Particulate Nature of Matter
1. Leucippus
2. Democritus
3. Lucretius- he adopted the atomic theory
which holds that matter is composed of tiny
indivisible particles and in constant random
4. Aristotle- he did not accept the theory for a
quiet time
> 18th Century
- the theory was revived which led to the theory
of nature and behavior of gasses
* John Dalton- in 1880, he published his atomic
theory which states that atoms of a given
element have the same size and weight
* Dmitri Mendeleev- devised the major
development on the discovery of atom, the
Periodic Table
- elements arranged in
order of increasing atomic weight that will show
periodic physical and chemical properties and
later known as Periodic Law
* Henry Gowyn Jeffreys Moseley- in 1913, using
X-ray spectra he found that the elements must
be arranged in increasing atomic number rather
that atomic weight as per of Periodic Law of
Mendeleev.
Proton
- Ernest Rutherford
- positively charged particles
Electrons
- Joseph John Thompson
- negatively charged particle
Neutrons
- James Chadwick
- no charged particles
Matter
- anything that occupies space
- composed of particles called “atom”
- different types of matter can be distinguished
through two components.
Composition
- refers to different components of matter along
with their relative proportions.
Properties
-refers to qualities/ attributes that distinguished
one sample of matter from another
- generally, group in two categories: physical
and chemical properties
a. Physical Properties
- can be observed or measured without
changing the composition of matter
- includes color, texture, odor, tastes, etc.
- described as intensive or extensive
> intensive property
- bulk property
- physical property of a system does not depend
on the system size or the amount of materials in
the system
- temperature, density, and the hardness of an
object
- a property that will be the same regardless of
the amount of matter; density, color,
conductivity, malleability, luster
> extensive property
- physical property that will change if the
amount of matter change
- mass- how much matter in the sample
- volume- how much space the sample takes up
- length- how long the sample is - Substances that transform or chemical
reaction are called “reactants”. The substance
* Physical Change that are forms are called “products”.
- takes place without any changes in molecular
composition.
-related to physical change since some
measurements required that changes be made.

The three main states of matter: Solid , Liquid,

and Gas
Ex. Liquid water freezes

Methods of Separating Components of Mixture

- if elements cannot be decomposed by
ordinary chemical means , while the
components of a compound can be separated
by chemical means, the components of
chemical mixture can be separated by
mechanical means
b. Chemical Properties
- Potential to undergo some chemical change.
Some of the methods are:
-Elements, electron and bonding present
a. Winnowing
Ex. - traditional way of separating the palay seeds
from the hay by utilizing the wind or blowing air
1. Hydrogen has potential to ignite and explode
b. Magnetism
2. Metal has chemical property of reacting with
- is a process of separating components of
an acid
mixture of metallic and non-metallic substance
3.Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce
by using a magnet
hydrogen gas
c. Sedimentation
- is a physical water treatment using gravity to
> Chemical Change
separate the suspended solid from the liquid
- alters the composition of the original matter
portion
- different elements and compound are present
d. Decantation
after the change
- removing a layer of liquid, generally one from
- atom are rearrange to make new and different
the settled solid particles.
compound
- the purpose is to produce a clean decant or to
-results in one or more substances of entirely
remove undesired liquid from the precipitate
different composition from the original
e. Flocculation
substances
- one of the easiest way to make a turbid
- Substance undergoes changes in its
solution clean
composition, a chemical change or chemical
g. Filtration
reaction occurs.
- is a good insoluble solid from a liquid
- One or more substances are converted into
h. Coagulation
different substances
- to remove the impurities of an unclean or
unclear solution
i. Evaporation
- used to separate soluble solids from liquid
utilizing heat
j. Distillation
- is widely used of separating mixture based on
difference in boiling point
k. Chromatography Subatomic Particle
- method of separating mixture either in gas or
liquid form using difference in solubility or using
the appropriate solvent the mobile phase while
the medium used to hold the sample in
stationary phase

Significant Figures
- are number of digits in a value, often a
measurement, that contribute to the degree of
accuracy of the value

Atoms
1. Democritus
- First proposed the idea of atoms.
- Matter is composed of tiny, indivisible
particles called atoms
2. Aristotle
Scientific Notation - He rejected the atomic theory of Democritus.
- is a method of writing very small and very - He believed that matter is composed of
large numbers elements such as water, fire , earth, air, and
ether.
3. Antoine Lavoisier
- Father of Modern Chemistry
- in 1785, he formulated Law of Conservation of
Mass
- the law states that “ in any enclosed system of
all transfer of matter and energy, the mass of
Units of Measurement systems remains constant “
4. John Dalton
- Father of Modern Atomic Theory
- in 1803 or 1808, proposed Atomic Theory
Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Atoms are the smallest particle of matter.
They cannot be divided into smaller particles.
They cannot be created nor destroyed.
2. All atoms of an element are identical, but the
atoms of one element are different from the
atoms of the other elements in term of mass,
size, and properties.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more
than one element which are combined in fixed
ratios.
4. Atoms retain their identity during chemical
reactions, which involve combination,
separation, and rearrangement. They are
indestructible.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory explained the ff. laws of
science:
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Law of Definite Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions
Law of Conservation of Mass
- This law states that “in any closed system
of all transfer of matter and energy, the
mass of the system remains constant.
CO2+ H2O+sunlight  C6H12O6
Law Definite Proportions
- This law states that “different samples of the
same compound always contain their
constituent elements in the same proportions
by mass.
Law of Multiple Proportions
- This law states that if two elements form
more than one compound.
Atomic Models
a. John Dalton “Billiard Ball Model”
- Atoms are like billiard balls which are very tiny
and indivisible particle.
b. Joseph John Thomson
- In 1896, he discovered the negatively charged
subatomic particles electrons, where he named
it as corpuscles.
- In 1904, he proposed the “Plum Pudding
Model”.
c. Ernest Rutherford
- He is known for his “Gold Foil Experiment”.
- He bombarded a gold foil with a beam of alpha
particle. He explained that atom has tiny, heavy
nucleus which contains all the masses of an
atom
- He discovered the positively charged
subatomic particles known as protons
- In 1911, he proposed his own model known as
Nuclear Model or Planetary Model.
d. Niels Bohr
- In 1913, he modified Rutherford’s planetary
model and named it as Bohr’s Planetary Model.
- His model was based on quantum theory
where energy is transferred only in certain well
define quantities and electrons move around in
nucleus in a given orbits.
e. Erwin Schrodinger
- In 1926, he proposed the Wave Mechanical or
Quantum Mechanical Model
- It is also known as Electron Cloud Model
- He described the possibility that electrons are
found in a space at a given time known as
orbitals
f. James Chadwick
- in 1932, he discovered the uncharged
subatomic particles known as neutrons
Molecules and Ions
Molecule- composed of two or more atoms
bound together by a chemical bond
Ion- a charged atom or an atom with
unbalanced electrostatic force
> anion- negative ion
> cation- positive ion

Chemical Formulas