Introduction

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BIO-DIESEL PROCESSING UNIT 2016-17
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Energy is a basic requirement for every sector of economic development in a country.
As a result, energy demands have been steadily increasing along with the growth of human
population and industrialization. Common sources of energy are petroleum, natural gas and coal
from fossil fuels. This growing consumption of energy has rapidly depleted non-renewable
sources of energy. Rising price of fossil-based fuels and potential shortage in the future have led
to a major concern about the energy security in every country.
Moreover, there are many disadvantages of using fossil-based fuels, such as atmospheric
pollution and environmental issues. Fossil fuels emissions are major contributors of green house
gases which may lead to global warming. Combustion from fossil fuels is major source of air
pollutants, which consist of CO, NOx, hydrocarbons and particulates. The disadvantages and
shortages of fossil fuels have motivated many researchers to find an alternative source of
renewable energy.
The concept dates back to 1885 when Dr. Rudolf Diesel built the first diesel engine with
the full intention of running it on vegetative source. He first displayed his engine at the Paris
show of 1900 and astounded everyone when he ran the patented engine on any hydrocarbon fuel
available - which included gasoline and peanut oil. In 1912 he stated the use of vegetable oils for
engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may in the course of time become as
important as petroleum and coal tar products of present time. Scientists discovered that the
viscosity of vegetable oils could be reduced in a simple chemical process. In 1970 and that it
could work well as diesel fuel in modem engine. This fuel is called Bio- Diesel.
Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. The demand
of biodiesel has significantly increased from 2005 in all over the world. Biodiesel is defined as a
fuel comprising of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or
animal fat. The main components of vegetable oils and animal fats are triglycerides or also
known as esters of fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
Normally, triglycerides of vegetable oils and animals fats consist of several different
fatty acids.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 1
Different fatty acids have different physical and chemical properties and the composition
of these fatty acids will be the most important parameters influencing the corresponding
properties of a vegetable oils and animal fats.
Direct use of vegetable oils and animal fats as combustible fuel is not suitable due to
their high kinematic viscosity and low volatility. Furthermore, its long term use posed serious
problems such as deposition, ring sticking and injector chocking in engine. Therefore, vegetable
oils and animal fats must be subjected to chemical reaction such as transesterification to reduce
the viscosity of oils. In that reaction, triglycerides are converted into fatty acid methyl ester (F
AME), in the presence of short chain alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, and a catalyst, such
as alkali or acid, with glycerol as a by-product.
There are several advantages of biodiesel as compared to conventional diesel.
Advantages of biodiesels;
 It helps to reduce carbon dioxide and other pollutants emission from engines.
 Engine modification is not needed as it has similar properties to diesel fuel.
 It comes from renewable sources whereby people can grow their own fuel.
 High purity of biodiesel would eliminate the use of lubricant.
 Biodiesel production is more efficient as compared to fossil fuels as there will be no
underwater plantation, drilling and refinery.
 Biodiesel would make an area become independent of its need for energy as it can be
produced locally.
1.2 Scope for Bio-fuel In Karnataka

Karnataka is one of the important consumers of fossil fuels (petroleum etc.). Achieving
energy self-reliance and fuel security by progressive use of renewable energy through harnessing
potential of the state without affecting the food production in the state. State can contribute for
reducing the import bill of oil for the country. Bio-fuel programs can increase rural income and
women empowerment by generating rural employment. Facilitating coordination of the work of
different departments, NGO's and private agencies dealing in various aspects of bio-fuels to
aggregate all the information on bio-fuels in Karnataka at one place for better knowledge
sharing, convergence and synergies.

Bio-fuel programs Facilitates optimal land use for bio-fuels, avoiding competing needs
of food security. Bio-fuel programs enhance research and development, production and use of
bio-fuels. Synchronize all other policies and programs of the state which has direct or indirect
effects on utilizing bio-fuel potentials of the state.
1.2.1 History of Bio-fuel development in Karnataka

The use of vegetable oils, wood & plant wastes and animal fats as fuels for lighting and
heating purposes dates back to prehistoric times. Usage of Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua Neem and
other vegetable oils as sources of light in rural areas is well recorded in ancient Indian folklore
and history. The first diesel engine invented by Rudolf Diesel in late 19th century was actually
run on peanut oil. The term bio-fuel as is understood in the modem context, has two major
offshoots namely, bio-diesel and bio-ethanol.
These are in reality ways of harnessing solar energy through the medium of plant
kingdom. In fact, there are several people who feel the bio-diesel route of harnessing solar
energy is ideal since this involves greening of wastelands which has tremendous environmental
benefits as well. It is interesting to note that the erstwhile Mysore State through Mandya Sugars,
was supplying ethanol to Bombay Presidency for use as power petrol for utilization in their
BEST buses etc. Work on bio-fuels has been going on in Karnataka in a fairly systematic way
for over two decades at least.
Some of the recorded efforts in practical applications of bio-fuels are listed below:
 Use of absolute alcohol to run a petrol jeep in KAIC in mid1990's.
 Use of blends of non-edible vegetable oils, biodiesel and more recently absolute alcohol
with petro-diesel in fairly large volumes for running buses in KSRTC in the current
decade.
In addition, Karnataka has also been a leading state in R&D on the entire value chain of bio-
fuels. The first official policy on bio-fuels (bioethanol) in India was actually incorporated in the
Millennium Biotech Policy of government of Karnataka in 2001. In 2003, SUTRA in
collaboration with a Karnataka based reputed NGO Samagra Vikas organized an all-India
conference on Policy and Strategic issues in the bio-fuel sector of India in lISe, Bangalore. The
conference which was inaugurated by Mr.Ram Naik, the then Union Minister for Petroleum, had
the active participation of several important organizations involved in each and every stage of

