IBP1043_19

Ethanol SCC: Risk factors and Mitigation.

Pedro Altoe Ferreira1, Ilson Palmieri Baptista 2

Copyright 2019, Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute - IBP

This Technical Paper was prepared for presentation at the Rio Pipeline Conference and Exhibition 2019, held
between 03 and 05 of September, in Rio de Janeiro. This Technical Paper was selected for presentation by the
Technical Committee of the event according to the information contained in the final paper submitted by the
author(s). The organizers are not supposed to translate or correct the submitted papers. The material as it is
presented, does not necessarily represent Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute’ opinion, or that of its
Members or Representatives. Authors consent to the publication of this Technical Paper in the Rio Pipeline
Conference and Exhibition 2019.

Abstract
API-939D technical report has indicated 21 field stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failures events
covering the period 1990-2005 related to ethanol storage and piping facilities in US. On the
other hand, none occurrences were found out in others places where fuel grade ethanol (FGE)
is handled at similar facilities, like in Brazil that includes pipeline transportation for more than
40 years. One explanation is ethanol feedstock and processing methods together with some
other parameter. Until 2014, in Brazil FGE was most produced from the sucrose from
fermentation & distillation process while US produces corn based FGE using a dry or wet
milling process.

The initial effort confirmed that SCC of carbon steel can occur in fuel grade ethanol per ASTM
D 4806. The test method was the slow strain rate (SSR) technique that uses a smooth tension
specimen but the data contained a high degree of scatter. To reduce test scatter, a notched test
specimen was used and the extension rate was reduced. Besides that, there is no standardized
notched test to facilitate consistency and repeatability of test results across the many
laboratories involved in these investigations. In addition to, the experience in SSR testing per
the existing NACE TM0198 was for SCC of corrosion resistance alloys.

In October 2008, the Notched Slow Strain Rate (N-SSR) test procedure was submitted to the
NACE biofuels task group (TG 387) for review and standardization. A proposed standard test
method for Ethanol SCC was published in NACE Corrosion 2009, paper 9534 (P.Altoe,
I.Palmieri, R.Kane and Trillo). Finally, in 2011 a test method was standardized as NACE TM
0111, which use either smooth or notched specimens in a standardized environment.

The goal of this paper is to present some results about the importance of the chloride content
and ethanol source on ethanol SCC mechanism for API 5L X70 using absolute ethanol, corn-
based ethanol, and sugar-based anhydrous ethanol. The results reinforced the importance and
risk of chloride level on the ethanol SCC mechanism as well as the quality of the ethanol source.
The paper also presents a successful test where ethanol SCC was mitigated with the addition of
a pH control inhibitor in laboratory conditions.
Keywords: SCC, Ethanol, Transportation.

_____________________________________________
1
MSc, Petroleum Engineer, Chemical Engineer - PETROBRAS
2
MSc, Metallurgical Engineer – PETROBRAS
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1. INTRODUCTION

In 2001 API Refining Committee and Renewable Fuels Association start a survey regarding
stress corrosion cracking in ethanol environment. Based on this survey, API-939D technical
report has indicated 21 field stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failures events covering the period
1990-2005 related to ethanol storage and piping facilities in US.

On the other hand, none occurrences were found out in others places where fuel grade ethanol
(FGE) is handled at similar facilities, like in Brazil that includes pipeline transportation for
more than 40 years. One explanation is ethanol feedstock and processing methods. In Brazil
FGE is made from the sucrose from fermentation & distillation process while US produces corn
based FGE using a dry or wet milling process.

Petrobras started many internal studies about ethanol SCC and became engaged in PRCI
projects about ethanol SCC in 2007. That time, many players like Association of Oil Pipe Lines
– AOPL, PRCI members, CCT Technologies, National Science Foundation-NSF, DOE, DOT-
Department of Transportation and even U.S. delegation when visited Brazil in March 2007,
tried to collect information about the logistics and transportation of ethanol in Brazil. The
primary aim was to understand why no SCC with sugar cane-based ethanol happened in our
pipelines and tanks compared to US experience with corn-based ethanol. That time ethanol was
transported via truck, rail, barge and ship in U.S.. Blending took place at terminals.

