%Mi 9

7usuIunmliia~
(Communities Within Cities)
-

(Alistotle) djl nut!wildurrn?H~flu

u C L
oinfiiniiauo~ai~~fl~6n : Human is social

v e d . 4 L:
a n m ~ t u s n u n i u t n i ~ ~ ~nnuun ~ ni n~ua~~n i n ~ a i u l u ~ d u o ~ u i u n ~ ~ u u n r
' A d . "
@ m u nufitn~iun~u%uGau oin~~~&n~iai~~iluiT~~u~a'nmu~~~nnil
' I 4 d
u i a ~ n u ~ d u ~ ~ n u d r r o n n ~ u ~ n ' u f i 7n~;!uywiai~mwiu?
nRi?ni ; No Man is
I Y
d l I

~rr~Gu w~ I ~ u ~ w i u i a ~ r ~ u ~ u ~ i l ~ ~ ~
an Islandwi ~ ~ d u n ~ i u o i ~ n u n a nir~jnaiaat
'u
(Society) auwlgnp k n u ~tnu u (dyad) ~ M ~ ~ R ~ L L ~ (GlobalH ~ ~ Society)
~ u I ~ ~ I
Y

~jdwouiyn!nluciwn'~tc1u~nui aCunaY'zuGnumiu W.R. 2524 I a o ~ u i u In~ ~~ i ~ n

d. J.4
(Society) Ga n u ~ i u ~ u ~ u t n u n a i o ~ u n i u ~ ~ a ~ d a ~ n i uImuS st~~uun~~nm
~~drrr~&au &$un i ~~ ~ n u u ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~nula'aufl'i~flu
~ n v w ~ da iur ~~~~g nupu
 knusa~nwRIURU ~ ~ U V U I F I L I ~ ~+JVUIWIM~; AOICU a~i'ni5~UIU
w
knuszGuhn;inA ~ r l a i A
uerrr6ulnn ~dunu
d d
hcl%.quau (Community) cduaanla~~unli~nuaJi~~d~ ~nu$~nOd-i:s~~

R ~ L a%
l;~ U Ln. R. LR?; L&R:L~~?R fi L1Ia'ILlJO'In (Wayne K.D Davies and David T.
Herbert. 1993 pp. 1-7) 1~~luu~nl51Y;tla1u~ul~V
E)J7u~u
aanlflw<~d
1. suinu u%n mniw ~ a c m i w d ijmiuliuw'w&aunic
gaw~du~pciiau
2. Tuau~aaim~ui~miijnaiu~~li)~?a~nd~::Iu~~~aun'~
3.~uaucduindau'4aime~c~acld~" "uinomd~n " i a "G wunwcld J"
Liluuirhwcl?a$mun
4. ~ u a u ~ d u ~ d a u i ycu nl l~ a G ~ n u (l~w li~nu)
5. yuaurdu~ixflawi~~ ~?aui~anr ~ u a w h a ~ c(Place
i a ~ Communities in
Cities)
t: url ' d
u a n ~ i n u u o ~ u n a i u c l u i ~ d ~ ~tnldu
~aui~au~
6.~ n ~ d ~ L A f(The
l ~ Whole
l . 4 ~World
~ ~as One Community)
7. wi)ui;n~u knuinu7 aCu.nafimGn u ~ m I&'rmi
u i;ul' ucommunity
(nr0aC.i) yuau &nu wnniu drainu ~n~m::;au yuau d.iz+nnu
dcr u
(4 n ~ u ~ a u n u ~ n l ) m : : ~ n i ~ d 5 : : n i f ~ ~ ~ a ~ n ' uU ~~~nVaUm
I R: : ~ ~ n u
Y d
i8nn;i u s r i i n a i u ~ u l i ) ~ a u ~ d ~ : m u n ' ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n u n ~ i ~ u a u5~Gu cluiuo'~~~nwu
Y
n a i u ? ; ~ n u ~ ~ z n i . r i i m 6 ; a f : : ~ ;mno~i)uwu~iunaiufin
i~~ ~cli;uaiawizu7taJiJ
dn'i1M'~;auiinnn'iJ\di)7nniuidou;iu ~uaud~ninucuzni~i~~a~fi~iflu~iuu
I t : '

i$u~~ua~$h<muinn~i59'~nu a~nie~ua~~i~m~vni~~e~udn~~~~~~
Y ' ' Y
aarnaiu~~uan~~tbli)1nc11~nai a i i ) d ~ ~ i a w i ~ u i ~ d ~ z n i ~ d ~ ncaw
w'~aaaiR
~~anniw
d l i ~ ~ u V ~ J 2Ml%Rl AI fUI t
(b) naiu$n u n z ~ ~ w n ~ ~ ~ u a nw d ~ n w ' u f i i ) ~ i ) n ~ n n n ~ M ' ~ a u i ~ i ~ d ~ n
(wouiyn3u<wGli~c1u~nui 2524, clui 72)

340 SO. 267

 s i n n ~ i u ~ u i s u a ~ 6 i617uauv
il;i (Community ; n::ii2irA) d~siud.r::ni3
Y

~ ~ a d ~ ~ l e a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q n l u n i ~ ~ ~ at~n23inl&in21u~ui2ilr9~m3iu~uitl
n~iril~nwi~uau
I~IJXLGU~~J njinWd
ilin 1. 7uau~ilu~~Gau
minu u5Gn mniw ~ % ~ n i u Ciinm.JriuGu;
(
S ? U (Community
~ as an Association)
'a'
Iun-nunuiuu ~iluni~l~6uhisfiserii~::~~i~6uni~K~nu~"zan3::~3uni~
d d
n u interaction or.Social process) n~nsrua~~umi%nn~uw~dz::bu-6;
n i ~ g ~ (social

Y Y Y I

g ~nireruaiq~ u i n uwt ~ nminu6u~Innnuinugmaan yay nisn.i::riisc~iimiu

I I

n i~ k n aisdnng~u;dua~$o~ilnynnl
u n~uarn;li.r~niii'u%nu $J~::GY sim-aim~
Y I Y

=isiu
' aiG sesiulan ilin~uinuriiriwus::il~
y u i u J; OPEC Warsaw NATO A F ~ A

I I
*d z
ni~d1?~3~ulu~ad.icIs.a; ~~a:n~iuadil n2iuKuhnun~ ~ ~ u u l d ~ d u n i ~ n i r
JcY '
unr uuui~iluni~ni~g~uuauriu~niunir6 U

lnscrjd 6Tuau1v niun?ia..j~uls&nii?66~9unislnwnimsrrii~::~ii~n"u

n i t k n u h s l ~ u r n d n w ~ a u v Ci I(~lqf i ~ i l i n n 2 i ~ ~ v u ' ~ & : : ~ ~ i J ~ ~ ~ " 5 ~ n 7 3 ~
Y
Id. '
sm;idh d ~ a u i r 9 u ~ ~ r ia7 ~ yau~ ~ n ~ i un~=i n?i u 'ni'ldaul~1~3::ltll;i~n"u
~ sm i~~u
Y
du "U u si.d
n i ~ k n u; social networkn W % ~ ~ U = $ ~ I + ~ U ~ ~ ~ P u U W~~ ~nO 5 ~ m i ~ n i ~ ~ ~ n u ~
(W.K.D. Davies and D.T Herbert, 1993, p. 3) n ? i u ~ u r ~ ' u ~ ~ u u ~ d l d u n i J n i f
Y

~no::a5uis~u;dua~~u~u 0% (neighbouring) M~o;iu~nafiaul~is~ LL~::~~~uEPuU~'UY%

' C d
ag6un~~na~6uai~-1~um
- aar~+al;~ifsaliuai~ian ~iluiu
ilin 2. luau ?a u a i ~ i u i l ~ m ~ ~ il~a~~d3r~sal.i
n ~ i u ~ u l (Community-of-
~
Interest Areas) ;2ufh 4 J ~ ~ u u u ? n ~ i u n aJu'nn,u"fli~n~
'nu (Geographers)
Y

1&~n.iir;~uauuiuiu~~a71l(~ickinson,1947) n ? i u ~ u i u K ~ n i i ? ~ f i m n n i s I M ' n i ~
u d'
sau.iun?i c ? u ; n a i ~ u a ~ ~ l i a ~ ~ ~ a u n . i l R ; 4anauun$iu?uuin~;ii?sn'u
aula~
n?iu&dni~~uii~d1nn~~n::u^r1nn6;7~ q ua~auun~i~M'~~nni~~U'iuiiu~is~.a'~~a
&^RUG
Y Y

G i I v ; l l i ~ m ~ j n i (LG
i 2 a~niauns)~ f i n ~ n i u i r i i r 3i ui u n i main
q u ~ 3 ? u ~ ~ i i ' i~~arkdiu?un~iu~en?nPGi~
nfi~ q n i ~ k h~?ud.irmau
~ u (wn)
dailuai ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ Y ~ " ~ ~ M ' i~n'uu
L R o~ C~I ~r (Rural
~nU ~assciations)
U~"M&::M~~
hu~uluuinfinii? k~n~iu~uw"u&::~ ~ ~ ~ n " u Iu2dua~minu o ~ & n
(associations)
mw"us'm n s i Y ~ $~Iti;nii3ui3Iu
Y (11 fin&a -
~ i n n i s k n d i - l6?uau
r i~~iinoinoimi~inmndl~s"un3iuaul~S:~un"u
~ i 1 ~ ~ n u 1 ~ ~ ~ a u 1 u ~ ~ u ' i n ' ~ u ~ u ~ i n n 3 i u ~ u 1 o fq3vui inn"r ;ul d
u lni I~u~~nuii n
u idJ
' d '
(central place ; community-of-interest region) une~~oistln~duaai~ou3i c~~umo~unu~
Ed'- Y rI

; hinterland" (W.K.D.Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993, p.4) nJu auLna:LLRun lnlln
n n ~ q ~ j i o ~ d f f ~ ~ d e ~3"souu~uBu~ci~
~lkt~lio kwm
p i n 3. yuru L ~ I W L R ~~ D~ ~U ~ I L ~ R M' a~ iJ m
* ,i u j ~ ~ m M ~ h~ '"Di i u ~ n u ~ i f ~ ~
lil~u7Jff3 (Communities as Territorial Units : Whole or Partial) (W.K.D.
M~o$JMuFI
~
Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993, p.4)
3.1 6i;i 'fu r u " dk~d~~~nu~~dffau~~~~~uu~~n~nmw'
C Y Y I

dnngms3"; nim$~J6~iuf!au~.inru~1
b u n r c o ~( n i d ; tom) ~5aun.r( ~ n 6;
d u add- d
City) & d u n i s ~ n ~ 1 1 d s i n g n i s m~ n u ~ n u ~ n r ~ a u a ~ n u n n i u i ~ i n i s ~ J d u ~ u ~ u

3.2 w n n i s ~ n w i ~ u I n ~ ~ ~ u u a ~ ~ " n fui ci n~ fwf j nu u~i nn eui i

I Y
z 'ZY
~ ~ n n i n ~ n ~ f i ~ q ~ n h i l u a 3 u u o u a d ~ nn, 3 i unr ~
I i 7w6~~ iuui R
n 'nwi,liitla~ul~~
t '3.2 '
c i l r i r u n i ~ l u a i m i u i ~~mi a ~ n i u~uuirnauui~~Gn
d n~uuua~n"ui?'~~u~du~n"u
V
a u dcr
d
Y .

