© October 2016 | IJIRT | Volume 3 Issue 5 | ISSN: 2349-6002
DESIGN OF HVAC SYSTEM WITH CHILLED
WATER TECHNOLOGY IN A HOSPITAL
V.SIVA NAGI REDDY1, V.M.LAKSHMAIAH2
1,2
Department of Mecahanical Engineering, Newton’s institute of science & technology,
Macherla, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract—The objective to design Heating, Ventilation
& Air-conditioning (HVAC) system for an “Hospital”,
which simultaneously controls its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness, proper distribution, noise level,
comfort, energy efficient & also be cost effective. The
project includes cooling & heating load calculation,
fresh air, ventilation, exhaust, duct design, pipe design,
equipment selection and layout of accessories such as
FCU’s, AHU’s, Pumps, Fans and Chiller & cost
estimation of the project. Cooling load will be calculated
with Carrier Method (E-20 Form) and it will be
calculated based on Hourly Analysis Program Software
(HAP) too.
Index Terms—
a) HVAC
b) FCU
c) AHU
d) HAP
I. INTRODUCTION
Hospitals require efficient heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems to maintain good
indoor air quality (IAQ), aseptic conditions, and to
secure healthy, safe and suitable indoor thermal
conditions (i.e. temperature, humidity, air quality and
airflow) for the hospital personnel and the patients.
Hospital ventilation must be effective for
controlling airborne transmission and preventing
outbreaks of infectious diseases. A correlation exists
between ventilation, air movements in buildings and
the transmission of infectious diseases Poorly
designed, maintained (i.e. contaminated) and used
HVAC systems are common in hospitals and often
lead to poor IAQ. This may cause sick building
syndrome (SBS), various occupational hazards and
hospital- acquired infections such as SARS,
tuberculosis, chickenpox, smallpox, varicella,
influenza and measles.
Designing and implementing these „intelligent‟
HVAC systems for hospitals is an enormous
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challenge for several reasons. In this article we aim to
describe the current state of HVAC systems used in
hospitals and the definition of „intelligent‟ HVAC
systems. We also discuss some basics of airflow
modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Furthermore, we review some challenges posed on
the design and implementation of intelligent HVAC
systems, and present some solutions for enhancing
hospital IAQ, infection control and energy
conservation
II. DESIGN APPROACH
The primary function of air conditioning is to
maintain conditions that are (1) Conductive to human
comfort or (2) Required by a product, or process
within a space. To perform this function equipment
of the proper capacity must be installed and
controlled throughout the year. The equipment break
load requirements, type of control are determined by
the conditions to be maintained during peak and
partial load. Generally it is impossible to measure
either the actual peak or the partial load on any given
space, these loads must be estimated. It is for this
purpose that the data contained has been compiled.
Before the load can be estimated, it is imperative that
a comprehensive survey be made to assure accurate
evaluation of the load components. If the building
facilities and the actual instantaneous load with a
given mass of the building are carefully studied and
economical equipment selection and system design
can result, and smooth, trouble free performance is
then possible.
Following different surveys to be before design:
Space Characteristics and Heat Load Sources:
An accurate survey of the load components of the
space to be air-conditioned is a basic requirement for
a realistic estimation of cooling and heating loads, the
compel and accuracy of this survey is the very
foundation of the estimation, and its importance
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cannot be over emphasized. Mechanical and

architectural drawings, complete fields sketches and
in some cases photographs of important aspects are
part of a good survey. The following physical aspects
must be considered
HEAT LOAD ESTIMATION
The air-conditioning load estimate to provide the
basis for selecting the HVAC equipment, it must take
into account the heat coming into the heat being
generated within the space. A design day is defined
as:
1. A day on which the dry and wet bulb temperature are
Heat Load Calculation for Hospital
peaking simultaneously
2. A day when there is little or no haze is the air to
reduce the solar heat.
3. All of the internal loads are normal.
Source of Heat
1. outside Heat
2. Inside generated heat
3. outside source heat
4. A/C Machine Heat
5. Visitors Heat Weather properties
PRINCIPAL OF LOAD ESTIMATION
U Factor Value means: - Coefficient of heat transfer
from hotter Zone to colder Zone
Conduction method followed for heat transfer “U”
Factor.
Heat transfer by conduction=Area X∆T X U
Out Side Design Data
∆T= Varies from place to place
Inside Design Data T=24oC+-1oC RH:-50% {cooling
in Summer}
Inside Design Data T=20oC+-1oC RH:-35% {heating
in winter}
Hap System Design Features Space Properties
HAP estimates design cooling and heating loads for
commercial buildings in order to determine required
sizes for HVAC system components. Ultimately, the
program provides information needed for selecting
and specifying equipment. Specifically, the program
performs the following tasks:
 Calculates design cooling and heating loads for
spaces, zones, and coils in the HVAC system.
 Determines required airflow rates for spaces, zones
and the system.
 The software sizes the cooling and heating coils.
 It calculates the suitable air flow for circulation fans. General System Properties
 Selects and sizes the suitable chillers and boilers.

