IPA19-SE-476

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Forty-Third Annual Convention & Exhibition, September 2019

TRIMMED CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (TCCS) TECHNOLOGY THROUGH

INNOVATION METHOD BASED ON MICROALGA USE IN PHOTOBIOREACTORS AS
PLANNING STRATEGY FOR MITIGATION OF CO2 GAS EMISSIONS IN OIL AND GAS
INDUSTRY

Pandhu Dirga Pratama*

Adjie Bimo Ananto*
Abhista Danis Wara*

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

CO2 is a residual gas molecule form combustion of
hydrocarbon that can lead to hazardous condition and
several environmental damage. According to EPA
data, oil and gas industry is in the 2nd place of total
carbon dioxide emission worldwide which will speed
up global warming and respiratory disorder. Tthe
research aims to obtain a photo-bioreactor operating
system on a laboratory scale, which can later be used
to determine and increase carbon absorption capacity
by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology as
an effort to suppress the CO2 emission. The author
formulates TCCS as a solution technology through
method innovation by utilizing chlorella vulgaris
microalgae in a photo-bioreactor that has the ability
to reduce CO2 gas emissions in just 7 days, and this
is more effective than the type other microalgae
species. The working principle of TCCS technology
innovation will involve a translucent reactor
component equipped with media supply installations
to culture microalgae and gas emission installations
that act as CO2 gas absorbent from the environment.
By utilizing the photosynthesis process, the gas
emissions of CO2 injected through the base of the
reactor will be absorbed by microalgae in a photo-
bioreactor. The location of TCCS advantage is the
existence of a CCS technology system for capturing
CO2 gas emissions that are directly connected with
photo-bioreactor. The difference with the previous
technology is that where the CO2 gas injection
process in a photo-bioreactor is obtained directly
through CO2 gas cylinders, not through CCS
technology. Furthermore, the TCSS technology
design process is carried out by studying the
literature, the design process and making prototypes,
. in the hope that TCSS technology will reduce CO2
emission in onshore and offshore of the oil and gas
industry.
Keywords: CCS, photo-bioreactor, global warming,
carbon dioxide
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology
that plays a role in capturing CO2 gas emissions to
prevent the release of CO2 gas into the atmosphere
again (Franca and Adisa, 2015) and is one method to
reduce CO2 gas emissions in large quantities (ADB
- LEMIGAS, 2012) . To reduce CO2 emissions in
large quantities, the CCS program must receive a
special attention, because it will use geological
formations as a place to store CO2 (DOE, 2018). In
order to help government programs in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, we are making a
technological innovation to reducelessen and
mitigate CO2 gas emissions using microalgae-based
methods in photobioreactors as a plan for mitigating
CO2 gas emissions and for creating a beautiful and
sustainable Indonesia like the one stated in the vision
of RAN-GRK (National Action Plan for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions) in the National Long
Term Development Plan (RPJN) for the period 2005-
2025. .
Formatted: Indonesian
METHODS
The method used to collect data in the preparation of
scientific papers is the study of literature. The source
of writing this paper comes from various literatures
related to the problems discussed. Information that
has been obtained from various literatures isare
selected and sorted according to the topics discussed.
Then the data obtained is arranged logically and
systematically.
DISCUSSION
The discussion of feasibility of Trimmed Carbon
Capture Storage (TCCS) to reduce CO2 as a result of
a petroleum waste and convert to dedicated O2 using

* Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

photosynthesis reaction based on microalgae
(Chlorella vulgaris) as a substance perpetrator.
RESULT
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is one of the most
dominating greenhouse gases as a cause in the
problem of global climate warming (Ancien, 2000).
From figure 1 we can see CO2 emissions per capita
from energy use in Indonesia is increase by year until
four tons per person in 2030 , this problem can affect
our enviroment in Indonesia. Approximately 10-12%
of the concentration produced by burning fossil fuels,
especially in the industrial sector is in the form of
CO2 gas emissions which are in dire need of
intensive handling. Masnellyarti (2009), explained
that the total sources of Indonesia's emissions
consisted of forest and land conversion of 36%, 16%
waste emissions, 8% agricultural emissions, and 4%
industrial process emissions.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an engineering
approach to capture carbon and store it in a safer
form. According to the Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources (2011), CCS technology is a
series of activities starting from capturing CO2
(CO2) from CO2 sources such as natural gas
processing facilities and power plants, then
transporting it to CO2 storage locations in
appropriate geological formations (storage).
From figure 2 , tThere are three types of work from
this technology, including post combustion, pre-
combustion, and oxyfuel. Based on Hardayanto
(2011), post-combustion technique is a technique to
capture CO2 from the air. The air will pass through
an absorber that has special chemicals (usually
amines). Amine functions to absorb CO2 from the
air. Amine rich in CO2 is heated to release pure CO2,
then compressed into liquid and cold. After being
cold, the amine is recirculated to the capture system
for reuse.
Amina Absorber
There are several CO2 gas separation technologies
such as physical absorption, chemical absorption,
and membranes. Of the various technologies,
absorption with chemical solvents has been studied
further and proved to be the most effective and
suitable technology for CO2 gas separation
(Astaritadkk, 1983, Yudkk., 2012). The workings of
the amine absorber itself, which is started by
inserting a mixture of CO2 and inert gas (N2) into
the saturator to saturate the gas with water. Where
the saturator is filled with water and amine solvent. Commented [IHBK1]: The paper has not referenced the
After that, the mixture of gas, water and amine figures 1-5. Please insert them.
solvent is heated so that it leaves gas that is saturated
with water. This gas which has been saturated with
water then enters an absorber that contains DEA
(lean amine) solution in water (49% DEA weight)
(Yansen et al., 2017).
Microalgae
Microalgae are microscopic water plants that have
considerable potential that can be developed as food,
clothing and other chemicals. In an effort to reduce
levels of CO2 in the air, microalgae have a role in
absorbing CO2. CO2 fixation carried out by
microalgae optimal reactor design and process can be
used to breed microalgae to obtain high cell
densities. Able to be 10-50 times more efficient than
land plants. Microalgae can be used optimally to
reduce CO2 emissions because even though the
amount is only 0.05% of land plant biomass, the
amount of C that can be used in photosynthesis is
equal to the amount of C fixed by land plants (Sopiah
et al., 2013). Microalagae are proven absorb carbon
dioxide around 60.000 ppm per day (BPPT). The
advantage of using microalgae in the process of
mitigating CO2 gas emissions is that the process runs
naturally like the principle of a natural ecosystem so
that it is environmentally friendly and does not
produce secondary waste. Another advantage is that
in this process the recycling of nutrients runs very
efficiently and produces biomass which can be
utilized for various purposes (Santoso et al., 2012).
Photobioreactor
Photobioreactors are closed systems that are easier to
control and adapt their designs to the installation
location, and are more able to prevent contamination,
prevent evaporation of water and CO2, and do not
require large areas. With photobioreactors, high
biomass productivity can be achieved and
contamination is easier to avoid. To make a
photobioreactor, materials that can be used in the
form of translucent materials such as plastic, acrylic
and glass are equipped with media supply
installations used as a place to culture microalgae.
Photobioreactor technology is known to increase the
productivity of microalgae by two to five times
higher than normal conditions (Setiawan et al.,
2009). Based on Hadiyanto et al (2012), several
factors that influence the productivity of microalgae
in the photobiorealtor include the speed of fluid flow,
light intensity and photobioreactor irradiation. The
growth speed of microalgae is influenced by the
velocity of the fluid flow. The flow rate of CO2 gas
injection aims to see the absorption capacity of CO2
by microalgae (Santoso et al., 2012).
The working principle of a microalgae
photobioreactor is CO2 gas emissions or other gases