$inismanu~wuiJnuds? ~ ~ o n n r r i ~ u u u i nn~i d 8n l v l G n m u n u o d n
cill;aeil L u n i s l n w q j i 2 2duuuAn
'(1) ~ ~ u ~ i n n i ~ ~ w u i , l i ~ n ~l n ~ uu ~~ i ai n~i ~. i ir ni i 3i ~i ~u n~ ~ ~ ~
d Y U Pd
l%iJ?n v i i ( e t i f i c approach) nl~nnnn(m lM? w n (rationalism) lLn~rnui?l&h
.r
(commonsense) dlan i ' n o i n d s r a u n i a i (experience) dmuwud s t a u u i
~;anR'nn3iu~:nnsl (faith) ~ i n m v i u ilyt i n s i Iua n . ~ .I930 LRW ICILII~F
~ U J Uu~ (primitive
I societies)
.'oui~n&nuinuim;iiuidstqnn~.a*n'unif61"~6u~iuuuin~~~~u~nu Y

RC~J~M; (modern societies) t t n : ~ i J f w ~ ~ ~ l M n f(industrial

5U societies) f i w u I ~ P l n
WRJU
IO
IJ ~IULUO; (Warner, 1941) I u d s t l n ~ m T j a ~ ~ i n i e(Lewis,
j 1 7 1986) I~L~RRI
(Wales) M% r m d (Stacey, 1961) ~uuuuluo?(Banbury) d x m n o j n q a

f
 d W r
( 2 ) ;~uuunisinwids:n13n"~a~ r d u n i 3 i n ~ rnu u ~ n w i ~ ~ ~ r r u u
riu n i . r i n w l w ~ % ~ ~ S - u ~ w u ~ i ~ t i l ~
guauAriimi)inuwdJl~~qrllin"~~61n6;i~ni,
(Human geography) ~ a ~ n ~ m ~ n l J ~ ~ R 1~ m~ s m
~ g ~ Rv1 A
~ t iJl ; ua 7~7 dw~ ~~~ R A
z J'u C" w I

n~ uw~u n n S w~ i ~ n ~ a i ~ d P ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ u n i ~ w ^ ~ i ) ~ n w i u ~ w e
btrilur~urio~nic
(region) uinn;in~sruu5~~~~m~au~3anis~m5uli)lun~iu~~u~u'u
*d
cuai?ruos8k d a ~ i ) ~ n a i ~ aeu?r un o ~ ~ " r a ~ ~ a u ~ u ~ ~ n w ' u n ' urwsi: d3:~~~1~61~
uya~~flub;f&nwitn'unianai (time binding) rdua;ir uin "Paul Vidal de la Blache *

ua:Cninai~u~nrtnua~~v-~l~la'~~u~ni~Qi~ndi~ ~ariinisftCi)inw~uauvuimrQn
dpl u
1unmnuunnuanaru:~6;u~awi:~fluft~~1) ~61en'ini~~smini~k~~:ni~nieni~
ua:R'nr~:$d~bva~u~~i~uaim7~vm beni~inwi~uauauunlud3:~n~
Qi~nii~
d t d r w ~ r i l e 7 ~~u i ~ n7iuMuiu
e u d3:rwl ni-dnai miuu'ee:finii-~ r;un;i
n i s A n a i t l n n n i s d n n s a ~ n~ ; a "~~'nnisrr;~rvm"(regional studies) u i n n i i
z u
61n~.iinaiguau ; community studiesn b ~ ~ d u ~ ~ d a u n ' u w a ~ i u v d ~ n ~ u n u i ~ ~ ~ n e i
U U

~la:una~mup?nul~lu~uuln61aui"
(W.K.D. Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993, p.4)
l u u y n s t i ~merawi:rdo~n"riimo1nn13n'i~wda~~~~
(mining towns)
w
I
4.4 '
ue:Muuiud3:ud (tishing village) dt&afllm~%uq (isolated) s i n a i ~ w n u a u i ~ ~ ~ u ?
Y u z "
~ f l u a s i ~ ~ ~ u ~ C ~ u a : n i s ~ u n m ~ ~ ~ a ~nno:villAnisn3:n'i3:~;i~n'u
~aui~lmm~du
nitlnu~~ans:u~unimi~sv'~mu (nisiquda ni-iuhuir nmuu'nu;~ nisd?udnr
w W I
1 ~ 7 M i n ' u~ a : n i 3 n f ~ n ~ i f Jl l)~ u n f l ~ f u u(led
i n to much local interaction)
(social solidarity) njwli[ii)innsriiria
ua:iin~iutiuwiGriluiln~~wuni~~~~~uuin
L W % ~ M ~ ~ ~ U ~ I L I ~~ S~ Ji ~i ~i )G:I ~U d
" U

u d a ~U ~ d uduan~ ~ de~n'un~iu
r u
daam5emno'uRnu wadJua; ray ~nuddnqiu~~uG~flufln&ni~~~muain
U d
~ j n ~ i ~ ~ : d w ~ ~ n n u ~ ~ u n ~ u ~ m u w ~ u n u ~ium3~n"u~iu1u~nnfr"w
w Y nw3au~w~~~~in'u
W I
R ' n l m c & n h ? ~ ' i ~ ~ ~ u a u d n ~ i u ~ v u u ~ ~ u ~ : ~
(reinforced sense of community) "a~l~~3~~lui)lnnl3ld~~uuda~3:uu~QI3'1)~^ni)~d
~fluuuu'"LR~I)$~)U%I~ ; service economyn uaruuu % ~ n ~ a f i n i;swelfare staten
n i s ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a n ~ i u ~ u ~ u ~ u d ~ ~ 6&rflunisamcQiu~at
1i)inni~d~~u~u~~
*.a '
n71u U 3An57u~~~~uauLflu~d'Lun l ~ d h a...~the degree of common
(reduced
u z
Y

felling)" (W.K.D. Devies and D.T. Herbert, 1993, p.4) uumdrrid 1960 LQIW rdunuui
Y

~ & n i s a n w "pJaun " n n n vuimrsn (small - scale regional) ~;IJ~~IJY~IJ

 d "1
(systematic studies of processes) d m ~o ru l u ~ uo
~
q; d ~ n 'd'iinDni3dni
u JGJ~U
A
nunni7tnir(linked to separate social phenomena)
uuona7niu 1icn73ua~~nu1~wuinam1~ri~nu#~.a'?%n13d3:unia%u7u
,q

n~~~d~ouud~~l1nn13k~ii'u~7u~~uu~~nud~u~7u1d~~u~~uun13~~i Y

A
(primitive societies to modern settlements) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R Y ~ ~ R ? ~ U & L M P ~ ~ B : ~ ~ ' I I L I L L ~ '
J ' u 2, 2
1fry~7diiwn~?wa7nY'oauu~~iud~1
uG~nun~n~~nimlu~~iau~~"301~nu~n~a
Lfluri~nudiXaJ~.i&-" "Community wholeness, the holistic community" (Arensberg and
-
I M J YnJ (wholeness (n.) ; r s ~ l u a
Kimball, 1965, p.17) L L ~ ~ C ~ ~ (concept) (U.)
d
I?JJ~~P&
M
; RU~SN~* LIKI~UJI~~J
n~~umu~souo~n~uIu;u"11ultb~uda:~~3~l~
d
a ~ ~ f l 3 w ~ i h u o ~37~6~n7.ih.i~1;$~~nwm=:n7~~q3n
nu~o~ "7 U P Z ~ R I ~ ~ E I ~ V O J ~ ~
u a: Y
~ 4 o ~ u o ~ ~ o u i o n ~ i u n o ~ n ~ 3 ~ u w u ~ ~ u n ~~u1~Lr-i ~ n ~ o ~TI
nIR~ w u 2 7~ : ~ w ~ w u ~
d '
a w ~ 3 L ~ ~ O J MO ;<IUJ ~ ULII?~TIU~I~R
~O n - ~ i u ~ ~ ~ a w ~nqiuin
u I u %nmuguiu
~t~
~fiu3%lfl &IL!UJ Y PY ~ ? u R J ~ ~ ~ & ~ J L L P : ~ L~ L~U ~~ M o I~J ~ ~' ~~ IwqR
~
M ~~~ ~
: ~ B J
d~u?lri3aun~mnun~~~~nud3::nouR'~aiiids:a~ .2
7
: n p w i o ~+on7.ia;i~np
d u u
(rule making) LW~UJ~UI; (rule enforcing) lntlni?W (rule transmitting) lLa:~an~fl;
I F

~4ofilmow~aId&nu~tb~o bJ ~ J O I ~g~nd77
J ~IPIL~W~-JIURU~~&OJ;~T~
am nC
(community wholeness) R 7 U "the holistic communityw n?ElqulluKnR Rna
a: Y u .
fa
<m~flu~uauuuuds:~wfi;d~~uuvuw uaiuuo~.quauclnn anhuni~d3ei~1clirn;
d ~ d u d u a u i u i onirui
~ iiuunoonrdu 3 R U ~ L M ~ ~ 3.D ~n l & r i iinudiri~;
u
u a e ~ l u o ~ (hunting
dl and gathering group) ~ n ~ g u ~ j n u f f i 1 ~ g u ~ i o n o ~ n l . r
d
d3emrn36 (experience) u f l m ? l u d U ~ ~ n C ( ~ l(memory wul of the d d ) ~woYl?
~ I ~ ~ I U ~ D ~ ~ ?iM'n'unujuMju
~ ~ I ~ ~ I J (young
~ adult) S ~ ? I U F ~ I U I S ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~
(hunting) n~s~Jni7~~~ilutni'o~&~s:~u~un~1~i~~no~socluotw
YC
n ~ ~ u d a o n n ' t l ' L u k ~IUM,~Y
1
un:~iari7I~~;lficln?7uGuIa i u ~ uo ~ ~ u u n o ~ ~ a u 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 u
L. Y1
o7ld.rmouG%n.rsuuluoiu?:~wnu ~ e d ~ u n n i - i uJ ~L ~
~oluoivlini~dunis
U ~i
[;li~h~duiuk ~ u n ~ ~ 1 ( ; A n 7 ? ~ u o ~ n ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : :' du iJ~ 6J1 ?i ' u ' n ~ : ~ ~ o ~ n u n
u d ~ ~ t l ~ d ~uonoinrduoimi~undn?iu~nu~u~
a.5 i o l sdni~~fiaw~ii~~~o~hodoni~
dY '
~ u o ~ n o u n ~ i u n o ~ n i ~ u o ~ ~ u&i ~S~n u6 ~ n~ us w ~ , g n ^ a n ~ u o ~ ~ u n ~ s n ' i d ~ r
n " J h ~ u 1 ~ u n " l 1 d ~ n ~ ~ ~ o u ~ d u ' ~ o i m i ~ ~ n ~~"&rton~nu *u ~6 1~ub6e;l1n~d ~ k ;
J d "
~ ~ R R D ~ V I U ~ I U U W ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M I ~
 ' ' d Y d
" h ~ ? L I l u & ? h n1sk46u~ui3uuin1d<i ~ ~ M ~ E ) J L ~ Ma H
u n~ fUl aL ~I w ~ w i
.
I U
finu~wnbr?;n;i n i s n j n d i ~ s ~ s m i l u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ a d u s n a a n6~1dn;itu
sinri~nu
n i ~ ~ ~ J d u ~ i u ~ u i m t ~ n v a ~ ~ s ~ ~ n ~ n n( gau~m~) aY or~aua-k;
~du~uaim~~ns
' ##a ##cr "
nii3fla guau u y u ~ l d b u ~ n o ~ R ' n u ~adwaaald~5a~duaun:
nisf lilnurnnJ
I I

n~nfigdu~fluo~aui~nunfl:~u~u~o<u ~ ~ ~ ~ F ~ ~ J ~ I ~ J ? ~ w ~ ~ ~ I ~
' d ' Z s n
diruinlnrlln3in ( r i ~ n u t u~
) i l u h u 8~~~;;i~:~ilu~nuuunss~a~
~b udnisriiG~8~
' A@
66~~nua~lubrd~iluu
U n5a
i ~ iw3~uovn R ' n w d ~ a ~ u i ~ ~ ~ u n 5 a ~ a u d s r n a u ~ a ~ ~ i n
d~ilu$dnun(partial entities)" l~~~il~~.n'aJJdu~6IL~~banR'n13~YaJi3~d3:nau
(lirnu)
V

(partial entities) & L ~ ~ ~ u T M(local

~ ~ territorial
J & communities) O ~ ~ ~ J L ~ U M(guTlI4)
I~~LI

d&ds:1sa;\uni33 m s i : ~ 6 ; 3 ~ 1 i ~ ? w a ~ a 1 d u "Davies
. ( ~ . ~ and
. ~ . D.T. Herbert. 1993,
P- 4)
Y
A'## I

(1) ~dugunlmu
J ~ L L u u L L w ~ ~ I ~ ~ Ia~fiu
L C M(local
% ^ patterns
? ~ ~ ~ ~of life)
33uii~n'RunGu a : ~ ~ n i d l d ~ i u i 3 n ~ n a i l 6 ; ~ i n % n i ~ ~ u ~
u I

