number by itself and a fraction/equality,
• Units should always be included in calculations. always start with the number by itself.
• Using units as a guide to solve problems is called
dimensional analysis. 1 𝑖𝑛
15.5 𝑐𝑚 × = 6.10 𝑖𝑛
2.54 𝑐𝑚

Combining Calculations Combined Calculations – Example

Convert 142 in2 into m2. [1 in = 2.54 cm (exact), 1 m = 100 cm]
• What if we have to do multiple conversions?
• Just combine them! Do several in a row
Path:
142 in2 cm2 m2
• Units raised to a power (such as in2 or cm2)
• Raise both the number and the unit to the power 2.542 𝑐𝑚2 12 𝑚 2
142 𝑖𝑛2 × × = 0.09161 𝑚2
1 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛2 1002 𝑐𝑚2
1 inch = 2.54 cm 2.54 𝑐𝑚
= 9.16 × 10−2 𝑚2
(1 𝑖𝑛)2
(1 inch)2 = (2.54 cm)2 (2.54 𝑐𝑚)2
1 𝑖𝑛2
1 in2 = 6.4516 cm2
6.4516 𝑐𝑚2

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Unit Conversions – Practice Spot the Mistake!

2.54 𝑐𝑚
• Convert 1.42 inches into centimeters. • 52.1 𝑐𝑚 × = 132 𝑖𝑛
1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ

Conversion factor needs to be flipped!

• Convert 52.3 km2 to mm2.
0.89 𝑔
• 11.2 𝑚𝐿 × = 9.97 𝑔
• A gas can holds 5.0 gallons of gasoline. What is this 1 𝑚𝐿

quantity in cm3? Sig figs are off – should only be two!

1 𝑘𝑔
• 83.0 𝑙𝑏 × 2.205 𝑙𝑏 = 183 𝑘𝑔

Calculation error – multiplied instead of

divided!

Density Density is your link

between mass and
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 volume!
• Density = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
• Example of a combined unit
• Intensive property (does not depend on amount of
substance)

Unit Conversions – Part 2 • SI derived unit: kg/m3

• Most common units: g/cm3 and g/mL

• We can also think of density as a conversion factor

• Example: What is the volume of 15.0 g of copper,
assuming a density of 8.96 g/cm3?
1 𝑐𝑚3
15.0 𝑔 × = 1.6741 𝑐𝑚3 = 1.67 𝑐𝑚3
8.96 𝑔

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Example – Density Converting Combined Units

A supposedly gold nugget is tested to • Sometimes we need to convert combined units
determine its density. It is found to
displace 22.5 cm3 of water and has a mass • Example: The earth moves around the sun at an average
of 434 grams. Is the nugget gold? speed of 107,300 km/hr. How fast is the earth moving in
units of meters per second?
Calculate density:
• Easiest solution: Break the problem into two parts,
𝑚 434 𝑔 then recombine:
𝑑= = = 19.3 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑉 22.5 𝑐𝑚3 Part 1: 107300 𝑘𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚
= 1.073 × 108 𝑚
1 𝑘𝑚
Compare to chart:
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Part 2: 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 × × = 3600 𝑠
The calculated density is very close to 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
that of gold; the nugget is probably gold 1.073 × 108 𝑚
Recombine: 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 2.981 × 104 𝑚/𝑠
3600 𝑠

Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit (°F)

• Celsius (°C)

℃=
(℉ − 32)
1.8
Solving Chemical Problems
• Kelvin (K) – SI unit
• Sometimes called
the absolute scale

𝐾 = ℃ + 273.15

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Problem Solving Strategies

1. Sort your information (what you are given)

2. Determine what you are trying to find

3. Make a path between them

• Use your units to make each step

Given → ? → Find

• Most of these are still just conversion problems!

Problem Solving – Example Solving Problems using Equations

• A runner wants to run 10.5 km at a pace of 7.2 miles • What is the density of a sphere (in g/cm3) if it has a mass
of 125 g and a radius of 1.12 in? [1 inch = 2.54 cm,
per hour. How many minutes must she run? 4
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3 ]
• [1 km = 0.6214 mile] 3

0.6214 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 • Plan:

10.5 𝑘𝑚 × × × = 1. Find volume of sphere in cm3
1 𝑘𝑚 7.2 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
1.12 in cm V (cm3)
= 54. 3725 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 54 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎 𝟒
𝟏 𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑
𝟑
2. Find density of sphere in g/cm3
𝒎
𝒅=
𝑽

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Solving Problems using Equations

1. Find volume of sphere in cm3
2.54 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 = 1.12 𝑖𝑛 × = 2.8448 𝑐𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛

4 3 4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋 2.8448 𝑐𝑚 = 96. 44 𝑐𝑚3
3 3

2. Find density of sphere in g/cm3 Classifying Matter

𝑚 125 𝑔
𝑑= = = 1.296 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑉 96. 44 𝑐𝑚3

𝑑 = 1.30 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

States of Matter Amorphous and Crystalline

• Assumes shape Solids
Increasing and volume of
Gas container • Solids may be amorphous or crystalline
Temperature
• Compressible

• Fixed volume
but not fixed
Liquid shape – assumes
shape of
container http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapter_03/FG03_05.JPG

• Fixed volume No long range order Long range order

Solid and shape

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Flow chart, page 8.

single type of 2+ types of

atom/ molecule atoms/molecules

2+
elements

Properties of Matter
bonded
one element together

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties Properties of Matter

• Physical property – property a
• Intensive property – property that does not depend substance displays without changing its
on the amount of a substance composition
• Examples: temperature, density, boiling point, etc.
• These properties are useful because they can be used • Physical change – changes that alter
to identify a substance state or appearance of matter

• Chemical property – property a

• Extensive property – property that does depend on substance displays only by changing its
the amount of a substance composition
• Examples: volume, mass, length, height, etc.
• Chemical change – changes that
alter composition of matter

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Energy
• Physical and chemical changes are often accompanied
by changes in energy

What is energy?
Energy • Energy is the capacity to do work.

What is work?
• Work is the action of a force applied across a
distance.

Energy
• The total energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic
energy and its potential energy.
• Kinetic energy – energy associated with motion
• Thermal energy – energy associated with the
temperature of an object
• Potential energy – energy associated with position
or composition

• Law of Conservation of Energy:

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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