the value chains of bio-fuel sector. The recommendations, which were later sent to Government
of India (Gol), actually laid the foundation for the draft policy on bio-fuels of Gol. While this
policy unfortunately took several years to be finalized by the central government Government of
Karnataka came out with a draft policy of its own in 2007.
Government of Karnataka under the leadership of Fanner Chief Minister B.S.Yediyurappa
also took the proactive step of funning a Task Force on Bio-fuels in Sept. 2008 under the
leadership of Mr. Y B Ramakrishna, a hand on bio-fuel professional who had also contributed to
this sector earlier through Samagra Vikas. This was indeed the turning point for the bio-fuel
sector in Karnataka. Biofuel policy of Karnataka had envisaged a Karnataka State Biofuel
Development Board to oversee implementation of the policy and to promote all aspects of
development of bio-fuels in Karnataka.
Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board (KSBDB) was registered under the Societies
Act in 2010. Since there was an active Task Force on Biofuels in Karnataka headed by Mr. Y B
Ramakrishna since 2008, the mantle of setting up and running the Board fell on him. The Board
took off from where the Task Force had capably led the State in the Biofuel sector which is
undoubtedly a major advantage. The Board has been winning laurels by being quite active
professionally and by its multi-disciplinary approach and its pragmatic yet refreshingly different
strategy towards biofuel development. A multi-species and fanner centric approach to
development and adequate attention to forward and backward linkages to bio-fuel production has
started yielding rich dividend in state.
1.3 Information & Demonstration Centers

Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board (KSBDB) has entered into Memorandum of
Association (MOU) with several Agricultural Universities, Engineering Colleges and other
educational institutions for the purpose of setting up Information and Demonstration Centre
(I&D center) to provide information for all the public, fanners, bio fuel cultivators, researchers
and entrepreneurs in the field of bio fuels. The field of bio fuels covers providing information on
different plant species, harvesting, marketing, processing, value addition and all related
information on bio fuels. These Information centers eventually cover all activities of bio-diesel
and bio-ethanol sector and serve as a role model for all others.

1.4 Applications of Biodiesel

Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B 100) or may be blended with petroleum diesel at
any concentration in most injection pump diesel engines. New extreme high-pressure (29,000
psi) common rail engines have strict factory limits of B5 or B20, depending on manufacturer.
Biodiesel has different solvent properties than petro-diesel, and will degrade natural rubber
gaskets and hoses in vehicles (mostly vehicles manufactured before 1992), although these tend to
wear out naturally and most likely will have already been replaced with FKM, which is
nonreactive to biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of residue in the fuel
lines where petro-diesel has been used. As a result, fuel filters may become clogged with
particulates if a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to
change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after first switching to a biodiesel blend.
1.4.1 Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

In 2005, Chrysler (then part of DaimlerChrysler) released the Jeep Liberty CRD diesels from
the factory into the American market with 5% biodiesel blends, indicating at least partial acceptance
of biodiesel as an acceptable diesel fuel additive. In 2007, DaimlerChrysler indicated its intention
to increase warranty coverage to 20% biodiesel blends if biofuel quality in the United States can
be standardized. The Volkswagen Group has released a statement indicating that several of its
vehicles are compatible with B5 and B 100 made from rape seed oil and compatible with the EN
14214 standard. The use of the specified biodiesel type in its cars will not void any warranty.
Mercedes Benz does not allow diesel fuels containing greater than 5% biodiesel (B5) due to
concerns about "production shortcomings". Any damages caused by the use of such non-
approved fuels will not be covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited warranty.
Starting in 2004, the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia decided to update its bus system to
allow the fleet of city buses to run entirely on a fish-oil based biodiesel. This caused the city
some initial mechanical issues, but after several years of refining, the entire fleet had
successfully been converted. In 2007, McDonalds of UK announced it would start producing
biodiesel from the waste oil byproduct of its restaurants. This fuel would be used to run its fleet.

1.4.2 Railway usage

British train operating company Virgin Trains claimed to have run the UK's first
"biodiesel train", which was converted to run on 80% petro-diesel and 20% biodiesel. The Royal
Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied
by Green Fuels Ltd. His Royal Highness, The Prince of Wales, and Green Fuels managing
director, James Hygate, were the first passengers on a train fueled entirely by biodiesel fuel.
Since 2007, the Royal Train has operated successfully on BI00 (100% biodiesel).
Similarly, a state-owned short-line railroad in eastern Washington ran a test of a 25%
biodiesel / 75% petro-diesel blend during the summer of 2008, purchasing fuel from a biodiesel
producer sited along the railroad tracks. The train will be powered by biodiesel made in part
from canola grown in agricultural regions through which the short line runs.
Also in 2007, Disneyland began running the park trains on B98 (98% biodiesel). The
program was discontinued in 2008 due to storage issues, but in January 2009, it was announced
that the park would then be running all trains on biodiesel manufactured from its own used
cooking oils. This is a change from running the trains on soy-based biodiesel.
1.4.3 Aircraft use

A test flight has been performed by a Czech jet aircraft completely powered on
biodiesel. Other recent jet flights using biofuel, however, have been using other types of
renewable fuels. On November 7, 2011 United Airlines flew the world's first commercial
aviation flight on a microbially derived biofuel using SolajetTM, Solazyme's algae -derived
renewable jet fuel. The Eco-skies Boeing 737-800 plane was fueled with 40 percent Solajet
and 60 percent petroleum-derived jet fuel. The commercial Eco-skies flight 1403 departed
from Houston's IAH airport at 10:30 and landed at Chicago's ORD airport at 13:03.
1.4.4 As a heating oil

Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a
mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently than diesel
fuel used for transportation. It is sometimes known as "bio-heat" (which is a registered
trademark of the National Biodiesel Board [NBB] and the National Oil heat Research
Alliance [NORA] in the U.S., and Columbia Fuels in Canada).
Heating biodiesel is available in various blends. ASTM 396 recognizes blends of up

to 5 percent biodiesel as equivalent to pure petroleum heating oil. Blends of higher levels of
up to 20% biofuel are used by many consumers. Research is underway to determine whether
such blends affect performance.
1.4.5 Cleaning Oil Spills

With 80-90% of oil spill costs invested in shoreline cleanup, there is a search for
more efficient and cost-effective methods to extract oil spills from the shorelines. Biodiesel
has displayed its capacity to significantly dissolve crude oil, depending on the source of the
fatty acids. In a laboratory setting, oiled sediments that simulated polluted shorelines were
sprayed with a single coat of biodiesel and exposed to simulated tides.
Biodiesel is an effective solvent to oil due to its methyl ester component, which considerably
lowers the viscosity of the crude oil. Additionally, it has a higher buoyancy than crude oil, which
later aids in its removal. As a result, 80% of oil was removed from cobble and fine sand, 50% in
coarse sand, and 30% in gravel. Once the oil is liberated from the shoreline, the oil-biodiese1
mixture is manually removed from the water surface with skimmers. Any remaining mixture is
easily broken down due to the high biodegradability of biodiesel, and the increased surface area
exposure of the mixture.
1.4.6 Biodiesel in Generators