For U.S. market, the introduction of ethanol into the pipeline system could bring challenges and
opportunities, particularly for replacement of MBTE (methyl-tert-buthyl-ether). The
commercial opportunities include the potential shipment of 10 or 15% ethanol blends as well
as fuel grade ethanol. On the other hand, the challenge was related to the potential
incompatibility of fuel grade ethanol with the existing pipeline infrastructure because the
unknown short and long term risks to the operation and system integrity of the pipeline.

This scenario created an urgent need to study the viability of transporting low level ethanol
blends via U.S. existing pipeline system. Multiple research projects were created to resolve the
technical issues associated with pipeline ethanol. The initial effort confirmed that SCC of
carbon steel can occur in fuel grade ethanol per ASTM D 4806. Many laboratories start to study
the problem. The test method utilized for laboratory evaluation was the slow strain rate (SSR)
technique that uses a smooth tension specimen but the data contained a high degree of scatter.
To reduce test scatter, a notched test specimen was used and the extension rate was reduced.
However, to facilitate laboratory investigation, an accelerated yet realistic test method for SCC
was needed. Besides that, there was no standardized notched test specimen to facilitate
consistency and repeatability of test results across the many laboratories involved in these
investigations. In addition to, the experience in SSR testing per the existing NACE TM0198
was for SCC of corrosion resistance alloys.

After intensive studies and analysis, in October 2008, a notched slow strain rate (N-SSR) test
procedure was submitted to the NACE Biofuels Task Group (TG 387) for review and
standardization. The proposed standard test method for Ethanol SCC was published in NACE
Corrosion 2009, Paper 9534 (P.Altoe, I.Palmieri, R.Kane and Trillo). In parallel, from 2007
to 2012, Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL), the API working with the Pipeline Research
Council International (PRCI) and other PRCI’s pipeline operator members, including Petrobras,
funded specific R&D projects in order to identify possible mitigation actions as well as the
potential SCC threat using blends.
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In 2011, the N-SSR test was standardized as NACE TM 0111, which use either smooth or
notched specimens in a standardized environment. The test method TM 0111 is very important
as it can help to:

Understanding how chemistry limits may define safe guidelines for operating limits to
prevent cracking;
Understanding differences between application lab results versus real world operations;
Understanding differences between corn-based and sugar-based ethanol;
Understanding what needs to be monitored and where, why, and when;

Some of the results from Petrobras studies were published in RPC 2011, paper 2011 and 2012,
for API 5L X70, which supported the methodology and show the influence of some
contaminants based on absolute ethanol or synthetic ethanol. In 2013, additional results based
on Petrobras projects sponsored with LAMEF were presented on RioPipeline Conference 2013
(paper IBP1436_13 and IBP1435_13) and according to standard NACE TM 0111 using
simulated fuel grade ethanol, corn and sugar cane with API 5L X70. The results have shown
the API 5l X70 steel is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking when exposed to fuel grade corn-
based ethanol without additives. Also presented K-R curves with evidence of toughness loss in
corn-based ethanol. No SCC was found with fuel grade sugar cane-based ethanol.

API also updated the report about ethanol and thus API-939E was released in October 2013.
Later, in 2015, was published (NACE paper 05945) the results of NACE Round Robin test
program using TM 0111 where a series of tests were performed by a group of laboratories but
all of them using standard synthetic fuel grade ethanol (SFGE).

Petrobras’s research project carried out more than 400 N-SSR tests using different ethanol
sources. The objective of the project was to create a methodology specific for ethanol SCC
evaluation and then using such methodology (test NACE TM 0111) to study the parameters
that have influence on the corrosion mechanism. Many tests were carried out using corn-based
ethanol and sugar-based anhydrous ethanol. The ethanol results show how ethanol source and
its quality is important for SCC susceptibility, particularly on the risk associated with some
impurities like the chloride content when dissolved oxygen is present. A very interesting
achievement for the energy industry was a successful test where ethanol SCC was mitigated in
the presence of a pH control inhibitor. However, further investigation must be done by the
industry to assess if this solution is viable for field application.

2. EXPERIMENTAL

The tested steel was API 5L X70, it is a steel grade used in onshore pipelines and the chemical
composition of the material is reported in Table 1. Absolute ethanol and sugar cane-based
ethanol samples were produced in Brazil. Corn-based ethanol samples were imported from US.