(2) aloli~unpuaunarfiu(local territorial communities) ~ d u ~ n i u d q

ninuan~ali'"~n ~ a ~ i ' Z i n r i n u a ~ i i ~~iul uu ~ o i u d t i 3 r ~ a u u ~J~~IUM'MHU"~
31~u~
nn d
lunislM'nissau?u6~1nin ~ a i i ~ a u l t t dL ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ W L % J ~ L R ~ ~ : M ' Y O J ~ I

n i s n r r i i s m ; ~r a u u u 3 f ILI (horizontal interaction) C( [ i ~ ~ i ( i <Hut l 1 u n l w ~ 6 1 ~ 3

(ascribed status) lnu LwR nnludlft(l flsaun?3 1 L ~ : b ~ i n~ 3i l~ u l i ~ ~ i ( ~ ~ d u ~ ~ u u d ~ u
r i u w ' u ~ n 5 0 d g u gd~ ~na;nln; (Durkheim. 1964) i ~ u n i ~i ~ I U R ~ ~ W ~ ( ~ L ~ U L L U U
Lanmwbteklu% (mechanical Salidarity) nlsn'i:~l3tll;l iI<~nl J ~ J ~ U ~ M L L M ~ T ~ ~

& n $ i ~ u n n d i ~oW i n ~ ~ i u ~ ~ w ' ~ a ' ~ " 3 o n ~ s n s : n ~ i s m ; iJ ~(vertical

~ulu~u~d
ia ' a i '
interaction) n ~ u o<uni~~fim~uw3aun"u~a~na~ai<tl
y n & d n i s r i u a o i d ttaemaui
Y * I

F I 3 i ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l J ~ i ~ t ~ ~ ~ nq uar& ' i ~ ~du~;i&anir

~ ~ ^ n 6 G 1 JnL T7 ~~~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~
R I ~ u I ~ ~ .Catholic
(Roman ~ ~ Ichurch)~ ~~ n ~ i 3 ~~~R&a~i s l i l u i i ~ ~ u " u~nMnY~O J

U U d
< 7 n ~ i ~ r u u i u(-n pariest priest, bishop, archbishop -) uda:~::muonuaimidiuio
n i u ~ u i i u ~ i rni ius~n s : r i i a n i i ~ n i c u a ~ ~ o ~ o n ~ n n ~ u ' u a ~ < ~ ~ o i ~ n i w r i u ~ n
(achieved status) ~ ~ i i n ~ i n n ~ i u i i ~ i ~ l u n ~ ~ dlmflii.iin~iuui~in
~:nouoi~w
*d n
R ~ ~ ~ ~ U I ~ ~ W L I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L L E J ~ ~ I ~L LL " O~ LO ~~ ~M I ~ U~ ~~ ~J ~( ~ J~ LL ~~
A * *
9 i n m ~ 3 : ~ 1 3 : ~ ~ 1Ji?Jnu~du~~ull~6~1~ij
~hni (secondary associations) nraa 3 h u
o ~ ~ i e n ? i u l i u ~ u i 6 ~ n i i 3 ~ d u ~ ~ u u n ~ i u ~ u w ' u i ~(Organic
dudn~~~u~~uu~]~
I w

solidarity) n i 3 ~ 1 ~ l u--i-n i ~ n i ' i & ~ 7 ~ 0 ~ ~ c i m n n . i 3 u n i u 1 e ; r i n t ~ u ~ e u n a 1 ~ r ~ ~ n ~

Y

h u ~ o l u n i . i m ~ n ~ i u ~ i l 3 q~~~~ u
~ ln
mi 3 ~ ~ 3 : l ~ ~ ~ ~ % i f ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i " 1 1 n
w d '
~:uu~lGlu%~uie ~iluw ~ n~n o ~ ~ r ~ n i a u T f f una:iuan
~ u ~ w iwua33ua:iumn
& n i i 3 ~ ~ n ' i e i a ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ a~ ~L ~u R~~uI ?i~nR iI L~I ~6(bonds ~ blood) be:
R;AiR ~ of
wiiauinidt~m~in~~iw3::n'ifi (bonds of soil) d~~dwnn~uuo~nis~sminifY'u~du
~ u a u k n u ~ ~ n ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ i d ~ d u ~ u u ~ ~ i nw"t l~~ ~ n 3n.tduuuuld
i:~: u n ~ i n ~ e i n ~ e i
Y ' I Y

h t d w ~ ~ u u v u o ~ ~ u w e d3~u: :~li~~~uai ~n fn ~ i r d ~ n u i u v o ~ ~ u a u
~ i l u & ~ uuer
u n i ~ ~ n ~ i ~ ~ ~ u $ ~ ~ . a ' a ~ ~ i t l n i ~ ~ ~ ~ u " u v o ~ &kq~mnns.ru
nuk~ubdn~o&nu(1
h k ~ ~ l'Aggar,
h " 1991) 20 naui( (Tonnies,
1887) L ~ L I ~ ; I L ~ L T J ~ ~ (Gesellshaft)
~&I~~
(3) 7uTlu&~6u ~ d ~ # 1 ~ " l f i l l u ~ ~ a l"d
fl~
1 3<&3l ~~1~~ 41 3 l 3 & "
l ~
~

~ ~ ~ ~ w w n . c n u m f ~ d " n ~ u ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ i n ~ : : & u m ~ ~ ~L& ~]~~~~nu~~

' 2.4
0 n n ~ n nJ aI T ~ M L J ( ~wan~mu
n i s r d ~ s u u d e ~ l u n i . i ~ ~ 6 u ~ i u v a ~ i ~oatutao ~XJ
Y I

dari~nu~uauno~~u
~ j ~ ~ ~ i j i a ~ d i :
\

nis~nw1r;l~irmunsrii
(case studies)

rndlup!uarJumrmma
(Individual settlement)
 (4) a u u F i ~LLi ~ M; q a i lt ~ n ~ u l i n i i n i s & ~ n ? n i 3 C ; [ ~ ~ ~ l ~
~ ; ? u i ? u(participant obse d) d ~ 1 d ~ 1 1 ~ 7 ~ 1 3 ~ i i ~
( ld
~0~6
l ti1I 1
di
"d ' PI
n ~ i u ~ i i ~ ~ i ; t n ' ~ ~ u o ~ n i u ~ u~ ~l dn iu unCi ~( ~r iui ~~, u natlnisuonn'I~
oin~n
m u i s n n ' i ~ ~ 0 i n i % n i ~ d ~ ~ ~ - 6 . ~ d u~a7u3?a.~ ~~uni~~~~nnni~~~~~~
I I

T&LUU~~~US~U

fll.47Jh.4 (Insiders)
I I

dfidnis~~~n~nis~~~u~irnu3~~
~finn-nu
l i i l o (understanding)

ons) rison~s&Ji;u~iu~uic~~fin
Y I Y

(small settlements) EJnJ m ~ n l ~ a U n l u (valuable

lu insight) L Y I ~ ~ L ~ U [ ; ~ U I I ~OJ
JU
-44-
?oa?9l L L R L ~ ~ I M ~ C ( Y ~ J [ ~989
J R U " O ~ I J ~ ~ ~ ~ F~I I ~
U n ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 1 ~ 1 d ~ l ~ ~ Y ~
ruinr%l lduduJ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ; ? U H ~ J"Arensberg ~ ~ ~ J an
~ Mimball(1965,
W ~ ~ " J Upp.~ ~ ~
36-40) 1dGdlls~16uu a r h n ~ u n i r~~~ a f l i n ~ i u ~ & ~ ~ ~ u u&io:
ni~~nui~~nu
I w
~ 3 ~ 1 ~ 1 3 ~ ~~ ~U i Y~ I~ Jd ~u ~~ ? i u ~ n ~ n ' i ~ ~ ~ ~ n n ~ i u ~ i i ~ ~ ~
".I
i l i i n 6 ~ n i u I u$~ni~Twuanu uarn~iutiuwi&at&~i;u"w n b a ~ u i u u k ~(3)u
oin 4. ?uau rdurcriiau$nunG v?ayC~nu~5aknu~u~sdlucTu (commu-
nity as ideal or utopia)
q&nu ~ n r J u ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ n ~ d s ~ ~ u ~ u a u d i i n ~ ~ u c i u w ' ~ ~ ~ i
Y

~6~?&~<~nl3~~~til~~6;~ d Ef l g?~l~~J M al ~ !ni t li~l. 5

9 ?l J r a~i~unittuarsu
r i s a n ~ i u d n m u i ~ a ~ % ? n ~Ci (ui ~i n~iu~n~ ~n ~ i u ~ i i t u u u i n u i u~~i i~t iu~uy ? i ~
Y Y

~ r ~ a u l u ~ ~ 5 a ~ ~ u ~ nun-n ~ a ~&n~' m u rn i ~ ~Ramu

(quest) u ~ i (maa~)~cTiryryinr
 ' dd
(spiritual) IMU
n u n a i u ~ j l ~ i ( ~ r d ~ ~ ~ a ~ n ' ~ n i f u ' i ~ioun'uunTu
uid~na~u8n~~
~ a l ~ ~ ~ ~ n ' u n l f ~ i i f ~ ~ ?(human! n ~ ~being)a i u r ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~
JYu ud
TidnuArilunpnnua aa&~~oarwaIn (Plato's Republic) R ~nuuadua;
J
t , I u'
Y

(More's Utopia) ~dn~wmt;aid'LJYRU n a~Iaiimiu ~ ~nnqa~~u~~u~auniuIa~ma

"k-f[iJnun riludiuauuin slaoaMaiuRnanwdiiuul.(Negley, 1977) 8k~da;a (Mumford,.
1922) qauuu (Fishman. 1977) ~n6a~odniun'iuna7~tb"n~a~duiiuauuin
"u t d '
~ ~ b n ~ u : ~ ~ u u o d n i ~ n a a a d ~ t o ' ~ n u ~ ?(Utopian n u ~ u ~ ~ ~ nJu
a c v ' dexperiments)
h.rGadufni ~ u ~ d C ( n i ~ t l o u t ' u ~ u a ~ n ~ i ~ ~ : 20 ~u~ i i~aa:a~r ~ w
un i ud n i ~ ~ n w i ~ i n
nisfinaidornndsa (individual countries) I I ~ J o i i l n 9(Armytage, 1961) kudf=:rnR
~ n q a u a r w u i u i u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ u u q mu~ankiuauys6 n ' n ~ m ~ a ~ ; individual utopias"
r r ~ - cultural)
Y

111 u ? m ~ ~(cross
f I i m ~ a d Id% ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ I . T L G I Jc~~W
r?~uu^ou JUI&I~~I~ rqu (Robert Owen's New

Harmony and New Lanmark experiments)

y[iJnuWviTa m~nusuu.idud'ulu~i~~~a?liuai~rdu~;~n'u ni.ndaaa~in
u
a u i u q ~oiarynnu n i s < a n ~ ~ s w ~usz1~nni
a a ~ i;r:u iiluvh
?in 5. .qua%~ ~ u ~ s ~ o w ~ . u n ~ ~ ~ ~ i i a(Place
m p uCommunities
a u ~ u ~ ~ina d
Cities)
~yuaum
iii rdudnnpni.r~d16;u'i~d~n'~~
66aimiuiramw 66nn" fin
d J 2: 2 u dd
unaiunnna$udas tau& n ~ u 7 u a u I unr~o~tTariluaimi~^rramnu
r~ anam:
I I

fi~~arawi:d~~u~awir~~a5~ni~~d0inhudf=:nauu~ yad isad

9in 6. b n r d u ~ r ~ a q u(The
a u Whole World as One Community) Li]uhl)5
Y

niwiuhadd a 3 . p raw (Dr. Sun vat-sen ~ ~ u u ~ ~ Dr. u usun~ vat-sen

i ~ u i
's Memorial Hall, Guangazhou Park : R?u~!adn77JIO? d.r:~n~mmawds=:aiau~u
(People's Republic of China)

qin 7. w~w~nsu~iuGfimuinm afiun'b~~m+inamiu 2524 n i l 72 I i a ^ s ~ ~n i~uq i i d