In 2001, UC Riverside installed a 6-megawatt backup power system that is entirely
fueled by biodiesel. Backup diesel-fueled generators allow companies to avoid damaging
blackouts of critical operations at the expense of high pollution and emission rates. However, by
using B 100, these generators were able to essentially eliminate the byproducts that result in
smog, ozone, and sulfur emissions. The use of these generators in residential areas around
schools, hospitals, and the general public result in substantial reductions in poisonous carbon
monoxide and particulate matter. Biodiesel is an effective solvent to oil due to its methyl ester
component, which considerably lowers the viscosity of the crude oil. Additionally, it has a higher
buoyancy than crude oil, which later aids in its removal.

1.5 Specifications of Biodiesel

1.5.1 Ester content
The specification defines that biodiesel has to contain a minimum percentage of 96.5%
(m/m) of methyl fatty acid esters. This parameter is a tool that allows regulating the mixture of
other substances, such as diesel in the final product. When the value is below this limit it can
indicate that the conditions of reaction have not been the adapted ones or that the final product
contains the sum of several minority compounds coming from the oil.
1.5.2 Free glycerol

The free glycerin content is limited 0.02% (m/m). The value of this parameter depends on
the production process and is indicative of the biodiesel quality. If biodiesel shows a high value
of this parameter it indicates that an insufficient washing has taken place and causes that during
the storage a glycerin phase is formed in the bottom of the storage tank and attracts other polar
compounds like the water, monoglycerides and soaps and cause damage in the injection systems.
They cause nonferrous metal corrosion.
1.5.3 Mono-di-and triglycerides and total glycerol

The monoglycerides specification limits the content in £ 0.80% (m/m), di-glycerides
0.20% (m/m), triglycerides £ total 0.20% (m/m) and glycerol £ 0.25% (m/m). These values
depend on the production process that is to be optimized to fulfil these parameters. High values
can cause problems in the injectors, the pistons and the valves. A high content of these
parameters causes in an indirect form that others as viscosity and the carbonaceous residue also
present more high values.
1.5.4 Density
The values of density of bio diesel are in general higher than the diesel ones. The
specification limits the values 15º C in 860-900 kg/m3. The presence of other substances in the
product like methanol can cause lower value of the density.
1.5.5 Methanol content
The methanol content is limited in 0.20% (m/m) maximum. A high content of methanol
in the final product indicates failure in the process, (distillation or washing part) reason why it is

necessary to pay special attention to these parts of the process if the product is outside
specification in this parameter.
1.5.6 Flash Point
Which measures fuel flammability, also presents a high value when the content in the
alcohol is high. The specification of the flash point for biodiesel is ³ 120ºC, and it is an important
parameter from the point of view of security.
1.5.7 Iodine number

Iodine index is a measurement of the double bonds of the fatty matter. The value depends
solely on the raw material used for the production of methyl ester. Raw materials like the neat
soybean or sunflower, have an iodine number higher than 120 (g of I2/100 g). Mixing these raw
materials with others with lower iodine number, we can be able to fulfil the specification of the
mixture in this parameter. The linolenic acid methyl ester content is limited 12.0% (m/m) and the
polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in 1% (m/m). The compounds with a high number of
double bonds are thought to be related to worse oxidation stability and that are the cause of the
formation of degradation product which they can affect the engine operability, but is possible to
have products with high iodine number and good oxidation stability. This can be obtained if the
product has been aditivated or if it has the natural antioxidants after the production process.
1.5.8 Acid value

Limited 0.05 mg KOH/g the value of the acidity is a measurement of the mineral acidity
and free fatty acids content in the sample. The raw material influences in the value of the acidity
and its degree of refinement.
The production process also can affect to the value of this parameter as a result of adding
mineral acid in the processes of soap elimination. The storage of the product usually increases
this value gradually. A high acidity is related to corrosion problems and deposits formation in the
engine.
1.5.9 Content of phosphorus

A maximum of 10 mg/kg is allowed in the samples of biodiesel. The phosphorus in the
biodiesel comes from the phospholipids that the raw material contains. Also it can increase this
value in case phosphoric acid for the neutralization of soaps is used or like catalyst. An excess of
phosphorus causes a bad separation of phases during the transesterification process. Due to this
reason in the refining process of the oil there is a degumming step to lower the phosphorus
content.
1.5.10 Kinematic viscosity 40ºC
Oil has very much higher viscosity than diesel (30 mm2/s at 40º C). The fatty acid methyl
ester (biodiesel) has lower viscosity than the oil and slightly higher to the one of the diesel. The
specification for the FAME limits the value of this parameter in 3.50 -5.00 mm2/s to 40º C and
for diesel 2.00 - 4.50 mm2/s 40º C. The viscosity value is related directly to the fatty acid
distribution of biodiesel, and therefore of the raw material. The viscosity can be increased due to
an increase of other parameters as they are the content in mono-, di- and tri-glycerides, or
polymers; in this case it would be necessary to act on the process to correct these values.
1.5.11 Sulphur content, Cetane number

Sulphur content, limited in max 10 mg/kg, and cetane number, min 51, depend solely on
the raw material for the production of biodiesel. All the raw materials evaluated in this project do
not present any problem to fulfil these parameters.
1.5.12 Conradson carbon residue

The diesel and biodiesel specification is the same one, allowing a maximum of 0.30%
(m/m). This test measures the tendency of the fuel to produce deposits in the injectors within the
combustion chamber. The value of this parameter seems to be related to others like the glycerine
content, free fatty acids, soaps and remainders of the catalyst, that are parameters that we can
correct acting in the production process.
1.5.13 Sulphated ash content

The sulphated ash content (max. 0.02% (m/m)) is a measurement of the amount of
inorganic polluting agents that has the biodiesel. These polluting agents can come from rest of
the catalyst that could cause deposits in the engine.
1.5.14 Water content

