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5 1
2. We use the standard basis e1 , e2 , e3 , , en in each case because we need to find the
standard matrix.
x x y 1
(a) We are given T . Applying this linear transformation to e1 and
y x 2y 0
0
e 2 gives
1
1 1 0 1
T e1 T
0 1 2 0 1
0 0 1 1
T e2 T
1 0 2 1 2
What is the standard matrix A equal to in this case?
1 1
By Proposition (5.29) we have A T e1
T e2 which is A .
1 2
x 3x 2 y
(b) The given transformation is T . Applying this linear transformation to
y 5y x
1 0
e1 and e 2 gives
0 1
1 3 1 2 0 3
T e1 T
0 5 0 1 1
0 3 0 2 1 2
T e2 T
1 5 1 0 5
3 2
By Proposition (5.29) we have A T e1
T e2 which is A .
1 5
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 2
x
x yz
(c) We are given the transformation T y . The standard basis in
3
is
z x y z
1 0 0
e1 0 , e2 1 and e3 0 . Applying the given linear transformation to these vectors
0 0 1
gives
1
1
T e1 T 0
0 1
0
1
T e2 T 1
0 1
0
1
T e3 T 0
1 1
What is the standard matrix A equal to?
By Proposition (5.29) we write these as the first, second and last columns of matrix A:
1 1 1
A T e1 T e2 T e3 gives A
1 1 1
x 0
(d) We are given T y 0 . The standard basis in 3 is
z 0
1 0 0
e1 0 , e2 1 and e3 0
0 0 1
Applying the given linear transformation to these vectors gives
1 0
T e1 T 0 0
0 0
0 0
T e2 T 1 0
0 0
0 0
T e3 T 0 0
1 0
What is the standard matrix A equal to?
By Proposition (5.29) we write these as the first, second and last columns of matrix A:
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 3
0 0 0
A T e1 T e2 T e3 gives A 0 0 0 O
0 0 0
x 3x 5 y 6 z
(e) We are given the linear transformation T y 2 x 7 y 5 z . Applying the given
z
0
linear transformation to the standard basis for 3
which are e1 , e2 , e3 :
1 3 1 5 0 6 0 3
T e1 T 0 2 1 7 0 5 0 2
0 0
0
0 3 0 5 1 6 0 5
T e 2 T 1 2 0 7 1 5 0 7
0 0
0
0 3 0 5 0 6 1 6
T e3 T 0 2 0 7 0 5 1 5
1 0
0
What is the standard matrix A equal to?
By Proposition (5.29) we write these as the first, second and last columns of matrix A:
3 5 6
A T e1 T e2 T e3 gives A 2 7 5
0 0 0
a b
3. Since T : 2
3
so matrix A must be of size 3 by 2. Let A c d . We have
f g
a b a 1
1 1
T c d c 2 a 1, c 2, f 3
0 f g 0 f 3
a b b 4
0 0
T c d d 5 b 4, d 5, g 6
1 f g 1 g 6
1 4
Hence A 2 5 .
3 6
4. We have the basis B 1, 1 x, 1 x . Applying the linear transformation to these
2
basis vectors and expressing the answers in terms of the C 1, x axes:
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 4
T 1 x 1 x 1 11 0 x
T 1 x 1 x
2 2
2 1 x 2 2x 2 1 2 x
0 1 2
The matrix A is given by A . Next we write 2 x 3x 1 in terms of
2
0 0 2
B 1, 1 x, 1 x :
2
2 x 2 3x 1 2 1 x 7 1 x 6 1
2
Hence we have
6
0 1 2 3
7
0 0 2 2 4
Using these results we have
T 2 x 2 3x 1 3 4 x
5. (i) We are given the bases B 1, x, x 2 , x3 and C 1, x, x 2 for the transformation
T p p . Applying the given linear transformation to the vectors in basis
B 1, x, x 2 , x3 we have
T 1 1 0
T x x 1
T x 2 x 2 2 x
T x3 x3 3x 2
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis C 1, x, x 2 :
T 1 0 a 1 b x c x 2 gives a 0 b 0 and c 0
T x 1 d 1 e x f x 2 gives d 1, e 0 and f 0
T x 2 2 x g 1 h x i x 2 gives g 0, h 2 and i 0
T x3 3x 2 j 1 k x l x 2 gives j 0, k 0 and l 3
What is our matrix A equal to?
A T 1 C T x
C
T x 2
C
T x 3
C
a d g j 0 1 0 0
b e h k 0 0 2 0
c l 0 0 0 3
f i
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 5
function, that is 1 3x 7 x 2 2 x3 3 14 x 6 x 2 .