(Community) auau &nu m n i u d x n n u n'name;au I ;;I
Jd ..
?urn dfrainu ( ~ ) ~ n ~ u ~ o u n u a ~ ~ ~ n ~ u d ~ = : n i ~ ~ n i j a u n ' u n ' n a w
d'J
u i ~ ~ uriinni1uae~n~iumI~1~aun"d~=:muPu~~rtnunii
qn puau~uiuii JLR
I wun
Y
d'
.rz6unaiuqwrna ttaenls6a~ose~;i~~ nnarlaanw.w naiu8n~~duarawi:
 n13n.irrii ~n'o?rYu?u'~~tb (dornmuna~action) niolnlq6n.rmni.i~~ uri o
(co-operative behavior) unrd.i:%u y a u a l G ~lfJwitalalul%L~ uuii]duuuul n u l u
a l o n m i C u u~&uuin~duuuunjXo~dib"
dad w
(1) n d u ~ n j o ~ i ? i ~ W i n(small
~ e n kinship groups) nuanltm:n13nr::rii
sm;i ~ n i t d ~ n n ~ i u a i n n ~ i u ~ w " u 8~'~~nua~~df ~i u~~uauw " n I t b d i ~(Hunt-
qI ~a::ii~n
a
ing and gathering) ~ ~ ~ u l n k l ~ n ~ l m 3 o u n ~(nudear
3 L ~ ~family)
)L~W
&ifuri~nu~~u!aw"nilindit~a=:iiiv"&k$nLdug~nu lTuaun d d n n o d u
Y Y
LuoJnu (the first communities) I ~ L I ~ ~ ~ ( ~ I ~ ~ ~ U T ~ ~ L ~ I & L
nl3o &llb o$uol fkllu~L?fkl21RLG U ~ K M (social cohesion reinforced by acupance
of common territory) LLOI&?R~? ~ f (shared u life) L L ~ P ~ ~ V ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ U R ~
I I
Y
R w ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~~ ~ ~ u ~~ ~Jd u~ n u~ i ~~ ~
Law
~a l ~?fJhLflfJJLn"n
~n l iJ e L ~ I L M ~ ~ ~
u r a
n?o& J L~ ~d o w (building
I I
" shelters) 'RIRS17 L ~ ~ J U ~ I W ~ I ~ H C J ~ I
iim3uu~nquoon~dwndu~ou 3 oonld (scattered groups) n13njniia~ih
~6uloniduni~u~~~moinima:ilt.iini~Cnwunirlufiin~~u~Sa~n~ni~di~
I I

(magor ceremonies or festivals) YD Jn sJUn1J 9

'
ni.irinwu (meetings) ~ n ~ i ~ h i ~ ? "d n w ~ ~ r t n i(maintainance
~ u u ~ a uofn ' ~
44
shared values) ( I l ~ l l ~ ( i ~ ~ i l ? ~ j n L n " ~ 7 u ' ~ ~ n ~" Q~ e~n ?1 3l C
~mL ~~ u~ ~ i ~ R l ~ ~
" d d
ni3(i(l~u3?un[?u6~nii?$~di~ilin<n;
firiinuin~nu~funi~uan~~du~ oini.i
Y Y

L R L UI J ~ ~ ( I ? ~ W U Qd W~ ~~ ~ n i 3 3 ? u n ~ u ~ l 1 u ~ ~ n i a ~ w " o n 1 f ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ a : : u 0 i u
Kmqm u~Tuiifu9
(2) n i ~ n u h r d u n ~ u r i ~ n u ~ u i f l ~ n social grouping) ~ ? o R j n u
(larger
uu1nInq.j ~dumrnu~ii&fl~u~o~niu"i~ 9 ~ L E R ~ ~ I ~ ? J &(kinship)
IT n~o~niud
(place) f i o & 2 d x m ~
 I I

n~lnniaqiiuuinfinaioL ~ U Y I ~ K Y I~.(IRI (band) ngudL R R ~ I ~ ~ J & I ~

L,
"u I ' d
u ~ : ~ ~ a ~ n i d n n f i o u ~ n n(tribe)~ ~ ~sruanu~ct
w i a u naukWa%u,% (Neighbour--
1
L, I

hood) ;ua% (community) yurrctnosh (local community) knu (society)

I I Y I

o i n n ~ u ~ n i o ~ i i u u (small n groups) II~~II~LIIRI~?~~~I~I~L~I~

i m ~ ~kinship
'2 d
n l 3 1 ~ u n ~ u t i ~ n u u u (larger ~ ~ u grouping) II3a L~iaw(tribe) nnlfS2u
l m ~ ~social
d '
~~R;snirtdun~uli~nu~Rnoin~~R;isu~:~~aaniunun~:&nul~~~~iumni
IdmiuiJouhu~&iin'mii~
w ~oinnis~aui?awanud~11d~ni3~fimu"~ua~fl~u~n# 1 (The first wave)
Y U
Y

n i ~ ~ u y w ~ ~ u w u s r r u ~ i ~ u a j ~ a ~ m ~ ~u~:nuwusnuai~uo~&
a~i:~am~:~nui
s~uii~s:uuaed3miuu y w u w l i ~l anmu u~:d ~ndu2<ulin;~?uo'c
Y I Y

ni~a~ds:niunlsnuwu (discovery) uernl3d3:ftw~ (invention) ndIIL'lfl~2nnnu

(innovasion) ninnwmsnnu dqrin; as:aadsrniu u~mn~~ukndi~riil~~fimwaw^nrn
%I IL (surplus products) ni3iY~du~iu (settlement) U R ~ ; ~ ~ U L L U U L ~ (urbanization)
~DJ
wa~o~niwpnd u ~ h ~~ ~ ~ C ( L ~ ~ ! L L ~ L ~ L I . J U U U
1 n ' i ~ ~ ~ ~ m ; u a u u u(urban)
' t
auun (rural) LM'IMM
n PQ d.a
wavadniupni 2 flanidg2flpmmIIn~a.J (Industrial revolution) w u p u n ~ i ~
Y I

N d3:1Yl~&lnl]~ kid n.R. 1750 ~ ~ R ~ l ~ & ~ $ 1 7 ~ ~ l L ~ 3 n ~ : URLRWLLSIU ~ l U ~ d n " 2 ~ ~ 3 d

#.si-y~~dowew~dk~du~u
I I Y
t
n i ~ & n ~ i ~ n a ~ ~ ~ ~ m u ~ m(rationality), n ~ f u n~n13$~13:i!uu
d ~ m ~ s ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ I ~ ~ I~on73%oJfhl3
U ~ M I ~ J I ~ ~ ~(bureaucracy) ~ (organizations) ~J~?JS:UU
d
1 3 ~ ~ 1(factory
% system) n u y w i r i i ~ i u < u ~ n t o ~ ~ n ~qn(machines) n6;i~ waVaJni3
dfiQpmm~nnu~ ' I I ~ ~ J c ~ ~ R ~ ~ & J ~ kmir R ~ I J k n u ~pnlylhs huio insi~ian;
Y

uar~nnl JR!Y RY ~ ~ a ~ w ~ ~ a o u n ~ i u n*do '~ n i ~ ~ a ~i nu2 i~u ~a ~uun a ~ ~ ~ u ~

t u *
~ U ~ o u t d u ~ u ~ ~ u ~ Jn1JsJn 611 OI u L~R~R ~ I S ~ ~ I ~ L ~ ~ L LLG
M Y (urbanization)
~ OJ
Y

m ~ ~ 7 ~ n 3 3n?lu%ra.h
L ~ u ~ ? u i i r n l 3 n ' l ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~(indust"alization) u (modernization)
32 ~ i ? J n i ~ h . ~uil~iu~~d3::a~nf
$Ul (population growth)
I I

~innis&n~i~~~wa~~nir~~sdnwi~~'~~~~u~s~~'u~
Y '
' d
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~nul~ 1 ~ 3(community
~ . or local
l u
community) nunJRdnu (society) ~ n i w u o ~ u a u d ~ u n ~ ffi l u 6~fiaoin~ni-x
;i~~
JYu
n Z n u ~ m u " L ~ d i i ~ ~ a o l n n i ~ ~ d ~ (social
u u u dchange)
~ ~ n i ~Aud r n ~ ~ o (n)
in
n i . n d d o u ~ ~ d a ~ n " ~ ~ o n ~ i d ~ i ~ i l i n n i(unplanned
. r ? i ~ u u uchange) k a r (1)ni3
d Acrd
~dnauudatuuuduwu (planned change) nunofion~awirii nisfiaui (development)
dad'
~nsnuis~~nis~ddeuuda~~d~u n i ~ n ntou bether)
(change u ni~~dduu~~da~h
l i ~ n u y l doink n u ~ a ~ a l u q h d d c i l u ~ ~ ~ w 2 i i o r ~ u u w(self
a r ~sufficiency
u~mu :
European feudal society) lnow3rrdu~dduatl.a'iiuio(authority claimed by priests)
1&ou8n%1unis1~~~ wriiiiu1~ur;ai7uina:u;ouads:~saGoinua
Y Y Y Y I
W J
(lord temporal) ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l l l 3
JIR
IN
IUI IU&RUS~LLUU;U
u IUL~IDI~R~~L~IU~J'~~~Y~U~I~W~~YDJRUJIUIRL~~
*u '
fniu&w'wa~Jn~i7 l?~n;i " d i u & ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ u u - r s i u linkages) dLdu
(horizontal
naiuliuwici~ruud~u$u$o.ci (primary associations) M%~~IUGUW~~;L~U~~~LL~U
Z m l u l (Mechanical solidarity) ~ n a f i n a n i u n i w ~ n h
(ascribed status) lduk6q
rd' ' ' A '
&tu naiuliufiui~~uuI;O~dII (local) o~~ua~TYufiuna~ai6o aiqw aniu#
R l R u l (l3~u~lTZlin) n l l l ~Ja& J ~ U ni3~&6~iuauubnr~a? (single settlement)
" d *. Y
aniuniw rha;a~n'yrwp( n ' i a u n ~ ? n ~ n n i ~ ~ ~ r r a t ~ n a n i ~ ~ ~ i ~ u ~
~ n n ~ n i s ~ d u ~ ~ nUuL Q~~uU ~uSa: : L~m
' 2.4
~nwturnjnii?idui~u Ws (traditional
society) wOU7 Self
Y
- sufficiency ; European feudal society ; authorty claimed by
d'
p r i e s t e ~ w ~ d ~ s ~ r r d a ~ r d u c ~ u u ~ n ~ i u ~ i u i y n i ~ f i r ~ (become
w ~ a w i more)
::ni~uin~u
L:
n ~ n i ~ ~ i(markets)u ~ ~ iLRSW$~I
n (economics) ~ I T L ~(politic)J ~~arni~jndi7
Y

sinicwnislnsi7unaiJ (enercied by core regions) i ~ a~nrR3wJfiil w rnlud nur rat ua::