This parameter depends completely on the production process. It is limited 500 mg/kg
maximum and it is necessary to be careful of the product once produced and before the

consumption so that it does not increase the water content. Biodiesel is very hygroscopic, for this
reason it can absorb water over the specification during the storage. In order to assure the
fulfilment this parameter it is important to produce very below the specification and to extreme
the measures to try not to catch humidity.
1.5.15 Total contamination

It is a measurement of the amount of insoluble matter that is retained in a filter of 0.8 mm
filter when the heated fuel passes through. The value has to be £ 24 mg/kg. High values of this
parameter are related to problems in the fuel filters and the injection pump in the vehicle. High
concentrations of soaps and sediments are mainly associated with this parameter and also usually
correspond with elevated ash content values.
1.5.16 Oxidation stability

The test method uses the equipment called Rancimat.The specification limit is 6 hours
minimum. The obtained value is function of the raw material and the fatty acid distribution as
well as the double bonds of the chains and the natural antioxidants content. Despite adding
improvers of this property to the product is possible to have higher oxidation stability values.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Demirbas, in 2003 This paper reviews that the biodiesel production of pongamia pinnata
oil in supercritical methanol using a CaO catalyst. The FAME yield by the CaO catalyst was
heavily dependent on the reaction temperature and especially the methanol/oil molar ratio. The
FAME yield increased from 65 to 99% as the methanol/oil molar ratio was increased from 6: 1 to
41.1: 1 at methanol supercritical condition with a catalyst amount of 3.3 wt% In the
transesterification of soybean oil, a similar level of FAME yield (*97%) was obtained at 300°C
with a smaller amount of catalyst (0.58 wt%) only when a large amount of methanol
(methanol/oil ratio 39.3:1) as used [1].
L.e.Meher et al, in 2004 This study shows that the catalytic activity of magnesium oxide,
calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium methoxide, barium hydroxide, and for comparison,
sodium hydroxide during the transesterification of rapeseed oil was investigated. Sodium
hydroxide exhibited the highest catalytic activity in this process. The degree to which the
substrates were reacted reached 85% after 30 min of the process and 95% after 1.5 h, which
represented a close value to the equilibrium. Barium hydroxide was slightly less active with a
conversion of 75% after 30 min. Calcium methoxide was medially active. The degree to which
the substrates were reacted was 55% after 30 min. 80% after 1 h and state of reaction equilibrium
(93%) was reached after 2.5 h. The rate of reaction was slowest when catalyzed by CaO.
Magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide showed no catalytic activity in rapeseed oil
methanolysis [2].
Surendra R. kalbande et al, in 2008 This paper deals with the optimum parameters
required for the 98% yield of karanja methyl ester and Karanja methyl ester are 0.5 to 1% NaOH
KOH by weight of oil, 6: 1methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature of 55-60°C and
reaction time of 1.5 hours [3].
Dae-Won Lee et al, in 2009 Calcium oxide is the single metal oxide catalyst most
frequently applied for biodiesel synthesis. The order of activities of the tested catalysts followed
the order of Lewis basicity: Ca(OHh<CaO<Ca(CH30)2. The reaction rate over the

heterogeneous catalysts, however, was much lower than that of the homogeneous catalysts such
as NaOH. As a method to increase catalytic activity, the author attempted to increase the surface
basicity of CaO by chemical treatment. The authors immersed CaO into ammonium carbonate
solution and calcined the catalyst at high temperature of 900°C, which turned CaO into a super
basic material. A FAME yield of 94% was obtained for the transesterification of karanja oil with
a relatively lower methanol/oil ratio (9:1) and catalyst amount (1.5wt %) at a reaction
temperature of 70°C [4].
J. M. Velasquez et aI, in 2009 This study investigated the effect of temperature, time,
excess methanol and catalyst-to-oil ratio on the performance of pretreated calcium oxide catalyst
for the transesterification of coconut oil in batch reactions. The tests achieved conversion levels
of91.5 - 95.7% [5].
Man Kee Lam et al., in 2010 This paper reviews that CaO as heterogeneous base catalyst
in transesterification of waste cooking oil. However, the yield of FAME dropped to 66% when
waste cooking oil with FF a content 2.6 wt. % was used under the same reaction condition.It is
obvious that the basic sites of CaO were poisoned by strong adsorption of FF As on the surface
of the catalyst. Consequently, a portion of the catalyst changed into calcium soap by reacting
with the FF As adsorbed, resulting in low recovery of catalyst [6].
A.A Refaat in 2010 This paper reviews that two crucial steps are important for an
efficient heterogeneous transesterification process; appropriate catalyst selection and careful
catalyst preparation. Calcium oxide is the metal oxide catalyst most frequently applied for
biodiesel synthesis, probably due to its cheap price, minor toxicity and high availability. Calcium
oxide possesses relatively high basic strength and less environmental impacts due to its low
solubility in methanol and its easier handling as compared to KOH/NaOH. Calcium oxide will
probably bring about as the good productivity as NaOH do, by taking advantage of the easy
product recovery and the environmentally benign process. Some results emphasized the
advantage of co-existence of two different basic-oxide components in the catalyst for
transesterification. Increases in metal oxide performances can be obtained by using nano
crystalline forms rather than commercial grade catalysts. This study has stressed the importance
of catalyst preparation step. Several methods for the preparation of solid catalysts for the

