ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

prof. Franco ZAPPA

 Boards and Systems

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 Resistors

Values: 0.1  4.7M

Tolerances: 10%  1%

Power ratings: 1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2, 5, 10W

Colour coding
anello
1° - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2° 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3° - 0 00 000 0000 00000 000000 0000000 00000000 000000000
4°

Preferred values:
10%: 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82
5% e 2%: 11 13 16 20 24 30 36 43 51 62 75 91
1%: 100 102 105 107 110 113 115 118 ...

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 Resistors

Technology: wire mould metal layer

Package: through-hole SMD, Sourface Mounting Device

Variable: potentiometer trimmer

Sensors: photoR thermoR …

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 Capacitors

Values: 1pF  1’000µF

Asian coding: pF “104”=100’000pF=100nF
American coding: pF starts with figure or µF with “.” “1.8”=1.8pF “0.0012”=1.2nF
European coding: pF starts with “.”, nF with “n”, µF with “u” “1p5”=1.5pF “n15”=0.15nF “u1”=0.1µF

Tolerance: 20%  5% “M” 20% “K” 10% “J” 5%

Voltage ratings: 5V  400V “104M100” = 100nF 20% 100Vmax

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 Capacitors

Technology: ceramic electrolithic tantalum

Package: through-hole SMD

Variable: open air mica SMD varicap

Sensors: weight humidity touch …

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 Inductors

Values: 1nH  100mH

Tolerances: 20%  5%
Current ratings: 1mA  1A
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 Inductors

Technology: coil transformer

Package: through-hole SMD

Variable:

Sensors: proxi magnetic fields …

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 Packages Power

SMD, Sourface Mounting Devices

Through-hole

QFP, Quad Flat-Package

DIL, Dual In-Line

QFP, J
SOT

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 Always keep in mind “second-sourcing”

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 Printed Circuit Boards

Through-hole Multi-layer pcb

SMT, Sourface Mounting Technology Ball-Grid Array

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 Power supply

Typology: single- or dual- power supply

+5V +5V
+5V
1k2 +5V
10k LT1490 _
Vout
LT1167 5V
LT1004 -5V
Vz=1.2V 5k 5k 0V
+
5k 220n
-5V 5V
1k2
1k2 -5V
-5V

GROUND: local 0V reference

usually it is the copper plate of the printedcircuitboard
it can also be the chassis connection and possibly EARTH
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 12 / 38
 Signals, impedances, amplifiers, loads

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 Ideal Voltage and Current sources

Enforce a given VOLTAGE DROP, whatsoever current is needed

Enforce a given CURRENT FLOW, whatsoever voltage will cause

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 Real Voltage and Current sources

RS
iS(t) RS
vS(t)

THEVENIN and NORTON equivalent circuits

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 Ohm's law applies only to R
I

𝑹 𝑳

Most components exhibit NON-LINEAR IV response

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 Voltage or Current? Ohm's law is NO HELP!

Piezo sensor
(voltage source) Biochemical reaction
Photovoltaic cell
(voltage source) (current source)

Photodiode
(current source)

Headset
(voltage load) LED and LaserDiode
Loudspeaker
(??? load)
(current load)
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 17 / 38
 Voltage amplifiers

Voltage to Voltage:
VL 50Ω
G  AV  V/V 1kΩ
VS
100kΩ 16Ω
50V/mV

VL/VS = 0.99 x 50,000 x 0.24 = 12,000

Unfortunately there are voltage drops:

R in RL
Vin  VS  VL  Vu 
R in  R S RL  Ru

Hence a good Voltage Amplifier must have:

R in  R S very high input impedance R u  R L very low output impedance

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 Current amplifiers

Current to Current:
IL
G  AI  A/A
IS
50kΩ 50Ω 10kΩ
20mA/µA 100kΩ

IL/IS = 0.994 x 20,000 x 0.91 = 18,000

Unfortunately there are current shunts:

RS Ru
Iin  IS  IL  Iu 
R S  R in Ru  RL

Hence a good Current Amplifier must have:

R in  R S very low input impedance R u  R L very high output impedance

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 Transimpedance amplifiers

Current to Voltage:
VL 50Ω
G  AR  V/A=
IS
50Ω 16Ω
50kΩ 2V/mA

VL/IS = 0.994 x 2 x 0.24 = 0.477 V/mA

Unfortunately there are losts:

RS RL
Iin  IS  VL  Vu 
R S  R in RL  Ru

Hence a good Transimpedance Amplifier must have:

R in  R S very low input impedance R u  R L very low output impedance

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 Transconductance amplifiers

Voltage to Current:
IL 100kΩ 10kΩ
G  AG  A/V=S 1kΩ
VS
100kΩ 5mA/V

VL/VS = 0.99 x 5m x 0.91 = 4.5 mA/V

Unfortunately there are losts:

R in Ru
Vin  VS  IL  Iu 
R in  R S Ru  RL

Hence a good Transconductance Amplifier must have:

R in  R S very high input impedance R u  R L very high output impedance

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 Frequency response

Not just to Low-Pass, Band-Pass, High-Pass, Notch,

but also for Integrators, Derivators…

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 "Smart" frequency analysis…

Given a circuit and sinusoidal signal sources…

vout(t)
R1 C
vin(t)
R2

… complex impedances must be considered

… and Laplace Transform should be employed
Vout(s)
Z1(s) ZC(s)
Vin(s) Vout ( s ) 1  sCR2
H (s)  
Z2(s) Vin ( s ) 1  sC  R1  R2 

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 23 / 38

 … “asymptotic analysis”

1- We simply evaluate the circuit response at 0Hz and Hz

vout(t)
R1 C
vin(t)
R2

v (0) vout () R2

AV (0)  out 1 at Hz: AV ()  
at DC: vin (0) vin () R2  R1

vout(t) vout(t)
R1 R1
vin(t) vin(t)
R2 R2

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 “Heartily” proposed analysis

2- Then, we join the 0Hz and Hz asynptotic trends through a line in log-log plot

vout(t)
R1 C
vin(t)
R2

1
10

Polo Zero

vout (0)
AV (0)   1 10 0

vin (0)
|H(s)|

R2
10
-1
AV () 
R2  R1

-2
10 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10
 =2f [rad/s]

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 25 / 38

 How to compute poles
Switch off all generators (V=0 is a short-circuit, while I=0 is an open-circuit)
Don’t care where inputs and outputs are!
Compute the overall Resistance experienced by the Capacitor!
Req Network
1
poloHz  experienced
2  R eq  C C by the
Capacitor

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 How to compute poles

+5V
1µ 47k

vin
+
Sense
Out
INA
2.2k

Out
220k

2.2n 1k
_
Ref
470k

1µ 47k
-5V
NO !
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 27 / 38
 BEWARE OF FEEDBACK, though!
220k

47k

Cc
V out
Rc

V in
NO !

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 How to compute zeros – direct way
Switch off all generators (V=0 is a short-circuit, while I=0 is an open-circuit) apart from the Input
1. Apply a generic (NOT NIL) signal to the actual Input
2. Apply a generic signal V (t) and I (t) on the C under test
C C

3. Compute if Output can be NIL when

+3.3V
10k
2n
3 6µ 1
1µ V=0 2 6
30k I=0 50k Vout=0V VC  s  VR  s  VC  s 
IC    
1 sC R R
40k 60k
Vin 5
IC 7
4p 1
3n 4 s  zero  
VC 5n R C
20k 70k
1
f zero 
2  R  C

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 29 / 38

 How to compute zeros – most common cases
A Capacitor confining the signal path: a zero at the origin

+3.3V
10k
2n
f zero  0 1µ
6µ
30k 50k Vout

40k 60k
Vin
4p
3n 5n
20k 70k

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 30 / 38

 How to compute zeros – most common cases
An RC-shunt confining the signal path: a zero at finite frequency

+3.3V
10k
2n
6µ
1µ
30k 50k Vout

40k 60k
Vin
4p
3n 5n
20k 70k

1
f zero 
2  R  C
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 31 / 38
 How to compute zeros – most common cases
An RC-series hanging at a node along the signal path: a finite zero

+3.3V
10k
2n
6µ
1µ
30k 50k Vout

40k 60k
Vin
4p
3n 5n
20k 70k

1
f zero 
2  R  C
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 32 / 38
 How to compute zeros – most common cases
A Capacitor hanging at a node along the signal path: NO ZERO

+3.3V
10k
2n
6µ
1µ
30k 50k Vout

40k 60k
Vin
4p
3n 5n
20k 70k

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 33 / 38

 How to compute zeros – most common cases
A Capacitor hanging at a node off the signal path: a finite zero

+3.3V
10k
2n
6µ
1µ
30k 50k Vout

40k 60k
Vin
4p
3n 5n
20k 70k

1
f zero 
2  (60k / /70k)  C
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 34 / 38
 How to compute zeros

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 Total number of poles and zeros
In conclusion, 4 zeros and 6 poles
Oh no… 5 poles, causes of «loop dependency» !

+3.3V
10k
2n
6µ
1µ
30k 50k Vout

40k 60k
Vin
4p
3n 5n
20k 70k

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 36 / 38

 Bode diagrams

-20dB/dec: A1  f1  A2  f 2 the so called constant Gain-Bandwidth Product GBWP

dB
A A1
f f
+20dB/dec: 1  2 + 20 dB/dec - 20 dB/dec
A1 A2
A2
-40dB/dec: A1  f1  A2  f 2
+ 40 dB/dec - 40 dB/dec

f1 f2 f

|...|
|V OUT/V IN | -20 How to draw a
dB
/de
c
G LF=2000
How to locate a zero: -40dB/dec slope:

f
G HF=10 d d

-4
0d
f

B/
f P =30kHz fZ =6MHz

de
c
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS: 01 – basics franco.zappa@polimi.it 37 / 38
 Conclusions

 "smart" and easy analysis!

 neither L(s) nor is needed

 V/I is NOT always R !

Next lesson: 02 – Amplifiers

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