Table 1: Chemical composition of tested steel.

Material Elements wt%
API 5L C S Mn Cr Ni Mo
X70 0,096 0,002 1,42 <0,01 0,053 0,053

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All tests used the N-SSR (Notch Slow Strain Rate) test procedure to evaluate real and synthetic
FGE based on NACE TM-0111. The standard test provides specific methods for specimen
preparation, environmental exposure, specimen examination and analyses of data.

The test involve:

A notched SSR (N-SSR) specimen

Exposed to a continuously increasing uniaxial tensile stress imposed by a slow
and constant extension rate
Guidelines for performing the SSR tests under controlled levels of moisture
The presence of an ethanolic environment containing selected chemical
constituents or obtained from field sampling (FGE and blends).

One of the most important aspects of SSR testing is an evaluation method for screening or
ranking susceptibility of carbon steels to ethanol SCC or for determination of the propensity of
ethanolic environments to produce ethanol SCC in carbon steels. Besides that, the test provides:

Actual values of notched tensile strength and plastic elongation for tests performed in
air and in the test solution.
Ratios of notched tensile strength and plastic elongation derived from environment N-
SSR tests versus the same parameter derived from baseline N-SSR tests in air.
Other two important variables that need to be controlled in testing for ethanol SCC are water
content and dissolved oxygen in the test solution. As it well known, oxygen is highly soluble
in ethanol.

Analysis Criteria and Parameters

All data are represented as ratios to the corresponding values from baseline test performed in
air. Values of the ultimate tensile strength and plastic elongation ratios near air indicate
resistance to SCC while low values indicate susceptibility. Observation of the fracture surface
using visual and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are encouraged to determine the fracture
features commonly associated with SCC in ethanolic environments. Based on the visual and
SEM examinations, one of the following classifications can be assigned:

Normal ductile behavior (comparable with a specimen in air) with no indication of SCC.
Borderline SCC behavior with a limited portion characterized as SCC
with little or no secondary cracking evidence.
Substantial SCC behavior showing an extended region of intergranular cracking and/or
transgranular cleavage.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All N-SSRT tests were carried out in a servo-mechanic system until failure, applying a strain
rate of 3.9 x 10-7 s-1 to obtain the load (Kgf) versus total elongation (%) curves as a function
of specific ethanol solution. After the end of the tests, the fracture surface of sample was
examined in scanning electron microscopy to identify the fracture and morphology type. In
order to avoid water contamination from atmosphere, the test solutions were prepared and
transferred to test cells with high dry synthetic air. Water content was measured with Karl
Fischer method and for oxygen absence, it was used 99.999% high purity nitrogen gas.
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The results with FGE samples without any contaminant addition are presented in Figure 1 to 3.
Figure 1 compares the sugar cane-based ethanol versus air behavior (inert environment). The
FGE samples were collected in the inlet of the pipeline and each sample came from a different
sugar cane ethanol producer. As can be observed from plastic elongation in Figure 1, no ethanol
SCC (e-SCC) was observed. All sugar cane-based ethanol samples showed a ductile behavior
similar to air. Images from the fracture surface picture confirmed it.

LOAD (kgf) X TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

SUGAR CANE ETHANOL FROM DIFFERENT PRODUCERS
VERSUS AIR (PINK LINE)
800
700
600 SU
SUGAR CANE AIR
500
400
300
200
100
0
0,00% 1,00% 2,00% 3,00% 4,00% 5,00% 6,00% 7,00% 8,00% 9,00%

Figure 1: N-SSR test results of different producers of sugar cane ethanol versus air condition.

On the other hand, in figure 2 the tests with 3 different corn-based ethanol without any
contaminant addition showed always e-scc. The fracture surface picture confirmed the fragile
behaviour of the corn-base FGE.

LOAD (kgf) X TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

CORN ETHANOL x AIR (pink line)
800

700

600

CORN
LOAD (kgf)

500

400
3 different
300
US Corn Ethanol Air
200 samples
100

0
0,00% 1,00% 2,00% 3,00% 4,00% 5,00% 6,00% 7,00% 8,00% 9,00%

TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

Figure 2: N-SSR test results of corn ethanol versus air condition.