transesterification process were described. The use of solid metal oxides as catalysts in oil
transesterification is well established [7].
Rubi Romero et al., in 2010 This reviews that the most commonly studied heterogeneous
basic catalysts are alkaline metals carbonates (Na2C03, K2C03), alkaline earth metal carbonates
(CaC03), alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO, MgO, SrO, BaO) and other oxides as ZnO. The
catalytic activities decrease in the order of BaO>SrO>CaO>MgO, which suggests that the
catalytic activities of alkaline earth metal oxides are associated with their alkalinity. However, the
use of BaO is not practical enough since it is soluble in methanol and also forms highly toxic
compounds. Regarding srO, this oxide possesses a strong tendency to react with C02 and water
present in air to form strontium hydroxide and strontium carbonate, thus losing its catalytic ability.
Among the abovementioned oxides, the CaO and MgO have been extensively studied in the
transesterification reaction. About the former, its catalytic activity has been compared with other
calcium compounds (calcium hydroxide and calcium alkoxides) at the same reaction conditions. The
reported reactivity order is Ca(OH)2<CaO<Ca(CH30).This is in agreement with Lewis theory: the
methoxides of alkaline-earth metals are more basic than their oxides and these are more basic than
their hydroxides studied CaO catalysts for the transesterification of sunflower oil at 6: 1 molar ratio
of methanol to oil, 1 % wt catalyst based on oil weight and the CaO calcination temperature was
550°C. A 98 % conversion was achieved at 60°C and 2 hour reaction time. It was concluded that the
hydration treatment and subsequent calcination favors the formation of stronger basic sites and
possesses a strong effect over crystalline and crystallite size [8].
Wilson Parawira in 2010 This study reviews that super base of calcium oxide and its
good refining process. When treated with ammonium carbonate solution and calcinated at high
temperature, calcium oxide becomes a solid super base, which shows high catalytic activity in
transesterification. Under the optimum conditions, the conversion of Jatropha curcas oil can
reach 93%. The heterogeneous catalyst eliminates the additional cost associated with the
homogeneous sodium hydroxide to remove the catalyst after transesterification [9].
Mustafa Balat in 2010 This paper reviews that Jatropha curcas appears to advantages as a
renewable diesel feedstock. Because it is both non-edible and can be grown on marginal lands.

It is potentially a sustainable bio-fuel that will not compete with food crops. High oil content of
pongamia pinnata indicated that it is suitable as non-edible plant oil feedstock in oleo chemical
industries. Jatropha has been planted in several arid regions, in these regions it only yields about
0.5 ton per hectare. The seeds contain about 30% oil [10].
Saroj K. Padhi et al, in 2011 This review paper assesses and integrates the biological,
chemical and genetic attributes of the plant and describes about the different tree borne oil seeds
like Jatropha curcas (Ratan Jyot), Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja) and Melia azadirachta (Neem) in
India, Extraction of oil from tree borne oilseeds, properties, and composition [11].
S.Hawash et al., in 2011 This paper deals with Transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil
to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst is studied. Effect of molar ratio of methanol to oil,
water content, reaction time and mass ratio of catalyst to oil are investigated on bench scale.
Experimental results revealed that a 12: 1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 1.5%
(w/v) CaO catalyst ,70°C reaction temperature, 2% water content in the oil produced more
than 95% biodiesel yield after 3 hours reaction time. Calcium oxide activated with ammonium
carbonate was an efficient super base catalyst for a high yield transesterification reaction and the
base strength of CaO was more than 26.5 after dipping in ammonium carbonate solution
followed by calcinations [12].
Sagar P.Kadu et al., in 2011 This paper deals with Biodiesel from transesterification of
the vegetable oils is better than diesel fuel in terms of sulfur content, flash point, aromatic
content and biodegradability. Ethanol is a preferred alcohol in transesterification reaction
compared to methanol because it is derived from agricultural products and is renewable and
biologically less objectionable in the environment; however, methanol is preferred because of its
low cost and its physical and chemical advantages. This review of some biodiesel has found that
the significant physical and chemical properties for CI engine use are mostly within 5-10% of the
corresponding values for standard fossil diesel. The main exception is viscosity. Pure vegetable
oils are 6-14 times more viscous and this tends to affect spray characteristics and lead to
improper combustion. By transesterification process to reducing viscosity and vegetable oil get
favorable to CI engine fuel. Transesterification are found as effective methods for improving
performance and reducing emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with vegetable oils.

For transesterification KOH is the suitable base catalyst. Engines running on bio-diesel, a
review have shown that, compared to fossil diesel: Brake power output is decrease of around 1-
5%. Brake thermal efficiency is increase by biodiesel in the range 0.8% to 3%. BSFC is
increased of 0.7-6%. Emissions of CO decrease of around 0.9%-11 %. Emissions of hydrocarbon
(HC) are a decrease of around 20/0-11 % as compare to diesel. Emissions of NO x are an increase
of around 20/0-11% [13].

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
Table 3.1: Materials used in the process
SL.NO Materials Quantity

1. Feed stock; Karanja crude oil 10 liters
2. Base catalyst;NaoH of 1% w/w of oil 100 grams
3. Reactant;Methanol to oil ratio-molar ratio is 2liters
(14-20%)
4. Reactor vessels;1.Heating vessel 1 Each
2.Mixer vessel
5. Motor 60rpm 1
6. Heating coil 1
7. Thermostat 1
8. Valves 4
9. Stirrer 2
3.1.1 Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja)

A study where pongamia pinnata oil was used to produce biodiesel indicated that catalyst
amount (1%w/w) and 6:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil were the optimum conditions for
producing biodiesel and 96% yield of methyl esters was obtained. The karanja oil is the oil
obtained from the seeds. It was already being cultivated in China. It shows a very high quality
and low cost and nowadays is the oil with the highest production amongst the world-wide
vegetable oils. The soya is a leguminous plant whose fruit is similar to the bean and it is rich in
protein. Its oil is obtained from the pongamia seed, it is the most consumed oil in the rest of the
world.
This oil is really healthy, its taste is neutral and it does not change the original flavours of
the foods with which it is used. karanja oil is rich in essential fatty acids, as such it is one of the
best vegetable oils for the human diet. It approximately contains 15% of fat natural acids as the
palmitic and stearic, 25% of oleic acid, 55% of linoleic acid and 5% of linolenic acid. This oil
has also an elevated content of tocopherols and phosphates (1.8%).