sucked by a compressor, but previously the air
passed through a heat exchanger (cooler) which
served to cool the hot air. After entering the
compressor, the air is directly channeled to the
photobioreactor and there is a process of
photosynthesis of microalgae in the photobioreactor.
The measurement of CO2 gas concentration in the
FBR circuit was carried out with a portable
combination gas detector. Measurements are made to
determine changes in the concentration of CO2 gas
in the gas holder with respect to time.
TRIMMED (Carbon dioxide Emission Reduction
and Mitigation Technology) as a Solution for
Reducing and Mitigating CO2 Gas Emissions
Technology
By looking at the potential for increasing levels of
CO2 gas emissions in Indonesia, of course further
action is needed as a strategy step in mitigation and
reduction efforts by using technology that is right on
target and efficient. The application of TRIMMED
Technology as one of the CO2 gas emission
mitigation strategies is the solution offered by our
ideathe author. TRIMMED is equipped with CCS
(Carbon Capture Storage) technology with the aim of
capturing CO2 gas and storing it in the form of a
reservoir. The selection of CCS technology has
actually been recommended by the United Nation
Framework Convention on Climate Change (2008)
since 2006, arguing that this technology has been
able to capture up to 90% of CO2 emissions (Center
of Climate and Energy Solution, 2012). One method
of CO2 gas separation applied in TRIMMED
technology is the amine absorber technology ,with
microalgae, who proven to absorb carbon dioxide
around 60.000 ppm per day (BPPT). Microalgae
capture the carbondioxide for photosyhntesis
process. which has been carried out further studies
and has proven to be the most effective for CO2 gas
separation. The solvents used in the amine absorber
to support TRIMMED technology are
diethanolamine (DEA) solvents which have a faster
and more effective absorption rate than other
solvents, and are not corrosive (Astarita et al.,
1983).From figure 3 , there is amine absorber scheme
, acid gas and rich amine enter the absorber , after the
process leand amine and sweet gas leave the
absorber.
As a final step in the process of treating CO2
emissions, TRIMMED technology is re-integrated
with photobioreactor technology (FBR). From figure
5 , tThe photobioreactor model uses a flat plate
closed photobioreactor type with dimensions ranging
from 14 cm x 15 cm x 20 cm with an active volume
in 2500 mL media, using a batch airlift system. The
reason for choosing this model is that it is relatively
cheaper and easier to clean, besides the distribution
of light as an energy source can be more evenly
distributed. This reactor is placed in a light chamber
measuring 40 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm with a light source
of halogen tungsten lamps of 20 220 volts on the
right and left side which are connected to the dimmer
lamp as a regulator of light intensity to the system.
The inside of the light chamber is coated with
aluminum foil so that the light intensity can be
quantized maximally on the photobioreactor.
CONCLUSION
Planning a CO2 gas emission mitigation strategy
through appropriate technology in reducing CO2
exhaust emissions can be done by applying
TRIMMED technology to areas prone to CO2 gas
emission pollutants, where TRIMMED technology is
supported by Carbon Capture and Storage
technology with innovation in the use of microalgae
agents the type of chlorella vulgaris in the
photobioreactor with the airlift batch system using
the flat plate closed photobioreactor type model as an
effective step in microalgae absorbing CO2 gas
emissions. This TRIMMED technology is able to be
a solution to the sustainability of mitigation
strategies in dealing with CO2 gas emissions which
are increasingly worrisome.
Predictions that will be obtained from the existence
of this program, namely through the implementation
of the TRIMMED program, will increase public
awareness of the environment. Any a successful
implementation about this technology , in 2010
BPPT (Agency Of Assessment And Aplication Of
Technology) had been finished the tecnology with
the result the microalgae can capture 60.000 ppm of
carbondioxide per day. It is hoped that this program
will be able to plan CO2 gas emission mitigation
strategies in areas prone to exhaust emissions
pollutants.
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The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources 2011,

'CCS Regulation Starts to Be Discussed', Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources, Directorate General
of Oil and Gas, viewed September 1, 2018,
<https://migas.esdm.go.id/post/read / Start-
Discussed CCS-Regulations.
Figure 1 – CO2 emissions per capita from energy use in Indonesia using the IPCC method.

(source: PEUI, 2006).

Figure 2 – The Working Principle Of CCS Technology (Source: EEA, 2011).

 Figure 3 – CO2 gas screening scheme (source: Yansen et al., 2016).

(a) (b)
Figure 4 – The relationship between temperature and composition of CO2 (ppm) and CO2 loading (% mass)
(source: Yansen et al., 2016).
Figure 5 – Trimmed CCS Design.