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 © October 2016 | IJIRT | Volume 3 Issue 5 | ISSN: 2349-6002

III. DESIGN OF VARIOUS  Return Air: It is defined as the air being supplied
EQUIPMENTS back to the air conditioner from the air conditioned
area. This air is returned back to the air conditioner
Diffusers
after being circulated in the conditioned area.
Diffusers are very common in heating, ventilating,
Return air path should be 1.25to 1.5 times
and air-conditioning systems. Diffusers are used on
the supply air path.
both all-air and air-water HVAC systems, as part
 Fresh air: It is defined as the ambient air being
of room air distribution subsystems, and serve several
supplied to the air conditioner inlet from the outside
purposes:
atmosphere; this air is supplied to the air conditioner
 To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air.
inlet from the outside atmosphere after being initially
 Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired
treated
directions.
Aspect Ratio
 To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air
Aspect Ratio= Long side/Short side
being discharged.
= Width of the duct/
 To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied
Height of the duct
portion of room.
Best Aspect Ratio is 1:1
Accomplish the above while producing the minimum
According to SMACNA
amount of noise
Maximum permissible aspect ratio is 4:1

McQuay Duct Sizer (Duct Size)

Door Grills

These are used to allow the fresh air into the

toilet such that no vaccum is created.
Diffuser design by BETA software
Duct

A duct can be described as a device used to provide

an isolation path to carry an item from one place to
other place without bringing the product in contact
with the atmosphere before the delivery point.
 Supply Air: it is defined as the conditioned air being
supplied from the air conditioner outlet. This air is
treated air &contains all the desired qualities as
provided by the air conditioning system.

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 © October 2016 | IJIRT | Volume 3 Issue 5 | ISSN: 2349-6002
Size of the door grills
PUMPS AND PIPINGS
5.5.1 Pump Types
It is the job of the pumps to make the water
circulate between the boiler/chiller and heat emitters
within the heating/cooling system pipe work. The
three main components of a pump are
1) Electric Motor,
2) Impeller and
3) Casing.
The Electric motor is directly coupled to the drive
shaft of the impeller water on the inlet side enters the
pump in the centre of the impeller. The Impeller
rotates driving the water out towards the casing by
centrifugal force. The water outlet is situated off the
centre axis of the pump. As a result the pump casing
must be cast to arrange the inlet and outlet flows to
be along the same centre line. The pump is then
known as an “In-line pump”.
Pumps in series
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Pumps in parallel
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the inputs & room data sheets and data
Summary sheet the projected TR will be calculated.
To offset this load we propose to provide Air cooled
Chillers with a standby option. There would be three
duty chillers while other one will be as standby.
The Air cooled Chillers and the pumps will be
located in the Chiller plant room assigned for the
purpose on the Roof Deck floor. The plant room will
be duly ventilated. The FCU‟s will also be located on
the Roof Deck Floor.It is proposed to incorporate a
primary water distribution system in the AC system
design. The Primary system will comprise of a set of
Primary pumps which will circulate the water to the
chillers and they will circulate the water from the
chillers to the Various Zone FCU‟s are constant
speed type. This way the pumps need not run at
constant speed always and hence energy is saved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the kindness and co-
operation of the informants and local administrators
in the study area, and the support of the Department
of Mechanical engineering, Newton‟s institute of
science & technlogy , Macherla. Our thanks to
TIBA technologies, Hyderabad for helping me in
designing of HVAC system to Hospital.
REFERENCES
[1] HVAC design handbook by Roger W. Haines,
P.E., Michael E. Myers, P.E., LEED AP
[2] Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Technology 7th Edition by Bill Whitman , Bill
Johnson , John Tomczyk , Eugene Silberstein
[3] How Air Conditioning Changed Everything 1st
Edition by Salvatore Basile
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[4] Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

by Andrew D. Althouse , Carl H.
Turnquist , Alfred F. Bracciano
[5] Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 19th
Edition by Andrew
D.Althouse , CarlH.Turnquist , AlfredF.Braccian
o , DanielC. Bracciano , Gloria M. Bracciano

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