As it is a vegetal oil it has no cholesterol. The linolenic acid has three double links and
oxidises very easily, provoking an unpleasant flavour and low stability of the oils in storage.
During the hydrogenation process the double links are eliminated, consequently its stability
improves.
Table 3.1.1 Composition of the oil
Fatty acid Amount Unit

Myristic acid (C 14:0) 0.37 Wt%
Palimitic acid 7.33 Wt%
Stearic acid 2.91 Wt%
Oleic acid 14.31 Wt%
Linoleic acid 75.08 Wt%
Molecular weight 874.139 g/gmol
The karanja oil is the oil obtained from the seeds, and the seeds are shown below are known as
pongamia pinnata seeds (karanja)
Fig 3.1.1: Pongamia pinnata seeds and tree
3.1.2 Base catalyst; Sodium hydroxide (NaoH)

Trans-esterification of Pongamia oil with NaOH as catalyst yielded 68% of biodiesel.
Pongamia oil contains higher acid value (also signifies high free fatty acid content) therefore, for
any alkali-catalyzed transesterification, the alkali (NaOH/KOH) catalyst that is used will react
with free fatty acid (FFA) to form soap. The saponification reaction of NaOH and FFA formed

soap and water. The soaps increase them ethyl ester solubility in glycerol and produce
emulsification of the ester and glycerol that makes difficulties in the separation of the esters
(Kafuku and Mbarawa, 2010). Therefore ester losses increase and consequently the product and
biodiesel yield decreases (Phan and Phan, 2008). In this study, soap formation was considerable,
and hence the biodiesel yield was low.
Fig 3.1.2: Sodium hydroxide ( NaoH)
3.1.3 Reactor vessels

Oil can be transesterified by heating them with a large excess of methanol and a catalyst.
In this study, the anhydrous crude oil was taken in two separate vessels and heated upto 60 ˚C
.Methanol with measured quantities of catalysts dissolved in it by vigorous stirring was
respectively added to the vessels containing oil. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 rpm for
30 minutes at 60 ˚C. And the heating vessel and mixer vessel are shown below.
Fig 3.1.3: Heating and mixer vessel

3.1.4 Motor
A stirrer is attached to the motor, motor rotates at 60 rpm so as to mix up the methanol
and the karanja crude oil. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60rpm for 30 minutes.
Fig 3.1.4 Motor of 60 rpm
3.1.5 Heating coil

Heating coil is used to heat the oil upto 60 c, which is mounted on the top of the vessel.
Fig 3.1.5 Heating coil
3.1.6 Thermostat
A thermostat is a component which senses the temperature of a system so that the
system's temperature is maintained near a desired set point. A thermostat can often be the main
control unit for a heating or cooling system in applications ranging from ambient air control,In
the bio diesel processing unit we use the thermostat to maintain the temperature of the system
upto 60˚C.

Fig 3.1.6 Thermostat
3.1.7 Valves
In the bio diesel processing unit three valves are used, first one is used to collect the
water, second one is used to proceed the to the methanol chamber, and the last one is used to
collect the bio diesel and glycerin.
Fig 3.1.7: Valve
3.1.8 Stirrer
Stirrer is attached to the motor and is used to stir the oil and methanol mixture at 60rpm
for 30-40 minutes.
Fig 3.1.8 Stirrer

3.2 Process
Biodiesel production is the process of producing biodiesel, through chemical reaction,
transesterification and esterification. This involves vegetable or animal fat and oils being reacted
with short-chain alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol). Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts
lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an
impure co-product, glycerol. The Karanja oil required for this project was brought from
lwalamala oil industries, Mandipet, Tumkur.
There are 2 approaches/processes for the manufacturing of the biodiesel. The criterion for the
selection of the process is based on the presence of the Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content in the
Karanja oil.
 If the Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of the raw oil is less than 4%, single stage (Alkali
base catalyzed Transesterification) process has to be undertaken.
 If the Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of the raw oil is more than 4%, double stage (Acid
catalyzed esterification & Alkali base catalyzed Transesterification) process has to be
undertaken.
Hence the determination of the Free Fatty Acid content of the raw Karanja oil becomes the
most critical aspect of the biodiesel manufacturing. Listed below are the steps taken and the
method to arrive at the free fatty acid content of the raw oil.
The process design is divided into 4 stages; the pre-heat, the processing and the wash stages that
were previously part of the Native Sun process, as well as a methanol recapture stage which is a
new addition. Also explored were a water treatment stage and solar heating system. The overall
process layout can be found in the appendix.

The flow process involved in the preparation of methyl ester
Fig 3.2.1: Preparation of methyl ester (Bio-diesel)
1. Pretreatment: In this method, the karanja oil is first filtered to remove solid material then
it is preheated at 70°C for 30 min to remove moisture.
2. Transesterification: The methyl ester is produced by chemically reacting karanja oil with
an alcohol (methyl), in the presence of catalyst (NaoH). A two stage process is used for
the transesterification of Karanja.
3. Settling and Separation: Once the reaction is complete, it is allowed for settling for 8-10
hours in separating funnel. At this stage two major product obtained that are glycerin and
biodiesel.
4. Methyl Ester Wash: Once separated from the glycerin and alcohol removal, the crude
biodiesel was purified by washing gently with warm water to remove residual catalyst or
soaps.
5. Drying of Biodiesel: This is normally the end of the production process to remove water
present in the biodiesel by heating.

3.3 Bio-diesel processing unit
Fig 3.3.1: Conceptual design of Biodiesel processing unit

Fig 3.3.2: Biodiesel production unit
The process for making biodiesel is summarized as follows:

 Preheat used vegetable oil to remove water.
 Determine oil pH and measure appropriate quantity of NaOH and methanol. Mix
reactants.
 Allow glycerin to settle out, drain glycerin and drain biodiesel later.
 Wash biodiesel to remove trace contaminants. Set in the sun to drive off traces of water.
The role of the preheat stage is to remove any water that might be mixed with the used
vegetable oil. Water is detrimental to the transesterification process and must be removed as
much as possible. Heating the oil to 50-54 o C is enough to cause the water to settle out. Initially
mixing all of the reactants in one container ensures homogeneity of the oil: methoxide ration
within both reactors. This removes one measuring step.

Using both reactors for processing allows for eventual expansion. According to the business
plan, Native Sun projects to initially process 150 gal /week increasing production towards 300
gal/week.
There are many methods of washing available when processing biodiesel. An ideal washing
method maximizes interaction between the fresh biodiesel and washing water, while minimizing
the risk of emulsifying. Previously, Native Sun had simply mixed water and biodiesel manually.
3.4 Production of Bio diesel from karanja oil

 The Karanja oil is extracted from the pongamia seeds using oil extractor. It is seen that
the given oil is filtered and stored in vessel which holds 10 liters.
 The filtered oil is poured into the preheat chamber where the temperature is maintained to
60 o C and stirred constantly for an hour.
 During the preheat stage, the moisture present in the oil is removed to a minimum so as to
prevent soap formation in the future.
 The water collected in the preheat chamber is drained out using a valve shown in fig
(3.3.2), Further the heated oil remains in the preheat chamber.
 Simultaneously it is seen that methoxide is prepared and poured into the unit.
 For the given 10liters of oil, it is seen that a total of 100grams of NaoH along with 1.8
liters of methanol (Methoxide) is used.
 It is seen that a total of 1.8 liters of methoxide is sent into the processing chamber in
minimum quantities, simultaneously using the valves the heated oil in the preheat
chamber is sent to the processing chamber.
 Care is taken that a small amount of methoxide is sent first then the heated oil is sent so
as to prevent the evaporation of methoxide.
 The mixture now is stirred for 40min and allowed it to settle for nearly 8-10 hours.
 After the completion of the above it is seen that separation in the chamber takes place, the
two products that is biodiesel and glycerin, where glycerin being in the bottom due to its
heavy dense property.
 The glycerin is being drained out first, and biodiesel is collected later separate in a
container.