(ii) We are given the bases B 1, x, x 2 , x3 and C x 2 , x, 1 for the transformation
T p p . Applying the given linear transformation to the vectors in basis
B 1, x, x 2 , x3 which is identical to part (i) so we have the same answers:
T 1 1 0 , T x x 1 , T x 2 x 2 2 x and T x3 x3 3x 2
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis C x 2 , x, 1 :
T 1 0 a x 2 b x c 1 gives a 0 b 0 and c 0
T x 1 d x 2 e x f 1 gives d 0, e 0 and f 1
T x 2 2 x g x 2 h x i 1 gives g 0, h 2 and i 0
T x3 3x 2 j x 2 k x l 1 gives j 3, k 0 and l 0
What is our matrix A equal to?
A T 1 C T x
C
T x 2
C
T x 3
C
a d g j 0 0 0 3
b e h k 0 0 2 0
c f i l 0 1 0 0
1
3
As part (i) we have p B .
7
2
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 6
1
0 0 0 3 6
3
T p C A p B 0 0 2 0 14
0 1 0 0 7 3
2
The entries 6 , 14 and 3 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
C x 2 , x, 1 which means that we have
T 1 3x 7 x 2 2 x3 6 x 2 14 x 3 1 6 x 2 14 x 3
Thus T 1 3x 7 x 2 2 x3 6 x 2 14 x 3 .
(iii) We are given the bases B x3 , x 2 , x, 1 and C 1, x, x 2 for the transformation
T p p . Applying the given linear transformation to the vectors in basis
B x3 , x 2 , x, 1 we have
T x3 x3 3x 2 , T x 2 x 2 2 x , T x x 1 and T 1 1 0
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis C 1, x, x 2 :
T x3 3x 2 a 1 b x c x 2 gives a 0 b 0 and c 3
T x 2 2 x d 1 e x f x 2 gives d 0, e 2 and f 0
T x 1 g 1 h x i x 2 gives g 1, h 0 and i 0
T 1 0 j 1 k x l x 2 gives j 0, k 0 and l 0
What is our matrix A equal to?
A T x3
C
T x 2
C T x C T 1
C
a d g j 0 0 1 0
b e h k 0 2 0 0
c f i l 3 0 0 0
Using this matrix A to find T 1 3x 7 x 2 2 x3 we have coefficients of the basis
2
7
B x3 , x 2 , x, 1 are 2, 7, 3 and 1 respectively therefore p B .
3
1
2
0 0 1 0 3
7
T p C A p B 0 2 0 0 14
3 0 0 0 3 6
1
The entries 3, 14 and 6 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
C 1, x, x 2 which means that we have
T 1 3x 7 x 2 2 x3 3 1 14 x 6 x 2 3 14 x 6 x 2
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 7
Thus T 1 3x 7 x 2 2 x3 3 14 x 6 x 2 .
Note that in each case we have a different matrix. This means that even changing the order of
the basis vectors gives a different matrix.
x x y
6. We are given T and we need to find the transformation matrix A with
y x y
1 0
respect to the basis B v1 , v 2 :
2 1
1 1 2 3
T v1 T
2 1 2 1
0 0 1 1
T v2 T
1 0 1 1
1 0
We need to write these in terms of the basis vectors B v1 , v 2 :
2 1
3 1 0
T v1 a v1 b v 2 a b (*)
1 2 1
1 1 0
T v 2 c v1 d v 2 c d (**)
1 2 1
Solving (*) yields
a 3
gives a 3 and b 7
2a b 1
Solving (**) yields
c 1
gives c 1 and d 3
2c d 1
The transformation matrix A is given by A T v1 B
T v 2 B therefore
a c 3 1
A
b d 7 3
3
By using this matrix we need to find T . How?
1
3 1 0
We need to write the vector with respect to the basis B v1 , v 2 :
1 2 1
3 1 0
k1 k2
1 2 1
This gives k1 3 and k2 7 . Thus
3 3 1 3 2
T
1 B 7 3 7 0
We have
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 8
3 1 0 2
T 2 v1 0 v 2 2 0
1 2 1 4
3 3 1 2
Working out this directly we have T .
1 3 1 4
1 0
7. First we apply the matrix A to the standard basis vectors e1 and e 2 :
0 1
cos 45 sin 45 1 cos 45 1 1
v1 Ae1
sin 45 cos 45 0 sin 45 2 1
cos 45 sin 45 0 sin 45 1 1
v 2 Ae2
sin 45 cos 45 1 cos 45 2 1
1 1 1 1 2
Our new basis is B v1 , v2 . We need to write in terms of this
2 1 2 1 1
B new basis. How?
a b a b
2
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
a b
1 2 1 2 1 a b ab
1
2 2 2
Transposing these equations gives
2 2 a b 1
2 ab (2)
3 2
3 2 2a a
2
3 2 3 3 2 1
Substituting a into (1) gives b 2 2 .
