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(624-546BCE)
Prepared by:
Kristian Emil Sison (Copernicus)
Kristy Del Sicat (Kepler)
Nero Sindac (Galileo)
Thales of Miletus
• Referred as the “Father of Western
Philosophy”
• Pre-Socratic philosopher,
mathematician and astronomer
• Born in Miletus in Greek Ionia
(Turkey)
• 624-546 B.C.
Background
• Member of the Seven Sages of Greece
• Founder of the Milesian School of Natural Philosophy
• The teacher of Anaximander
• Also the first to define general principles and develop
hypotheses.
• Source: “Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers” by
Diogenes Laertius (c. 3rd century BCE)
Early Life
• According to the 3rd Century AD historian Diogenes Laërtius:
• Thales’ parents are Examyes and Cleobuline of the noble
Milesian family of Thelidae
• Some says he had a son named Cybisthus
Influence for his Philosophies
Materialism
Materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is matter.
Thus, according to Materialism, all things are composed of material and all
phenomena are the result of material interactions, with no accounting
of spirit or consciousness.
Naturalism
Naturalism is the belief that nature is all that exists, and that all
things supernatural (including gods, spirits, souls and non-natural values) therefore
do not exist.
It holds that any mental properties that exist (and hence any mental powers or
beings) are causally derived from, and ontologically dependent on, systems of non-
mental properties, powers or things (i.e. all minds, and all the contents and powers
and effects of minds, are entirely constructed from or caused by natural
phenomena).
Types of Naturalism
Metaphysical Naturalism
-Is the belief that nature is all that exists, and all that thing
supernatural, therefore do not exist.
a. Physicalism
- the belief that everything which exists is no more
extensive than it’s physical properties and that the only existing
substance is physical.
b. Pluralism
- the belief that reality consists of many different
substances in additi those fundamentally mindless arrangements
or interactions of matter.
Types of Naturalism
Methodological Naturalism
-Is the assumption that observable events in nature are explains
only by natural causes. It hold that the scientific method and that
such empirical methods will only ascertain natural facts.
Ethical Naturalism
-is the meta-ethical doctrine that there are objective moral properties of which we have
empirical knowledge, but that these properties are reducible to entirely non-ethical
properties or natural properties.
Sociological Naturalism
-is the sociological theory that the natural world and the social world are roughly
identical and governed by similar principles.
Types of Materialism
Dialectical Materialism
-Philosophical basis of Marxism and Communism.
-Refers to the notion of synthesis in George Hegel’s theory of Dialectics
concept that any idea or event- the thesis
generates its opposite- the antitheses
leading to a reconciliation of opposites, new and more
advanced synthesis
Historical Materialism
-“materialist conception of history”
- the Marxist methodological approach to the study of society, economics
and history
Philosophical Works