 The given biodiesel is not in its pure form further it requires hot water wash.
 After the hot water wash the diesel is dried, and used for blending purpose.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
On completion of the transesterification , the following properties of karanja methyl ester
was compared to that of the diesel and as per the (ASTM) norms for using biodiesel in pure as
well as in blended form is found to be suitable.
Table 4.1: Comparison of Karanja biodiesel with diesel fuel
In this chapter following fuel properties of blends of Karanja biodiesel and diesel are studied.
4.2 Flash Point

The flash point of a volatile liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to
form an ignitable mixture in air. Pensky-Martin's closed cup tester measures the lowest
temperature at which the application of the test flame causes the vapor above the biodiesel
sample to ignite. It is used to assess the overall flammability hazard of biodiesel. Specifically, flash
point is used in safety regulations to define "flammable" and "combustible" materials.

Higher value indicates materials that are less likely to ignite accidentally. The biodiesels
would be considered significantly safer with temperatures between 128°C and 167°c.
Table 4.2: Flash point of different blends of Karanja biodiesel & diesel
SL NO Blend type Flash point ( In

Oe)
1. B10 59
2. B20 61
3. B30 66
4. B40 67
5. B50 70
6. B100 170
7. DIESEL 54
4.3 Kinematic Viscosity

This viscometer bath is used to maintain correct constant temperature for estimating
Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. Kinematic viscosity is the resistance of the fluid to flow under
gravity. The viscosity is important in determining optimum handling storage, and operational
conditions. Fuel must have suitable flow characteristics to ensure that an adequate supply reaches
injectors at different operating temperatures. For producers and blenders, kinematic viscosity
verifies that the transesterification reaction is adequate. High viscosity may require producers to
reprocess the batch. For distributors and end-users, high viscosity can cause fuel flow problems
and lead to stall out.
Specimen calculation for B100:
• Time taken for flow between markings in the tube is found to be 249secs.
• The standard viscometer factor as specified by manufacturer is 0.0238.

Table 4.3: Kinematic viscosity of different blends of Karanja biodiesel & diesel
SL NO Blend type Time (in Kinematic

sec) viscosity(in Cst)
1. B10 126 2.99
2. B20 152 3.61
3. B30 164 3.90
4. B40 173 4.11
5. B50 185 4.40
6. B100 249 5.92
7. DIESEL 107 2.54
4.4 Density and Specific Gravity

The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The
symbol most often used for density is p. Density is also defined as its weight per unit volume;
although, this quantity is more properly called specific weight. Less dense fluids float on more
dense fluids if they do not mix. This concept can be extended, with some care, to less dense
solids floating on more dense fluids. If the average density (including any air below the
waterline) of an object is less than water (1000 kg/m ) it will float in water and if it is more than
water's it will sink in water.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density
(mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of
the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference
substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for liquids & air for gases.
A hydrometer is the instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of
biodiesel; that is, the ratio of the density of the biodiesel to the density of the water. The
hydrometer is made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury
or lead shot to make it float upright.

Table 4.4: Specific gravity of different blends of Karanja biodiesel & diesel
SL NO Blend type Specific Density ( In

gravity Kg/mJ )
1. B10 0.825 825
2. B20 0.830 830
3. B30 0.835 835
4. B40 0.837 837
5. B50 0.850 850
6. B100 0.880 880
7. DIESEL 0.815 815
4.5 Calorific value

The calorific value is the energy released in the form of heat when a fuel undergoes
complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically
a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. The heat of
combustion is conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter.
Table 4.5: Calorific value of different blends of Karanja biodiesel & diesel
SL NO Blend type Rise in temp in Calorific value

°C ( KJ/Kg)
1. B10 7.40 41,120
2. B20 7.29 40,523
3. B30 7.23 40,212
4. B40 7.16 39,827
5. B50 7.09 39,389
6. B100 6.18 38,886
7. DIESEL 7.58 42,141
4.6 Comparison with ASTM Standards

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an international standards
organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide
range of materials, products, systems, and services. The obtained fuel properties are compared
with ASTM standards and it is found that all the values are within specified range.

Table 4.6: comparison of fuel properties with ASTM standards
SL NO Properties Standard Range Obtained

1. Flash point (Oe) ASTMD93 >130 170
2. Kinematic viscosity ASTMD445 1.9-6.0 2.99-5.92
(mm2/s ) at 40°C
3. Specific gravity ASTMD4052 0.87- 0.825-0.880
0.90
4. Calorific value (KJ/kg) ASTMD240 -- 38,886
The main purpose of blending the Karanja biodiesel with diesel is to decrease the
viscosity of the Karanja biodiesel and improve volatility of biodiesel but its molecular structure
remains unchanged. This project involves the preparation of different blends of Karanja biodiesel
with diesel like B10, B20, B30, B40, and B50.
The configuration of different blends of Karanja biodiesel is as shown below;
• BI0 = 100 ml of Karanja Biodiesel added to the 900 ml of diesel.
• B20 = 200 ml of Karanja Biodiesel added to the 800ml of diesel.
• B 100= Neat Karanja Biodiesel.