2 2 2 2
2 1 3
Hence the coordinates of under the new basis B is . This is illustrated below:
1 2 1
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 9
v2 v1
e1
x
x
8. We are given the linear transformation T y . What do we need to find first?
y x 3y
1 1
The transformation of the basis vectors T v1 and T v 2 where v1 , v 2 :
2 1
1 1
1
T v1 T 2 2
2 1 3 2 7
1 1
1
T v 2 T 1 1
1 1 3 1 4
What else do we need to find?
We need to write each of these above vectors T v1 and T v 2 as the coordinates of the
1 1 0
basis C w1 0 , w 2 2 , w 3 1 :
1 0 1
1 1 1 0
T v1 2 a w1 b w 2 c w 3 a 0 b 2 c 1 †
7 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
T v 2 1 d w1 e w 2 f w 3 d 0 e 2 f 1 ††
4 1 0 1
How can we find the matrix A?
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 10
By Proposition (5.31) we have A T v1 C
T v 2 C which in this case is
a d a d
A b e because T v1 C b and T v 2 C e
c f c f
How can we determine a, b, c, , f ?
We need to solve the 2 pairs of simultaneous equations (†) and (††) in the above. Consider
the first pair (†):
1 1 1 0 a b 0 a b
2 a 0 b 2 c 1 0 2b c 2b c
7 1 0 1 a 0 c a c
We have
a b 1
7 10 14
2b c 2 gives a , b and c
3 3 3
a c 7
Similarly we can find the solution of the other simultaneous equation (††):
1 1 1 0 d e 0 d e
1 d 0 e 2 f 1 0 2e f 2e f
4 1 0 1 d 0 f d f
d e 1
2e f 1 gives d 1, e 2 and f 3
d f 4
What is the matrix A equal to?
a d 7/3 1
A T v1 C T v 2 C b
c
e 10 / 3 2
f 14 / 3 3
Remember T u C A uB so we have
7/3 1
T u C 10 / 3 2 u B (*)
14 / 3
3
2
We need to find T u where u . We first determine u B which means we have to
1
1 1
write the vector u in terms of the basis vectors v1 and v 2 :
2 1
2 1 1 k k
u k1v1 k2 v 2 k1 k2 1 2
1 2 1 2k1 k2
Thus we need to solve the simultaneous equations:
k1 k2 2
gives k1 1 and k2 3
2k1 k2 1
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 11
1
Thus u B . Substituting this into (*) gives
3
7/3 1 2/3 2
1 1
T u C 10 / 3 2 8 / 3 8
3 13 / 3
14 / 3 3 3
13
We have
2 1
T 2w1 8w 2 13w 3
1 3
1 1 0 6 2
1 1
2 0 8 2 13 1 3 1
3 1 3 15 5
1 0
x
x
As a check we can evaluate the transformation directly by using T y :
y x 3y
2 2
2
T 1 1
1 2 3 1 5
Note that both our answers are identical.
T m1 T
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
T
T m2 T
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
T
T m3 T
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
T
T m4 T
0 1 0 1 0 1
What else do we need to find?
We need to write each of these above matrices T m1 , T m2 , T m3 and T m4 as the
coordinates of the basis:
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
C m1 , m2 , m3 , m4
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
We have
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
T m1 a b c d
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
This gives a 1, b 0, c 0 and d 0 . Similarly we have
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 12
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
T m2 e f g h
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
This gives e 0, f 0, g 1 and h 0 . In the same manner we have
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
T m3 i j k l
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
This yields i 0, j 1, k 0 and l 0 . Evaluating
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
T m4 m n p q
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Thus m 0, n 0, p 0 and q 1.
How can we find the transformation matrix A?
By Proposition (5.31) we have
A T m1 C T m2 C T m3 C T m4 C
a e i m
b f j n
which in this case is A . Why?
c g k p
d h l q
a e i m
b f j n
Because T m1 C , T m 2 C , T m3 C , T m 4 C .
c g k p
d h l q
We can substitute the above values of a, b, c, d,
What is the matrix A equal to?
a e i m 1 0 0 0
b f j n 0 0 1 0
A
c g k p 0 1 0 0
d h l q 0 0 0 1
This means that T X C A XB we have
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
T X C X B
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 2 1 2
We need to evaluate T by using the matrix A above. Let X
3 4 3 4
1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
a b c d (*)
3 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
These are not the same a, b, c and d values found above. From this (*) we have
a 1, b 2, c 3 and d 4
What is XB equal to?