' d
n ~ l ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ 3 : : Y ~ J ~ l t u l ~ (the
~ ~ 3self
t u ~suffi-ciency
I
1 I ~ n ~ Jand
Y
-
~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ 3
independence of local areas decays) ndIIL ~ ~ ~ i & ~ & h i b ~ J b b o . c (vertical
3 $ J
linkages) o ~ ( L ~ u R ~ I u $ u w ~ ( ~(secondary
u u u ~ ~associations)
~ -u ~ ~ hn?lU&.Jh;
~ ~ u f l n r r u u ~ ~ w u(Organic
a ~ ~ n isolidarity)
3
C,
dfinaniuniw riurlnf; (achieved status)
rduhniy n i ' s G w u i n i ~ n i s(nisOarii~irn~n~~u~au~an~I'susin~uiraunit
~i
u & ' P.Q

n i s n i n ~ u n ~ n 716d~u~nni~dr3irn~o~'?)
nd d3rnauTiUni3d~?m~nm~nff u ria
n a i ~ ~ m ? 3 3 18
w i iiquoneit6dst~n~ojnqw
Y Y fi~~rfin~n%uiu~uvia~u~ou
qnmnn33utdruni?n~i~u~naff wd 18.19 w ~ a u ~ u n i s ~ i ~ i u u au%n ~a~~nis
m i n u i i a ni.iriiaiummanau (private sector) LLR~IR?~ (government sector)
~ i n v ~ n n i ~ u 5 n i ~ ~ r u u j 7 ~ 1 ~ 1 s 3 r ~ y ~ 5 s n MITJIULLL~~TI~~IT
i.i~n~rru"uvvf
(bureaucracy) (corporation and government bureacracies)
 I I W

oisuafsuslr?uMnn (Western civilization) ~dnwi?no~ntfinnia~idiu~zuu

d, d Y
ISI JIU
~~~rl(;Yi~iusruumuGurJ'~a'~~uuns~uniauclen~u aoduwuyiworknu
naJnu
w ~mo~nis~iluri~nu~u'uInd(modern society) n ' i ~ M ' ~ f i ~ u n ~ i n n ~ i n ~ ~ i u n ~ i u
e.4' '
riurJ'umuotl6ugn~dn3'dluiil.?61(culturalgoaii) v$p~iinlunid~wuarru (cultural value)
uatwa~srIunu'huslww n u o ~ m n l d ~ 5vili{~~.nu~diuuttdR~r~n
~u~ wriJnu~Gu
b d : modem society" W L ~ ~ U ~ ~ U M R ~ R C U: post
~ M ; modern society"
lu3o~~udnngni~G~uMw~uio~3aun'u~~~C~nub~nwob=:~fl~~~uu
sinm~nlh6~A ~no i ~ n u u i n u C ( ~ n ~ n n a ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ r d n ~nisowuw;iu
iudnonn'u~~
du 1~~fludnn~nisG~~iioun'umu~il~1sin6~~~~ni6~ilnunisowuw thh~flu
ldhnirnriunirlo n i s ~ i u d u l d kqd16wnn w i ~ n i i ~ u nq imuisnl{ni3~wo~
u
rr. ' J
nouion?iu~odnif~i~]~i~uunn21n~duo~~'
u 8 d a r d u u
RdUW L ~ Q w ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~'l~lJdTlfl~n15d ~ ~ ~ ~ L Q w I ~
t: '
6uyviulo~nun'uLfluHd~~u 6;ld n~nqu1nio~lfiuln~R"n (small kinship groups)
' d v
n ~ u r i ~ n u ~ (larger ~ i a lsocial
~ i grouping) n?uLwouulun~asra?n~lu (neigh-
bourhood) ?mu(community) lu2duuud(Durkheim) ~ao;n!n{ fiunii Rdnu dbnnu
~ u ~ u a ' o ' 6 1(Mechanical
lu~ solidarity) ~ ~ o 6 ~ u n ; ~ ~ R & ~(Burgess
s t d i n and Park)
t: a r
fiunii unaarsuml (natural arear visadnic~~du~nuunno 'residential mosaicw
t t ~ r n u i u n u igrrau&odu
i~ (1-1 community) din~duiinu (satiety) knudstud
(fishing society) rkn~l&ldcv'sl; (herding society) l'k "8Jl~a" 'lLRd& YRY M%kdnU
w
LEU%QJ~I~IK~~;(hunting and gathering) n ~ ~ & ~ ? (folk u l u society) ~ ! h & n u

d U
gunuun~u~uw~~od (rural community in u&an society) s?undanaw l ~ u u ~ ~ o ~ ~ u g y a u
nuun (!nq@uod Dewey dstnau) uonl~$~plnl%sl~!~d (urban area) utl:nnnuun
0 8 A
(rural area) R J ~ ~ L ~ ~ L ~ I Ro'n&rriinai&~~
I W J dsinpnim; $uy&
Ja u
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Jl n i u h i ~ n (u
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~ ~ ( i l n h a ~~ b ~ L~ ?d(neighbourhood
L L ~ U ~ : LMLUO5gR)

w s u ~ ~ n s u ~ i u n k j n u iaCunaG-u+nmrmu
ntn i~ 2524 id 240 ia7i'
n~iu~uiui;ii uquau~?jn 9 i i ~ n w w f i ~ a r u d d i i runrhuiinaiuiiuh6'5uoL;i~
a
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aa' ' cY
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In (1) ~ u i (size)
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l~ d i i f h (3)
u u ~- to
Y

n a i u r i u w i & o ~ ~ u i % n ~ ~ n u ~ d u ~ ~(face w% - face)

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R ? ~ ~ ~ M G &7 I~ ~ w h l $(Communities
o ~ Within Cities ; An Urban Social
Geography) Tau a;l: ~ nLIIOLOO;~
r (Wayne K.D Davies and David T. Herbert (The
Chicago emlogists recognized that neighbourhood nested within the larger comrnuni-
Y

ties (Hunter, 1974, 7) 1 a u 8 ~ m u 8 ~ h a' wcYclu ~ a n ~ n i ~ ~ ~ u u Mi%uI 1 n ~ ~ a u ~ ~

c u a n l h u (neighbourhood) %I
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Y
1 1
ddiuauuiu~au~au
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nisdSudru rrnrnirw~unnun$uY ~ Y
Y

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~ ihlflllgn~~
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(Nelghborhood)

U
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(Human) (Neighbourhood) ~nvironhent

i
small groups

Social dimensions
Socialization
social Economies,
Politics ets.

Culture
4

p a x &RU IHR~U I J ~ Z ~ R~ U
inwmtia ~
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u
J'd
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i~ u a t n i s ~ i naonru n
Y
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Y '
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u i ~ d s t n i s f f ~ n ~ r o n nrnu ~G (b)
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u i d C C- cc J'
nJn man UntLaosLyosn (Wayne K.D. Davies and David T. Herbert. 1993) FqdLuaMl
Tunu ~flu&I:
 (1) ll?h
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munity as an Association)
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? ndsrI~~ntb'f
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" n i m i r r n n i f ~uuilamnii
~ J" n i o du~munif
J"
' d a d :
l ~ u ~ ? ~ l r l u ~ l r l ~ (Communitieg l Territorial Units : Whole or Partial)
a n ~ ~ r ( ~ Gas
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c~u
as Ideal a Utopia)
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(Place Communities in
Cities)
I n n ~ J u ~ r r i a u q u a(The
(6) u Whole World as one Community)
Y
"d
(F)in~nw~niwi,liuirn oPd Dr. Sun Yat-sen lqsu\andiunui Dr. Sun Yat-sen's
Memorial Hall, Guangzhou Park.) oditlsn"m1u n a i u n u i L I u o ~ ~ u % u ~ l ~ u ~ 1 ~ 7
d' ' " U d:
TIU~~IYIJ~~~J~ v ~i sNaJ~; i i n u i ~ v o J r n s ~n" ~
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5 4 13%
161o;h; (Durkheim's term) (Durkheim's (1964) terms medranical solidarity"
communities in which ascriptive or assigned relationship. 6JL'flu Feudal society ;
knukla5n) bn?iunma Community ; I"Mechanical Solidarity" ~anmwua~li~nu
Y

~fluldheCdu%I ~ U R ~ H ~ ~ & ~L%J

use8maoiuniw ~I
f i ~ h ~ d l l ~l l €~ ?I f l ~ ~ ( I ~ i l ~ ~ ~ l ~ d ~ U ?
llla
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a A d '
msu%l8(Natural area) ~ s a n ~ n 0 ~ 0(Residential
1~fJ Mosaic)
Y

h n ~ u ~ u a u n a t n(Locat'u community) ACR L ~ U R ~ R (Societies)

U
Y
nu
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Eskimo Bushmem Society Y a Y
'd' Y 1

hn~~nru.nnsa~~n~nn7s~du~ununo.~fiu (Local Community) I&L~

drd
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(homogeneous) ~riunsaunj? RRIUI
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I

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- (9)
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I n

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D n ua ~ngir~nniinpin u ~ n n u r ~(v) u
m m 1

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(uo!lelos!) t o P I I s~i ~FLALU

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- m

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8

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 (Society) WIJLR~
ii~nu (social) ciarriu?n'~ai~nu
(societal)

(Society : Idl~Gi?)
u
w-au~~nsufiGCrni~nu iafimGauaniu W.BI.2524 MUI 371
i &
l i l i n - ~unui ;I
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u
(2) n 3 i u r i u K u ~ ~ a ~ id'itnaua-~uni'i;-~udo
far ni.ru;r$u nisu'nu;~
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u
# d d A #a a
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u u
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u I

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u~
(%~lu)~uau (community) iiarknu (Society) auun (~dnu)rfiad i$dnu~drdwuuu@dnu
lulkrnu &~du(&nu)~uaulunn(ridnu)iija~~ d u k

n i ~ t L~~ u% ~ ~I iU? ~ l ~ n ' ~ i ~d~ jun ~ ~ a u; I.IIL%R)

u ~ u n i (Social n
u
w-auiy n.iu~iuG~~nu?nui ai~u3iauiu.~inu~rnu w.n. 2524 nui 332
l;ohl 1;u
1
;
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%I
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(1) ~i/u~iYunisns::~iis::~ii ~n'~ds::nau n. nistimioni~finu(social
a:
contacts) p u u u d i ~ n~szn;i~~nna uazvisoniudi~ .I n?oszn;ic nnaiYunb
d
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~ M Q I U ~ ~ L L
u j ~ $ i~. +
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~ i n ' g ~ n u i nW.R.
u i 2524 n& 333)
"d "
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 15ar (en$ : City)
Vu'IIu (Community)

(neighbourhood)

I
Y