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Figure 3 shows the same previous curves and fracture surface tested with corn, sugar cane and
air together, where is easier to compare the results and see the importance of the ethanol source
and quality to SCC mechanism. During the investigation, chemical compositions analysis were
carried out for all ethanol tested. The results shows no presence of chloride except for US corn-
based ethanol. For the corn-based ethanol samples tested, the chloride content was 0,2 mg/L.

LOAD (kgf) X TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

CORN X SUGAR CANE ETHANOL x AIR (pink line)
800 Sugar
700 Ethanol
(blue line)
600

500 CORN SUGAR CANE

Air
400
US corn
300 etanol
(green line)
200

100

0
0,00% 1,00% 2,00% 3,00% 4,00% 5,00% 6,00% 7,00% 8,00% 9,00%

Figure 3: N-SSR test results of sugar cane ethanol versus corn ethanol versus air condition.

To evaluate the contaminant influence on e-SCC, additional studies were carried out trying to
explore the chloride content influence and methanol content. Figure 4 shows the results where
anhydrous ethanol and P.A chloride lithium (LiCl) reagents were used in different
concentrations. Absolute ethanol is the laboratory ethanol that contains <= 1% water by weight.
The chloride ions were introduced into P.A. absolute ethanol as LiCl, because of its higher
solubility than NaCl. The presence of chloride with 1% of water addition created a e-SCC as it
changed the enlogation behaviour and the fracture surface (became fragile).

LOAD (kgf) X TOTAL ELONGATION

TESTS WITH ABSOLUTE ETHANOL (P.A.)
800

700

600

500

400

300

200
1 ppm Cl Air
100
-
100 ppm Cl 50 ppm Cl- (dark blue line)- Ethanol
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09

Figure 4: N-SSR test results of reagent grade ethanol with different chloride contents with 1%
H2O and some fracture surface picture of the speciments tested.
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Figure 5 shows similar study but with sugar cane-based ethanol. The testes were carried out
with sugar cane FGE with no addition of water and in the presence of 1% of H2O plus chloride
addition from 0,2 mg/L to 1,0 mg/L. The ductile bahaviour changed to fragile when chloride
was added. Even when water was not present, with the addition of 0,2 mg/l of Chloride, the
ethanol behaviour changed to fragile (light blue line). When water (1%) was added with 0,2
mg/l of chloride the enlongation became worse (purple line) when compared to the test with
same amount of chloride but no addition of water.

LOAD (kgf) X TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

TESTS WITH SUGAR-CANE BASE ETHANOL
800
Air (pink line)
700
600
Light blue line

LOAD (kgf)
-
Ethanol + Ethanol + 0,2 mg Cl Dark blue
500
1% H2O +1,0 Line
400
mg Cl- Ethanol + 1%
300 Ethanol Ethanol
(brown line) H20 + 0,2 mg Cl
200 with
No Water
-
100 (purple) 1% H20
0 (yellow)
0,00% 1,00% 2,00% 3,00% 4,00% 5,00% 6,00% 7,00% 8,00% 9,00%
TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

Figure 5: N-SSR test results of sugar cane ethanol with different chloride contents.

Figure 6 shows the tests carried out with corn-based ethanol with addition of contaminants as
recommended in TM-0111 for the synthetic fuel grade ethanol (SFGE). The results presented
in Figure 6 were carried out using a different SSR test machine, so a small difference in
elongation for the same ethanol can be observed. The table 2 shows the standard synthetic
ethanolic solution based on NACE TM0111.

Table 2: NACE TM0111 standard synthetic ethanolic solution.

Reagent grade Water Methanol Denature Sodium Acetic Acid
ethanol (gasoline) Chloride
Balance 1 vol% 0,5 vol% 3,75 vol% 32 mg/L 56 mg/L

The SFGE has a chloride content of 32 mg/L. It is far higher than 0,2 mg/l of chloride necessary
to change the ethanol from ductile to fragile behaviour. Figure 6 shows the results in the
presence of the contaminants (TM0111) was similar when tests were carried out with US corn
ethanol with 0,2 mg/l (natural composition) and without any extra contaminant addition.
Besides, SCC was observed to occur with corn-based ethanol in fuel compositions that were
within the ASTM D4806 standard.