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 13
a 1
b 2
X B
c 3
d 4
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
From the above we have T X C XB and evaluating this Right Hand
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
Side gives:
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 2 3
T X C
0 1 0 0 3 2
0 0 0 1 4 4
We have
1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
T 1 3 2 4
3 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 3
2 4
We can check this by evaluating the transformation directly:
1 2 1 2 1 3
t
T
3 4 3 4 2 4
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
The matrix A represents the transformation defined by T X XT with
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
respect to the given basis.
a c 0 1
A
b d 1 0
5
(i) Using this matrix A to find T g where g 5sin x 2cos x we have g B
2
because these are the coefficients of sin x and cos x respectively:
0 1 5 2
T g B A g B
1 0 2 5
The entries 2 and 5 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
B sin x , cos x which means that we have
T 5sin x 2cos x 2sin x 5cos x
(ii) In this case we have g m sin x n cos x so we can write the coefficients of sin x
m
and cos x as g B . We have
n
0 1 m n
T g B A g B
1 0 n m
The entries n and m in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
B sin x , cos x which means that we have
T m sin x n cos x n sin x m cos x
11. We are given that T p p x 3 and we need to find the transformation matrix A with
respect to the basis B 1, x, x 2 . The transformation of these basis vectors is given by
T 1 1
T x x 3
T x 2 x 3 x 2 6 x 9
2
[Expanding]
We need to write each of these as the coordinates of the basis B 1, x, x 2 :
T 1 1 a 1 b x c x 2 gives a 1, b c 0
T x x 3 e 1 f x g x 2 gives e 3, f 1 and g 0
T x 2 x 2 6 x 9 h 1 i x j x 2 gives h 9, i 6 and j 1
a 1 e 3 h 9
We have T 1 B b 0 , T x B f 1 and T x 2 i 6 .
c 0 g 0 j 1
B
Our transformation matrix A is given by
1 3 9
A T 1 B T x B T x 2 0 1
B
0 0
6
1
Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 15
The coordinates of the given vector p q nx mx 2 with respect to the basis B 1, x, x 2
is
q
p B n
m
Thus we have
1 3 9 q q 3n 9m
T p B 0 1 6 n n 6m
0 0 1 m
m
The entries in the Right Hand Column vector q 3n 9m, n 6m and m are the
coefficients of 1, x and x 2 because B 1, x, x 2 .
T p T q nx mx 2
q 3n 9m n 6m x mx 2
Evaluating this transformation directly gives
T q nx mx 2 q n x 3 m x 3
2
q nx 3n m x 2 6 x 9
q nx 3n mx 2 6mx 9m
q 9m 3n n 6m x mx 2
This is identical to the above therefore matrix A is the transformation matrix of the given
transformation.
a m p 0 1 0
A b n q 1 0 0
c l r 0 0 1
(i) Using this matrix A to find T g where g sin x 4cos x 2e x we have
1
g B 4 because these are the coefficients of sin x , cos x and e x :
2
0 1 0 1 4
T g B A g B 1 0 0 4 1
0 0 1 2 2
The entries 4, 1 and 2 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of
sin x , cos x and e x respectively because the basis B sin x , cos x , e x which
means that we have
T sin x 4cos x 2e x 4sin x cos x 2e x
(ii) In this case we have g m sin x n cos x pe x so we can write the coefficients of
m
sin x , cos x and e as g B n . We have
x
p
0 1 0 m n
T g B A g B 1 0 0 n m
0 0 1 p p
The entries n , m and p in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
B sin x , cos x , e x which means that we have
T m sin x n cos x pe x n sin x m cos x pe x
In general if we apply the transformation directly we have
T g m sin x n cos x pe x
m cos x n sin x pe x
This is identical to the above result achieved by using the transformation matrix A. Thus the
matrix A represents the differential transformation.
What is our matrix A equal to?
2 1 0
A 0 2 2
0 0 2
Next by using this matrix we need to find T ae2 x bxe2 x cx 2e2 x . First we write
ae2 x bxe2 x cx2e2 x in terms of the basis vectors B e2 x , xe2 x , x 2e2 x . Clearly we have
a
ae2 x bxe2 x cx 2e2 x b
B
c
Thus
2 1 0 a 2a b
T ae bxe cx e 0 2 2 b 2b 2c
2x 2x 2 2x
B
0 0 2 c 2c
The entries in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of e , xe2 x and x 2e2 x :
2x
T bn b2 0b1 0b2 1 bn
1 0
Writing the transformation matrix A I
0 1