7 (1nsr~;Irua:nis
nisauiuoi?aoosnru m%m15n'ib1 usnoan~iju&~u
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~ ~ ~ ~ a i ~ (Specialization)
fi
(2) ~ l ~ ~ l 1 ~ l ~ ~ 3n ~ ~a n ~l s ~$ r (Subordination
w~ l ~ d ~ or~ d ~ i ~ i
Dependency) un:
Y d d
(3) ofiilnf3u6;lr 7 (Spatial flexibility)
nl3ldiLIukda~~o~wunl~
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Lm~ ~ u w ~ ' J ~ I K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ L ~ M L L ~ J L ~ u L L ~ : ~
~nww~fluuuu~!ar~fiuI~d 7 ~ ~ r s : : ~
~ m n ~ k n d i ? ~ ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ ~ o u
afldrkm~l;ii?LI& (~II.~.~ILIA:~OLIR~ W.K.D. Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993, p.12)
a i n (I) m ~ G - ~ ~ M ' ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ s ~ a i ~(Specialization)
ff~~w~aw wuykin
i:nir
* d r Y
d m J ) nisrumnnuuIu&nu~i(n?<u
(n) n l 3 u u r r l u ~ u ~
(division of labour)
(a) n i s s ? u n i ~ d u n d u ~ u ? nausu
u or& i s wuYuni3dn&r~nwi
~ i u w f l d s r l o a ; ~ ~ i n n a i a(interest associations) I
* * m Y I

(n) w a d s d a a ~ u ~ ~ n u ~ u k n u ~ a i ~ ~ ? u 3 ~i:abflsu~uno~fiu
u~rnu~~nuin
Y I

Ianituu-na~duitou(Cosmopolite localite) LL~:;U~

Y

(4) d ~ f & d ~ n ~(role i n- making) ~6ur~u1~aama&~n"un?iuiiui~ff~flw

d . Y 1

nnih~nmnniunirr(status) n $ o i iunir (positions) uinuiLI

I Y

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l f l i l u n l 4 f~l f I ~ ~ n l & u falLmnti;lrn"u
i (Alternative human attitudes to co-operation)
I I

(a) ~ ~ 1 ~ L L m ~(Different m l ~ values)

n l ~ ~ ~
(7) 3a1%m (Life styles)
I
 n. n l 3 ~ ~ ~ (division
l ~ ~ of~ labour)
f l l luli~nu~u'fdl~d
(modern society) t

v t
v i s a n i u n ~ i u ~ n ~ i u m u i ~ ~ u ~ ) ; ~ y n n ah~o~8an: ~
: ~niiounn~i w
u ~ u t ~(achieved
nif
v
status) ~ R Z U ~ ? ~ U ~ M ~ - I ~ J < (put
UJIU the right man into the right jobs)
~ i 3 ~ ~ 4 4 1 ~ ~ f l i ~ ~ ~ ~ i ) i n(Division
~ ~ ~ ofi labour
~ ? i ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 4

in society's Durkheims) n i 3 a ' n 3 z l ~ u u u ? ~ i . r 4 l ~ r r U ~ 3 i ~ n i 3 ~ " 3 ~ E 1 ' i u i m ~ ~ z ~ u 1 1 o

I I

17LUO; (Bureancracy's Max Weber) n i ~ ~ u ~ n ~ u ~ s n ~ 3 u ~3dL u~~TmqRu

W~ u u 6 ; i ~ ,[
h 4 4 i t b m a i m fly% ynna main Y R Y uo4no45 dlla (Henry Fayol) n i 3 f i ~
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4 i t band Motion study) Y~4hLnEI; (Taylor) ~du&
/

L ? ~ i 6 ~ n i ~ i (Time
I I

ni~kna17na~~~^nnn~iu~d~n'-1~fluun"u'b.~~~nu (mi% o 4 h i - i ~JPIU

l V l W
Y "'4 0

Y R Y ) D L I ~ J W O L ~ ~ O I M L Y I L R ~ ~ U ~ ~ M L W O (Blue
~ ~ ~ ~ collar
~ ~ ~ ~ workers)
~ M (iso$~ni4lu
A'
tta:nu~iu~nonadnicui~ (White collar worker) M%$!
f l i 4 - 1 l~ u n i n u o ~ n i ~ uin-13
u?~~ t d~u k
I t V

d t ~ ~ n a i oln7 n~ n ' ~ n ~ i u h u i ~ w ' ~ n a ~ a(Specialization)

wiznit
U L1.l
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& Vd V ' V I

~?u~I%'~~IJ YIJSII(IRI~W~R ~ 1 3 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ 1 7 ~ UlnUIU

~ ~ 2 ~ 1 ~ , 6 1 1 ~

Cu~duw'uqoi%w
Y. n i s 3 7 u & l ~ ~ ~ ~ n 3 l s ~ d t b n ~auw u ~ u (Voluntary
inu associations)
I I V

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" Y d
(variety associations) w u ~ d n a $ q ~ d l uo~ 4 df 1i 4 q ~JR~~~I-JASIJTI WLW J L ~ U G ~ ~
d
u i u ~ goals, from coin - collecting to golfing)
laoula4 u a z L f t l n ~ ' u ~ n ~ r n(different
n. ~ I ~ Y ~ I ~ & ~ ~ I ~ Y U ~ ~ ~ M ~ L (exploded ~ " U ? ~interest)
' ~ W R ~ ~ : : ~ U ~
*d n Y
~fludnn~ni.irunmnuu~u~~nu~u.n'ou
v k w s l & i ~ ~ u n f i s nnnalun13iifl~u;~u
n~
~ z ~ ; i ~ ~ a n i ~ s u ~ u n"relative
o ~ d u participation
~uu in the world at large compared
with local concerns such as the cosmopolite localite" (Weber, 1963)
v
-
n i ~ n ' i ~ ~ r f l u ~ ~ ~ a ~ a i r y .(Specialization)
4. k ~ u i ~ n i ~~f i ~i ~~ ~wm u ~ i o ~ i j
v
riiu~&uinuiuus::l~ni~rn~unuinriin'u1u~~6;~::61'1~~~~ kw~I~ni.rsiiriru mio
ni~l&?nlw~ia::?un 6 ~ u ~ n ~ u n m n l u u ~ a(visomiuniw
:sii~~~~~ ) .u i n w o i l
 Y Y

~ b lu~iuzuoornd
u v%mioi Onitisoulsni eneiJ ~eiuieruihnnauwadszItl&
Y Y

r m ~ i n n i u ~ nua:ni3~;1;qunn~iia~m~nis~ija~
ei~ idwnu
e. n i s d n ' ~ u z n ~ C ( ~ i n n ~ i ~ uw~ n~lf~l u
~ f~i ~n o
n r~bi u ~ ~ n n d i ~ ~ u n i s ~ ~ u ! a
u * L:d' a* a d ' "dlY
uaezuwua nJu Lusa van; (Birchail : 1988) I&rwouu~~nIu~munnnniw~uIa
~ f l u ~ u ~ u ~ u n i d~n7 w 1 d%
io
~ ~a d~~ i f a unisi?u!a~u;iu"
q~u (background to
his study of housing co-poratives)lmtliiuunaan~du 4 L L U ~ ~mrijadszlnn
I ~ I ~ (four
basic world views)
~ ~ ~ ('oufiiis ?:OR
(a) q ~ a J n i 3 ~ l ; u ' m ~wy,nfln ; Individualissts)
dd,' d' u Y
vFai7sisnauiiuu nun~.a~flwm~w
*d "
Knlmreupsn~uu aauni.rr~-i~u'u
(human nature) (competitive)

~flui&vuiu?~;JM~J wn1J3z~~aiiqugu
(goals) (self-interest)
maid '
~ u n r n n m a n i ~ ~ ~ u i~%au
jo
(attitudes to cooperatives) (negative)
d ' "
C~unmnuma~_a ~ f l u i v ~ i m . rJeBJ&U
~-~
\

(attitude to states) (suspicious)

"U u e ern
~fiouiGitl ~ h n u a n ~ ~ m u t l u n i ~ ~ ~uuqaa5unSa
~'w,sEs '
(b) 1 1 ~ 7 W ~
W$~LIU (pluralist ; W~~~ABP;) ~ i l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ i u f i m C ( ~ t l u t l a u r ' u
Y

~ ~ n ~ C '~lanI&vaitl?
n ~ i u v a i u n a i n ~ i u n q ~ ~ w y ~ t l u ~(pluralism) itlu
~dua'nuwr odu?wid voun~iuvainvalu
(human nature) (various)
I Y Y

? n i ~,~ i ~ duungnuIvn~iuci76~
(better people)
n d r '
Cwunanumoni&~uija m"uqu RJLA~U
(encouragement)

(too remote)
 (c) C~[;?WS~UQLIU
(collectivsts ; (~z~.nfii&)~ i l u ~ i Q u u n i ~ i n ~ ~ u ~ n $
f a urh (collectivism)

~ n w ow~ u~ ~ w i ' ~uo~<ul~oCunishni~~~(fw~fio

(human nature) (subordinate to economic production) i

i
, (new persons from societal transformation)
aJa '
<~(unmnunoniAuio tgn (downplayed) mr;?urjo~awiz~iii
~ ~ a n i . r ~ d ~ u w u(transitional
d n ~ ~ i uonly)
aJa '
viiwnnnuno?j ~~unirdnn.ra~~~uurb~~r~~orw~oni~~
nau?uhunu~unfful~w
(Totalitarian
control by proletariat)
*a *
~ ~ u u ~ ~ i e ~ ~ k kda'la;
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u ; Communitarians)
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I
(co-operative)
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i
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(fraternity in new society) i

(decentralization and self-reliance)

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Y , I #

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au
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a. iisi$?n (life styles) ~ 5 a i i l u n i s iiru$?n ii luri~nuJ o ? u u ~~n ~LIn
r i i ~ u n w q l s s u d s : u~~ : & r r u u l d t ~ n o i n n ~ n n i ~ ~ n~~&sisuu~ d u i &n u k u
t '
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communities of limited liability" n i i 7 h fiOLony n~~riu~u~~uLikWl:nL+J ws d s d a ~ i
" U * , ,
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I
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2 2 ' I I

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"u U

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r r M r d'
pendency) ~on$uq ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U L ~ I ~ J H Q ~ M ?
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dnngh i 3 d ~ f i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~MI ~U&J~'IW~J~I~IJU~JJI~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ 1 ~ l ~ ~ ~

Y Y
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" Davies and T. Herbert, 1993, p.15)
The "work for wagen relationship is paramount and does not include many other
Y U Y

obligations. U ~l; n l lTk.4, (11IhU

~ (with minor exceptions such as sick
Y

leave, etc) n i s ~ s n ~ i u ~ i u i s n ~ u n i ~ $4 vwi i ~

[ iu
I ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~
Y I U

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i i n i ~ u nfini~u~nis~mnimn~?~
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: n13n.rrrii k ni i ? ~ ~ ? u n i ~wr w i i n wnu~ i u d o ~ ~ u14sa?& r ~ u(co-odinaton)

~ a ~ ~ m ? ; ~ o& ~ ~aU o'V~~I ~~ R~~ ~I . ~~ J~\uY"~~'
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U

(level of subordination)" (K.D. Davies and T. Herbert, 1993, p. 15)

~ ~ u d 1 d k J R J ~ f l 1~0 L ~ 1~
~~~~d1~1~1~~l3(i(l^~%~ln'~
~~
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~ ~ Y " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~nu iln u 3 i u~ ~ ~services)
(many 7 3 6n ~; ol~ ~i n n i . r ~ i m n ? 6 ~ ~
n~iu~BusrrS ouluknu $~ld&duw auo~ n i s n 3 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ o n ~ ~E P~ ~~ I uS D i iJ o o i n
Y
d ' 8 Y I