Similar e-SCC behaviour was mentioned by Landim, Ferreira and Palmieri and at all (2011)
with absolute ethanol with 0,1% and 1% of water in the presence of 0,2 mg/L of chloride
content. For that reason, the results in Figure 4 and 5 reinforced that the level of inorganic
chlorides has a big influence together with oxygen in the e-SCC mechanism.
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Corn ethanol
Corn ethanol
(dark blue line)
+

contaminants Air
(yellow line)

Figure 6: N-SSR test results in air and with corn ethanol with and without contaminats

As is well known, ASTM 4806 (ethanol chemical specification) tolerates some methanol
content besides some denaturant like natural gasoline, gasoline components or unleaded
gasoline. On other hand, ANP ethanol specification tolerates only methanol. Figure 7 shows
the results with addition of 500 ppm of methanol and 2,5% of gasoline to sugar cane-based
ethanol. The addition of methanol and gasoline do not change the plastic elongation. No e-SCC
was observed in fig.7. The results suggest the methanol or gasoline are not risk parameters for
e-SCC.

LOAD (kgf) X TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

SUGAR-CANE BASED ETHANOL + METHANOL W/WO Gasoline
800

700

600

500
LOAD (kgf)

400

300

200
Ethanol + 500 ppm
Ethanol + 500 ppm
100 Methanol
Methanol + Gasoline
0
0,00% 1,00% 2,00% 3,00% 4,00% 5,00% 6,00% 7,00% 8,00% 9,00%

TOTAL ELONGATION (%)

Figure 7: N-SSR test with sugar cane ethanol plus methanol with and without 2,5% of gasoline.

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The recent update of the ASTM D 4806 (2019) tolerate 5 mg/l of chloride. The chloride content
in ASTM D 4806 was higher in the past. The ASTM D 4806 reduced the allowable maximum
level of inorganic chlorides to 6,7 ppm (5 mg/l); has been reduced gradually in the last ten
years.

On the other hand, as can be observed in figures 4 and 5 with only 0,2 mg/L of chloride addition
into the ethanol samples can create cracking, and this way changing the behavior from ductile
to fragile. Therefore, the content of 0,2 mg/l in ethanol may be enough to create SCC to API
5L X70 in the lab test conditions. Perhaps, it explained why the corn-based ethanol imported
from US showed a fragile behavior (SCC).

Ethanol SCC Mitigation

Chemical treatments have been examined in some studies to verify if they can mitigate SCC
in carbon steel exposed to FGE in lab conditions. Usually, the chemical treatments are oxygen
scavengers, pH control inhibitors and film form organic inhibitors (barriers).

Despite it was not the aim of the initial study of the research project, some tests were carried
out in the presence of pH-inhibitors at the end of the project. Initial tests were not successful
because in some inhibitor concentrations SCC was not avoided using such pH control inhibitor.
However, after increase the concentration of inhibitor together with the addition of 2,5% of
gasoline the SCC was inhibited and the behavior changed from fragile to ductile. Figure 8 shows
the results with fuel grade sugar cane-based ethanol with chloride content with the addition of
pH control inhibitor and without it. The test in the presence of pH inhibitor achieved a
remarkable result. The e-scc was inhibited.

e-SCC Inhibition : FGE with pH control inhibitor

800

700

600
Ethanol without gasoline and
500 inibitor (dark blue line)
Ethanol + Inhibitor
400
+ 2,5 % gasoline
Ethanol + 2,5 %
300
gasoline (purple
Air
200 line)
Fragile Ductile
100

0
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1

Figure 8: N-SSR tests with FGE in the presence/absence of pH control inhibitor/gasoline.

This result opens the doors for future research into chemical solutions to mitigate ethanol
SCC for API 5L X70 pipelines.

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4.CONCLUSIONS

The N-SSR test method (NACE TM 0111) is useful to compare different ethanolic environment
for SCC susceptibility. The laboratory tests results suggest the following conclusions:

As mentioned in previous works, oxygen is one of the key factor on ethanol SCC
mechanism. However, oxygen is very hard to be avoided and mitigated in the field;

One of key risk factor for ethanol SCC is the chloride content. Even different sources
of ethanol can become susceptible to SCC if chloride is added in the solution in lab test
conditions.