Figure 4.1: Different blends of Karanja Biodiesel
This section will describe the basic properties and blending considerations for B100
fuels. The considerations for storing, handling, blending and using B100 are very different than
for B20 or lower biodiesel blends, but for some readers the B100 information may help further
understand B20 use. B100 has physical and chemical properties similar to petroleum based diesel
and can in some cases be used in existing diesel applications with little or no modification to the
engine or fuelling system. While B100 can be used as a pure fuel in diesel applications, there are
important differences between B100 and conventional diesel fuels that must be taken into
consideration when handling or using B100.
1. B100 is a good solvent. It may loosen and/or dissolve sediments in fuel tanks and Fueling
systems left by conventional diesel over time. If your system contains sediments, you should
clean your existing tanks and fuel system before handling or using B100.
2. B100 freezes at higher temperatures than most conventional diesel fuel and this must be taken
into account if handling or using B100.
Most B100 starts to cloud at between 1.7°C and 15.5°C, so heated fuel lines and tanks may be
needed even in moderate climates. As B100 begins to gel, the viscosity also begins to rise, and it
rises to levels much higher than most diesel fuel, which can cause increased stress on fuel pumps
and fuel injection systems. Cold weather properties are the biggest reason many people use
biodiesel blends.

3. B100 is not compatible with some hoses and gaskets. B100 may soften and degrade certain
types of rubber compounds found in hoses and gaskets (i.e. Buna N, nitrile, natural rubber) and
may cause them to leak and become degraded to the point they crumble and become useless.
This could cause a fuel spill on a hot engine, could ruin a fuel pump, or could result in filter
clogging as the hose material gradually wears away. If using B100, extreme care should be taken
to ensure that any part of the fuel system that touches the fuel is compatible with B100. Some
systems already have biodiesel resistant materials but many do not because these materials are
usually slightly more expensive.
4. B100 is not compatible with some metals and plastics. Biodiesel will form high sediment
levels if contacted for long periods of time with copper or copper containing metals (brass,
bronze) or with lead, tin, or zinc (i.e. galvanized surfaces). These high sediment levels may cause
filter clogging. Diesel systems are not supposed to contain these metals, but sometimes they can
occur anyway.

CONCLUSION
The present investigation evaluates production of Karanja Oil methyl ester (KOME) from
calcinated calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst, properties measurements and comparing with ASTM
standards. The following conclusions are drawn from this investigation.
• Results obtained through the actual study suggest that methanol being treated with
sodium hydroxide solution and calcinated at high temperature, which shows high
catalytic activity in transesterification. CaO will probably brought about as the good
productivity as homogeneous catalyst (NaOH or KOH) and by taking advantage of the
easy product recovery i.e. while clear phase of glycerin is easily separated and in a pure
form. Under the optimum conditions, the conversion of Karanja oil reaches over 88%.
• The fuel properties results of all blends show that blends of up to 20% straight Karanja
have value of viscosity and density equivalent to specified range for diesel engine fuel,
therefore it can be concluded that up to 20% blend can be used to run the stationary
diesel engine at short term basis.
• The viscosity of biodiesel is nearer to that of diesel. The flash point of biodiesel is
greater than that of diesel and calorific value is slightly lower than that of diesel. Density
and Specific gravity of the biodiesel is nearer to that of diesel .This single stage
transesterification method reduces the overall production cost of the biodiesel, as it uses
low-cost unrefined non-edible oils. The addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel changes the
properties of the blends. However, further research and development on additional fuel
property measures, long term run and wear analysis of biodiesel fueled engine is also
necessary along with engine hardware modificatio n.

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

Some aspects are identified with the present work, and are presented below;
• Need to study the biodiesel production from Karanja oil using other heterogeneous base
catalysts like MgO, srO, ZnO & Zeolites.
• Combustion characteristics of single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine can be analyzed.
• Performance, combustion & emission characteristics of 4-stroke multi cylinder
turbocharged direct injection diesel engine with blends of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester
(KOME) produced using calcinated calcium oxide catalyst can be carried out.
• Performance, combustion & emission characteristics of low heat rejection engine with
blends of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME) produced using calcinated calcium oxide
catalyst can be carried out.
• By following same production procedure, Biodiesel can also be produced by using
Mahua, Neem, Jatropha, Hippe and Simaruba oils.
• Further analysis can be conducted on computational fluid dynamics.

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COSTING
SL NO Materials Amount
1. Pongamia oil,NaoH,Methanol 3500
2. Reactor Vessel 6500
3. Motor 7000
4. Heater 1500
5. Valves and pipes 1500
6. Miscellaneous 2000
Total 22000

Introduction

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BIO-DIESEL PROCESSING UNIT 2016-17

1.2 Scope for Bio-fuel In Karnataka

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 2

1.2.1 History of Bio-fuel development in Karnataka

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 3

1.3 Information & Demonstration Centers

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 4

1.4 Applications of Biodiesel

1.4.1 Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 5

1.4.2 Railway usage

1.4.3 Aircraft use

1.4.4 As a heating oil

Heating biodiesel is available in various blends. ASTM 396 recognizes blends of up

1.4.5 Cleaning Oil Spills

1.4.6 Biodiesel in Generators

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 7

1.5 Specifications of Biodiesel

1.5.2 Free glycerol

1.5.3 Mono-di-and triglycerides and total glycerol

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, EPCET Bangalore-49 Page 8

1.5.7 Iodine number

1.5.8 Acid value

1.5.9 Content of phosphorus

1.5.11 Sulphur content, Cetane number

1.5.12 Conradson carbon residue

1.5.13 Sulphated ash content

1.5.14 Water content

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1.5.15 Total contamination

1.5.16 Oxidation stability

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SL.NO Materials Quantity

3.1.1 Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja)

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Table 3.1.1 Composition of the oil

Fatty acid Amount Unit

Fig 3.1.1: Pongamia pinnata seeds and tree

3.1.2 Base catalyst; Sodium hydroxide (NaoH)

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Fig 3.1.2: Sodium hydroxide ( NaoH)

3.1.3 Reactor vessels

Fig 3.1.3: Heating and mixer vessel

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Fig 3.1.4 Motor of 60 rpm

3.1.5 Heating coil

Fig 3.1.5 Heating coil

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Fig 3.1.6 Thermostat

Fig 3.1.7: Valve

Fig 3.1.8 Stirrer

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The flow process involved in the preparation of methyl ester

Fig 3.2.1: Preparation of methyl ester (Bio-diesel)

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3.3 Bio-diesel processing unit

Fig 3.3.1: Conceptual design of Biodiesel processing unit