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Y

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n a l ~ ~ ~ m n ~ . r ~ ~ - . ~ d ~ u u 3 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ u ~ ~ u ~ 3 rd ~ alArn.5
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6;7
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I ~ " ~ I ~ R M I ~ L G~
~ drdud~~m~h~ ' n ~ i W ' in headquarter cities) (Harper
(concentrated
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n i~ (~~8f l1 u n ~ u ~ u ~ i u ~ u ~ n a 7 ~
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~ ~ n u ~ ~society)
wl nuua~n~l~o~~aa~
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CIIJ allegiances)
IU
U ~. ~ M ; ~ J ~ ~ qu ~
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' ' Y
w a . a o ~ n i s r d u k n u n ~ u ~ (these a i u anz~qfluo~ni.rd~wi
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d d'
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~ J nqu ~n JuulI.4
r ~ ~ n u ~ (W.K.D.
~ u h ;Davies~ and D.T. Herbert, 1993, pp. 13-14)
raurld ni3~11~!diuiPdi (Subordination) l~unl3ril1~~iinni3w"~wl
(dependence on) d~misusnni ~ r i ~ n(Society)
u d ~ficloin
'
- earners)
Y Y
d '
n. ~ l i ] u ~ l ~ ~ ~ f i ~(owners n i ~ byl wage
i ~ ~ ~ J l u
u. n ~ l . r : m w i u \ u ~ n ' i ~ (Cwrdinators
iu of workplace)
n. nlJ&3:~! u ~ vJ?~ula o (government and order)
d d
~ ~ z n ~ ~ d a o ~ ~ t i ~ o i n r(areas) n ~ Aw~nuqn'u
~~~o~~~iiva
 n. ni-i~du~winei
J U A : Y ~ L ~ N ~ O U M E(core
]~ and periphery)
Y. ~ ~ U I U C M(regions)
EJ

(W.K.D. Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993, p. 13)

' Y d
nis~drl$uudao ( W P ~ LJLtW
nn~yu) wwn (Spatial flexibility)
"a
Y

I~RIUY~J* n a ~ u ~ S u ~ v i ~ d ~ wr i ~ nf in~i '~p~iL~iJl~Wn~u o i w i ~ 6 ; ' i ~ ~

.
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I

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u u da ' d ua
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J 3 ~ u f i q(Innovations
?~1~ in
Y Y
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transportation and communication) ~ a ~ n l 3 ~ ~ n' i~7 ~u i~ n~ ~ ~f ~l l~ ~~ ~ a r n l ' i l a l ~ e l
Y

d e ~ e ~ a ~ i ~ u i n ~ a ~ n i ~ " u u i ~ 1 u ~30~ ~dwiwui - d . a ~ f rsinni3lv~n~m-i

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a
f

(cellular phones)
Y I t
d @ I

n n i u n o ~ o i n ~ ~ y i n r ~ (satellites)i ~ ~ G u u~ 1 ~ ~ l n 1 3 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ R 1 3 3 ~ ~ 2 1 ~ 1 3 ~ ~ 7
Y Y

~ a ~ l e n ~ i l w l d a ; i ~ s ~ n ~ 3 ~(instantaneous)
a " u w ~ w &~jn~i2riilnem~oiin"a~~u2n'u
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U o;i~~~.fimiu weuo~ni3~dduw
u d e ~ l ~ u d n i n l i n ' t v i s o l i ~ n s i i u i i(unprecedented)
aw fi~onis~~u~w~a~nis
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u in spatial flexibility) ~u&nufi~?Y"w~at w?n~m
Y. ' 2 d d
uon~inuuirJu(nir~om-i nimuuinudrh7n;i) k&weln~~n~aoulu~
Y I I I I

M ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ U & L ~ L J ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~I MZ ~~ ~
~ JJ~ CE
L ~~M~ ~ w~ ~~ ~$~ M
u J ~~ L~ ~~

(weakened the bonds of local communities and increased societal fragmentation)

Y Y I I

~ ~ I ~ & ~ ~ L R R ~ R ~ ~ o ~ ~ ] ~ ~ ' M M (I l -J d .~ w~~ &

~ uL ~ ~e ~~ ; L ~ ~ ~ ~
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U ~~~~nndi~ldsinnaiu~duodJin~~mdwi~ui
2 d
(2) *JRCU ~ ~ u n i su~u d~ ~
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(spatial flexibility) dsmi'id 2
n i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ i n n i ~ ~ 2~ d3rniGa
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d o ~is related to the specialization of
' 2 " 1
regions, settlements and areas with in cities) k w n u i u n a i u ~ i d s r a i v u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ u u i u
~~LRWLLA::carried out
I I

niouit~auf i ~ ~ 1 ~ n ~ n n s a i i l l d 6 i ~ i u ~ i u m i-town)
~ ~ n i ~ (?doo~wun;
d Y
n n i ~ ~ i ~nn~iaiwnKuuiiiuoi~izn'Gi~
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: ~Lh ~ U ~ ~ I ~ M ~ ~ R Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
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W
bV.4 ~ ~ ~ R ~ J L ~ ~ ~ M ? ~ ~ ~ L ~ " ~ h ~b ~~ ~j (rush
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r i i ~ ~ f i y c l i n m n a(producing
3 traffic jams and congestion)
, I ,

iJhi47 ~ Q ~ U ~ Z R ; ~ U ~ I Z ~ I I M ' ~ J 7C~~M &U L~! ML L I ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~

?-;ougnncln33uluo~m
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372 SO 267
 niu 4 i i e n~sR;i~nnuliwalq
niu 5 Aa n?iunmmnai~ ? a n ~ ~ n n i u i ~ u " u
niu 6 i i o ~m~uuorni.~nauqu
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Y
mu 8 go n i n n i ~ ~ ~ I Q ; ~ ~ ~ n i . n o a o i n ~ a u ~ ~ ~ o e ~ ~ i ~ n i c
9IIu 9 60 ~ ~ ~ ~ I J ~ J ~ ~ J M ~ T o F ~ ~ ~ u L ~ M ~ ~ L ~ u u
mu 10 Go ~n^awa3r~;i~~nna nir~nir~n;?uni,(nis&~irfinwds?)
Y I

niu 11 Ao miu$nnunic
uauanuu?n?idn(Domians) ~ ~ u ? ~ u n i ~ ~ d ~ r n u d(Dynamic ~~~~uuwn?'~~
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en 9 8
Change) df:rMYcl?flaJn~l<%(Major Dlmemions) 3 d3:nlfdtl?& 1. 3:urRw (Short
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" # A d
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* d a
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4 d
fiw adwou~unuuanaiu~n (Domains) r i ~ u u ~ ~ n a ~ n ~ d u o ~ o(~~ ar ei ma ~i ~ u n
Content
Domains) uaunnuu?naiufin (Domains) n i s n ~ - . ~ i u u o ~ f i ~ ~ u n i ~ ~ u n " u f i ~ ~ t l n i u u ~ n
? i ~ ~ cuo~nlmsrrii
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Y 8
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(Domains) nnlfobuo~ ~ 6 n i ~ u o i b l 7 ~(insiders
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(outsiders) M~ORWIU (workers) d w ~ ~ o u o u ~ u n u u a n a i u 5 n ~ n " u ~ n ' w ~ a n r ~ n ~ ~
(Conceptual Indentity)
 1 Y

9 (Community Devel-
: nl3~4luuhul?u'11u'b~~d04~74
nl3r*suI47~&J%%4
opment : The Conscious Devetopment of Communities in Cities)
ni.rldm~o~~naiu~uitl m5anirl~Aidi5mnaiu11 a ~ ~ "i ni ii ~ u i ~ u a u 1 '
5~iiduldIma~iu
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i i ( t l a ~ u ~ a t n i 3 ~ w u i ~iuda u~dd i ~ 3(Christensen
~ ~ i n and Robinson, 1989)
RI ~m~~tniJndla~6;~6~ui\u~dYo4 w n i ~ u(academic) i i ~ : n ~ i u d i ~ i figRfui
iawi:ni t m k n n d n.R. 1940 i ~ iia:nrm~~awi:tdtlan'uI"rnt~~niJndialR'6arii
u iirm
uiu&d.r:uim 25 d (Wayne K.D. Davies David T. Herbert, 1993) ~ d ~ ~ \ 6 ; 3 i n n 3 6
l i r ~ n (Britain)
u visoojnq&~37uaaR'~nonuaui uae~tiiawinsm~niniwu~~uau
t
(Community Development Journal) I ~ ~ % JLI~ L L~~ u~ L~~ L~ w
n."tLLid
U ~ T J LnL.R.
~ 1965

\ u d ~ n n n m ? ~ a ~ u"Journal
ini of the Community Development Society"
t '
t%lufl n.R. 1970 ua:lln "Centre for ~ei~hbwrh'odd Technology" (Chicago) ndL1nd
n . ~ 1977. qu~n~i~ii~iu~nnIuIailGiu~n~fiau~itl~ (~ljaC(~~113~~n~1ntlfiunii
8 J'
u91n ~ ~ g i a i a ~n~t u w~n~)u ~ o ~ ; ~ u ~ n i t ~ (~he'Nei~hbourhood
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*A
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~ ' dWorld)
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W I

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rl ' JY 'u
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programme)
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development is the purposeful, locality based attempt of people either from inside
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associations, services and other attributes in their arean (Wayne K.D. Davies David
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sinn?iucluiu~~nd7~
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w
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z(?U uo~odnnmnddu
;id q (local organizations) M ~ O ~ I ~ L ~ ~ ~ S : U U ~ I ~ ~ ' I InMi~f~~
;nmiiiI
?f Y q (delivery
w
system to provide) M ~ D Dudi ) i L I 3 i ~ ~qi~dk n d iUq (monitor~ theseJ ~ ~
features)
v Y
d3:~auclcind tdu?m
ddl "oi&
~ uon~in~snuwui~du~~u~ni~luni3~Q~1
Rnw ~6ninhnnyuaww u& k R 8 ~ n i ~ l ~ n ~ i u ~ m ~ i u a i u i ~ n ~ ~ o r ~ ' ~ d ~ r l ~ ' 1
d d Y
dsrdunkno7uo~law n i ~ k h n i a ~q iuodauaw
d ( ~ a u m d i i ~ dq i~4osnd~u
d visa
d ' v
~ u ~ d f l ~ ~ n ? l ~ &Md~n~7~3~ c U W ~ ~ ~ U W ~ ~ ~ ~ Ulhmu
~ ' M (needs,
~ U ~ Udesire,
" I I M )
cuttural goals ro value instutionlized means)

r ~ ~ u a d o n ~ r v i ~ l w(Reasons
~ u a u for Cornmunlty Development)
(I ) nis~&u;qu (participation)
(2) d~n?Ul~o&%ni3ld"RU~~~dnd
(reaction against change)
(3) ~313ttn?h 6mLldI d d?uhuodd o u h i l d (modification of conditions)
(4) ni~uinnismril~mou&
q M ~ O ~ I S U I F I L L R R U ~ ~ ~ U qI ~(missing
~~IJ
needs or resources) (W.K.D. Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993)
qin (1) ni5khu;q u (participation)
nisgidyiuuo~uqal;lu3:er~iuusn $ua$~u~cinnisuo~ni.ra?uLM'.o
GIMLOd (earliest human settlements were based 'on principle of self - help)
n i s n j n ~ i ~ o k ~ d u n i r ; ~ u i i o ~ ~ u l ~ s r n ~ i r q~ o~$orrcinnisuo~nisii
~on~nn~di~
I I

~ W (particcipation) $ULDJ
U
n i s & a ~ ~ ~ a m un~ iood n i ~ ~ ~ ~ i i o s : ~ ~ i ~ ~ n ~ ~ n n ' u i o ~ s ~ u n
r i s o ~ i l ~ w ; ? u ~ d % d ~ n ~ n lilyuziw
~ r w " (primetive
l ~ ~ ~ n saiety)
~ ri~~ur~wo~oild
;la (simGe society) W$O ~dmud3n~ 6 (traditional society) Y RY I nEl lawl: ~~1dfiiI~dnU
, I

d ~ n i ~ G ~ n i m i i ILLYUM;
d i u i ~LMII (band) luinu (tribal) L ~ ~ ~ ~ J F I U L ~ ? ~ L R U ~ ~ ~ J ' ~ ~
uini~<uoinwnAl;?uoinc~iu~nd I u ~ r n i w ~ n2 d(ninlfiGini~~nrnsn~suua-