The addition of methanol or gasoline did not increase the SCC susceptibility when a not
susceptible ethanol was tested. The tests carried out adding methanol or gasoline to
sugar-cane ethanol without adding other contaminants did not change the ductile
fracture. The results suggest that methanol and the presence of gasoline are not high risk
factors for ethanol SCC for the conditions tested.

The results shows that fuel grade corn-based ethanol is more SCC susceptible than fuel
grade sugar cane-based ethanol when contaminants are not added. One possible
explanation for that is because the fuel grade corn-based ethanol imported from USA
had 0,2 mg/l of chloride. As ASTM D 4806 tolerates some level of chloride, this
chloride content together with other factors (oxygen) may make fuel grade corn-based
ethanol more prone to SCC for API 5L X70. This theory is reinforced when we observed
that sugar cane-base ethanol and absolute ethanol became susceptible to SCC with the
addition of the chloride into the media (figures 4 and 5). Anhydrous fuel grade sugar-
cane ethanol produced in Brazil usually has negligible chloride content. Perhaps, these
results may help to understand the difference between the field experiences with ethanol
in US and Brazil.

The result with the addition of pH control inhibitor showed that ethanol SCC mitigation
is possible in some laboratory conditions and media.

As it well known, API 5L X70 is one of the typical materials for pipelines. Despite ethanol SCC
can be produced using TM -0111 with API 5L X70, so far we have never had this problem in
ethanol transportation pipelines in Brazil. It is worthy to say that pipeline field conditions have
differences when compare to the tank and lines conditions, which API-939D reported some
failure cases in US.

Finally, the ethanol SCC mitigation using a pH control inhibitor in lab conditions was a
remarkable achievement. However, it is necessary additional research and testing on large scale
to understand SCC inhibition in the presence of pH control inhibitor before a trial test in the
field.

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5. ACKNOWLEDEGES

INT (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia) team: Rodrigo V. Landim, Sonia M. C. Souza,

Javier A. C. Velasco, Viviane O., Olga B. Ferraz, Ibrahim C. Abud, Robson O. Centeno
and also Petrobras team: Marcelo Araujo and former employee Gutemberg S. Pimenta.

6. REFERENCES

• BAPTISTA I. PALMIERI; FERREIRA P. ALTOE, G. S. PIMENTA,R.D. KANE, E. TRILLO,

Proposed standard test method for ethanol SCC of steel, n° 09534, Corrosion 2009

• ASMT D4806 - Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with
Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.

• NACE TM0111, “Slow Strain Rate Test Method for Evaluation of Ethanol Stress
Corrosion Cracking in Carbon Steels”, NACE International, Houston, TX., 2011

• LANDIM R.; FERRAZ O; BAPTISTA I. P.; FERREIRA P. ALTOE and et al, Susceptibility to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steel API 5l X70 Used on Pipelines Transport of Ethanol
And Their Mixtures / Influence of Contaminants, IBP2101-11, Rio Pipeline 2011

• LANDIM R.; FERRAZ O; BAPTISTA I. PALMIERI; FERREIRA P. ALTOE and et al, The Use of
The Slow Strain Rate Method (Ssrt) According To Standards: ASTM G 129/06 To
Evaluate The Susceptibility To Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Materials To Differents
Ethanol Enviroments, IBP2102-11, Rio Pipeline 2011

• BREITENBACH R.; I. P. BAPTISTA and et al - Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility Of

The API 5l X70 Steel in Simulated Fuel Grade Ethanol, IBP1436-13, Rio Pipeline 2013

• BREITENBACH R.; I. PALMIERI BAPTISTA and et al, Evaluation of Steel API X70
Embrittlement in Different Ethanol Environments, IBP1435-13, Rio Pipeline 2013

• API 939E -Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel-Grade Ethanol: Review,
Experience Survey, Field Monitoring, and Laboratory Testing, Addendum 1, API,
Washington D.C, October 2013

• KANE RUSSELL D., Use of NACE TM0111 Slow Strain Rate Test for Evaluation of Ethanol
SCC, paper 05945, Corrosion 2015

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