nisd~Rqmmnnr.nu)n i n k o ~ & ~ ~ i ~ n i s ~ d o ~ ~ d d u u ~ d ~ d ~ ~ ~ u ~ n i 3
i i u i o (ni~riJnunicl~3lrp'lo
unrniiInis~Cla~)
~du<auini~d;l
uaed?u~diuuld
rduuuu.iilunru 4 n b h q w s z u a ~ ~ : ~ ~ n i n m s ariJnusifti' n$o?i~dsrm
- I r
yay
915 (nation - state) finnissaud7w~81;C(~~~nni~ (centralization) & n m f i n i i l
I 1

1 ~ ~ d ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ l ' ~ n l s ~ 1 3 u ~ u ~ ~ n r n 7 ~(centralization
f i ~ 3 t b f l ~of1authority
1 ~ d n led
8d'04~
to the loss of local control and participation) nisiaiiw n i ~ ~ u d i u i ~ ~ ~ d ~ u ~ n
Ii?unisiaSnu~inib'nim"~~$ti;i~ 9 Q~wuI&inai~IsnL im.a<~iqninsquiitbuir
asrsia;Id$u rdu Po& hfl (Locke) 'f~h (Roussean)
Y
'
~ n ~ i n ~ ~nuiuin?i . r ~ ' ~ u u i u un:ana7uriu<uan
am opus~nliuuo~
Y I
' dt
n o ~ ~ u u i n n ~ i n ~ i u r i u < ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~dmuisniaw n ~ ~ ~ o t ; ~ u ~ r f
~~GR!&~IMIU"LI~~~ (with the mncious development of horizontal or loyallty - based
associations, rather than the vertical links to higher levels of soceity, can be traced
Y

back to ancient Greeks) (W .K.D. Davies and D.T. Herbert, 1993) "o?Rl6I~%t3
(Aristotle)
I ~ L s ~ lw~?wfls
I ~ A ~ ~ ' ~ J R ~ M \ ~ T ~(people M$DWAS?:
J (city - state)
(in the new polis)
'Jd '
I&uiio;~ulonirt~o&~msln~~~b~n~n
(toajoin
i l utogetter
~ ? ~ in fellowship to
create a better life)" (Barker, 1969) n ~ s o ~ ~ ~ u & d n ? a d u d r n n B n i s ~ ~ n ~ ~ w ~ ~ a ~ k r ;
dounsiz oirr~ar& I&iidriIuniwin?n ?lo KOINOMIA ~ i a (Downey.
1
duc 1976)Y n
"8
I a a ~aur i ~ ~ nu?r7ucii;i
ad u ~m ~ i s n ~ n ~ i u n u i ~ ~Ji luUyrun~n a ~ v v
~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(partnership) 16n?7~~uw'w& (association) LLRr TUllW' (community) id(illM'%JRu

J L ~'
o;lJkhiu KOlNOMlA ~ n ? i u n u i a n s a u n ~ u 8 J n i f ~ ~ ~ d n(the @~~nU~wi
supreme good) o i I & ~ n i r ~ n ~ ~ u m ~ ~ n n ~ i u ~ u w n l'su~aG' us~r b~n~mi ~u u
b Y 2
Gfldnisuw w u y i u c ; i d 7 u s r r ~ ~ u ~ ? u n i s 1 ~ ~ 5 m o ~ i ~ "KOlNOMIAu
~naiu~uiu
~ u t d a d l ~ (new
ai polls) n~a~wwns%~ (city - state) R I ~ L L U ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ E ~ Y O ~ ~ ? R I W L ~ R
Y
J I

(Aristotle) I I ~ U l l l f i dyURqU (partnership) n?luriu'$+wa' (association) URz~u7lU

8 a Y

(community) ~ G I L ~ ~ # ~ I ~ u ~ ~ u ~ fir"?
EIYI U ~ " ? ~G~ U
(household)
U ~ ~ ~A~~' ~J M
A UW
~ ~
Y Y

w n ~ ~ t ~ u ~ ~ & ~ ~ i n ' d ~ ~ i u m u i(dynamic

f n u u ~energy)
~ w schjuuwsoun?una7u
?'~f
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Y

L:
(reciprocal relationships between residerits) @?anist~;iC( 9 dst~ilmn'un~ 2nu
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n~~n~ia
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u ll
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 cl d
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~udniiujfi
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~i~~~i
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r f l u ~ u i n uauTu u'wr~on~.r&du~iuuo~ldodr~u<iu?uuin~u~~~dm:?"umn
i u ~ 1 n aash
n u ~ d r r u a n a i u ~ n u o d u ' n d 3 " ~ ~ i n i ~ b ~ o d d a17 ~ ~ ' ~ 3;on
~ (John
Locke) ~ b ~ t h a ? sou;
Y

R (Thomas Hobbes) 71hl (Rousseau, J.J.) d w m u ~ M

I ?U
'
~u~anm:iuoonuwnaiuln nni.rumu.rauwm.r~n'uu'iun'uhnmz?'umnrbu d.r:m~
cl'

d i d ) I u o lr%uu(Asian countries) LR~UolfU,idlu1~1ub?1slL C D J I ~ du.r:<USd

uO

(higher levels of political authority) d d ~ d aw ~ ~ ~ j n l T ~ a Y d 1 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ n ~ l d l l

i dDRII LID (resident partcipation) ~drdu~d~unidn~un'u
I Y

ain (2) d f i n i ~ i f l o m l unirrd$uuudad (reaction against change)

r i l u ~ ~ r r m u o ~I31%
a~ 5 dt~mainni~nsrii uad.puau miuuuanaiu8n~o~iia; .
(Keyes, 1987) '

ri:o&~ni.rwiplui.puau i;d~~m~uni.rb~uod~:b~u~ida ii~rw'oni.rpinrui

r u

.puau n"donirriimdfjn5uimomiuni.r~d~uu~~da~ainn'a~durw.ri:n~a w ada::l&i~

Yd 8 I

ainni~r~dsurr~at~oqruniw.uotni~rii~ii~irinIunitd~~uInwmoc?n a;ni<u'lu
' A d n u *
olrullYn&nala lldnun (Keyes) fian;l "ni7Wnn'J3olfU,ifl~"
(area defence)
I Y

nni.rmoniuni.rlnnuyadoinsiL~mw niodhcuo~ran8nf r r ~(area or turf - based

ddence) lk ~ ~ T ~ ~ ~ L L ~ ~ R ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L LMR Z"L ? ~~U ~~U J ~ ~ ~ M ~
ni.rnjndia
d~uhnsfida~n~~dnn~o~.r::'~o~df:ai~~~unitl1~~81.r'~3~~a)?u~i,uu~&
' "& A '
a t rRmdi)niaido~iu~7nn~u~
rFud.rtIun~
~ w i t n i u n o i naiu&wiau
u
n B ~ d wni~naa~rdu~dmndon.ro~ns'3~~nta~~ai.r
uuniiiGiqum uat~ilui;Jd~iui
Y
dduaniatni~uioinin LWUJ r r . r ~ h ~ r f l iYl u~ Y
Y

li w~andi o n i ~ ~ uun7dni.r&
ninn.rfiiuq r& n i ~ r n r ~ u ~ n i . r & u u i m ~ai
~o~.puau;dr~un i ~ n ~ a ~ ~ d I u u ~ u ~ u m a i m a i n n i ~ ~dfjniuid~iimain
irjwni~un
~I.~&~~J~I~IN~I~IM~Iu rbu q u i n i s & n . r ~ a ~ a ~ u i m ~ ~ -~malls)
(shopping
Y dd d
miuiim (sports stadia) ni.rr~tln~hn'i (exlhibition areas) risoni.rrm~uin wun NLIIU~
Y

(reductions in the size of green areas) Lk~67uaf~nl.r~n~nl211~1f oun~od(invasion)

Y Y
Y d
oiminwainy ~ ~ i u i o i ~ni2.r u u usrfiouuuhnma
u~ rnu n~Giu<mcn.ry nlnwun
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riln13~nvm.r n~sowuwa~ngunuauun&iiio~ nalmiiny n7nffrna.mm:li2duo.s
d ' d
guauuojn ao~uGurGJ ~ ~ u o ~;oalarnd
r i ~ s uruennquou.) luquauli&tn~.r
(undersirables) ue:dIIfiniu~dai;u - M ? ~ L L ~ ' ~(modify)
II L~Z/~ULI~RJ~~~Q?~JUWU
'
L i Qdiauuda~\ui;~dnu~uguwu~'CIIu?i~ni~we~un~~eu
Q'
(negativery perceived)
" n 1 ~ & n i 1 ? ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ n ? i u u " m ~Q~~ ~~Z~~ fU2. I:I M
q ~1
. ~' ~~7I LJ~VnVdI Lu ~~O(COX
J ~ ' and
Johnston 1982 ; Knox 1987) I I

a l n (3)d a u ~ u nu~ n ~ s l i l ~ d $ 1n111l8~JIIn721

~ w (modification of conditions)
..a ad
~ n u n n ? ~ uu~uluda::
w
I

61a^alns~~s?~umr~~uo~n1~w"~~u1guaum1uuuu
~ I ? I ~ ~ L I 7Lribarflun~.runrm
L ~ ~ ~ I J (mitigate) m5on1~ril6rl~tyri16;1~q ~ I J L R ~ U Z E ~
u a e < t n u u o ~ g u a u u u u ~ ~ a ~ r ~ ~ a ;La u~ dO~ ~
~ J W R ~ ~ L ~ ~ R ~ ? ~ U ~ ~ ~ J ~ O
W I

b ~ n j n d l ?6s; (Keyes) l~hyll;;~ !&r; n n ~ m ? u ? u ~ ~ n n o ~( f~iouc" acontrol)

~
' ' d Y d'
n i o u 1 t ~ ~ n n o ~ l ~ s " u n 1 m ~ u ~ u l n ' 1 b ~ 1 1rnnuu~uolrulrunnla~utdo~
~1n~n1m P

(inner - city areas) L ~ hUn x u ~ m(plagued) i i n u a l n ~ u u l n(high levels of poverty)

d '
o l a q l n n u (crime) n l 3 ~ l J t (unemployment)
l~ f i ~ M l n o ; o l & I(housing problems)
w
2 ' I

L L R : & ~ I U ? ~ ~ ? I U ~ : C Iq? n~ i~n~i n h n n a i ~ i (obsolescence

k ; OD~.IIZLRFI$U~ :
I , ,

~n~nf~nm)
Y

m n (4) ~ I ~ G R ~ u I ~ ~ ~ ~ Jq ~~l ioa u n ~~w ~~ nInirtu1n-r

~~n e~u o J ~ IT~~
(missing needs or resources)
k n j n k - r A& ( ~ e ~ edss)n & niwum3;a~du (L-I resources) dr;luu~n
~ n ~ ~ r f l u ~ ~ . r r ~ n " u f i ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ m u ~ ~ n m ~ ~ m ~ unu un~iuC~~ni~
g l r a u n ~ u ~ i i onc? ~ u ; a ~ n l - r d i . s(needs)
~ Y Q J ~ J ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ U I Q ~ " I ? ~ ~ ' ~
A ' w
1dovi1l~
tflu~~nnob~iimrnmsrri~uo~guau
~~uuriin~~~n~uluua:n~uu~nguwu
mu1mnwa~moun~1u~o~n1r6;i~ 7 luaunu u d n A ~ ~ f l u I I n n ~ n n ~ ~ ~ ~ n u " ~ l n u ~ ~ l
r 1 '

I U ~ U ' I I % ~J' O~ U C ( ~ ~ . ~ R I U ~ Z 6\OOYI MWMQ~WQUI~;I@

'~~~ oHU",~M ~ x I ? l ~ ~?lIlln ld~ll
Lannu (private enterprise) ~ 3 o s i n n i n i (governments sector) n ~ - r k n ~ l a S ~ ~ f l d u i
d- '
u n ~ n ~ r n s n a h i l ~ s " u n ~ f d s ' u~d% ~ ~nu in h~ ~u ~ & u~ u~oo~ u~i n ~ r ~ 6 a l f l u b a w i :
2
&u%JITlT U ~ Mlfl:L;n .) b 3 l J H J h u ? Ll
"V

~ ? I ? ~ T I ~ L O ~ ~ J ? J7Ql%lh:Lndm?$9
J ~ ~ ~ ~ I J
n - n u t l e ~ l a n 7i ~n~ q d n - r d i i m a ~ n n i s l M ' n ~ s a ~ u u u u o ~ n ~ u I n u ~ h s l ~
w m t:
(voluntary associations) ~ U T M UQJBU ~ (local community) LM? w e h<%n J 4 d~rn1.r.
Lwn:n~s~wu1k&~n13~~6~
 Y d
IJ~JILI$U9 Bnuin idu n'~un8u
o~ni~dom 3
(communication of opinion) s : r i i ' M h ~ ~EI
Y I

? u a u n ~ ~ onqiudu
fiu~ i l i a u a r i ~ ~ i n w i ~ ~ u ~ h u l u u i d u n i ~i ~l i ia~ u w u ~ i u
Y Y

ulsuiuluni3uditluuds~~ I ~ ~ J ~ ~ I ? ~ : F I ~ J R S I J L ~ ~ ~(liaison
D ~ I ~ ~ I T ~ ~ : I I
d d d
networks) ~ O J F ~ ~ I T O ninuauad
U~
ni~ai~uwu~ni~wkru1~~a~s~'n'i)r3~uf~~~7un~~~tl61~duan"un~u
d.4 " It:
(categories) ~ I JI) Llfl:g15b1 bn t l a ~ a J~~n~ U R ~ ! J ~ I ~ ~ Q $ M L (inner
! ~ ~ I city)
fisanaunaiun8~nis(needs) 3auii~n?wu?ns~i~1) (resource<) ;)~~dlrd~n8u&niy
Y I

da (paramount) 0;1~13finiu ~ ~ i u o ~ n i s w i u u i ~ u a u i i ~ a ~ ~ o ~ C ~ a ~ l u ~ u a u n a ~
da '
dsr~uiTqili~ ~ ~ : ~ i m u i 3 i i l ~ ~ u n 7 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 ~U~ n ~ ~ l i n d i u i 0 n ~ ~ ~ l i l
Y

ciirGuni~~inmnranau ni~irirohwG~ilima~3oun~u IJ~~iAlftn$uuo~~ioiba$

dn d
lu?uau& ~i;ua1olimui3n~i)i3mil~0inwri:n~iu11 OJLG o~ il+a~in~;iua~nnun

u~a~iliw~d~rlaa~~in~uauuo~~
n j ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ u a u n ~ s i & '~ a d~' u u rA .r uu~ i u n ~ i dnr ~. ~ s r ~ i ~ i l u n o
~ d u n i ~ dl ?lu d ~ ~ a u a u d ~adniliarduni~r;od3rlo.n;-
u~~uni~~

v
sruudu'lId%L ~ % ~ I Ja In~' L u n i ~ ~ e ~ ~(Community
l ~ a ~ % u Development ;
Alternative Delivery System)
~ . c ( ~ ~ ~ n i . r ~ i ~ ~ ~ h u n i ~ w " ~ ~ Ji L~an
3 r u u d i I) ~au~iudn~
Gi~tiuni3ii3 niJ n ' 1 ~ ~ 3 ~ u J l ~ fi;isnn
Ri-iqnJs b ~ (charity)
~~ ~wneniqna(charity)
risaw"u~iuua~ni3~10?n1u~w"ouu~w~ ( ~ f l ~ n u b y r(philanthropic
y) endeavour)
~flu~~lfu~u~a~~ni~~Gan
n i ~ d o n 6 l ~ ~ ~ a n ilis3w
nitiio
"a~~
Y

(1 ) nl'ilarnn~nldusi?&fl (Techincal assistance)

(2) ?~IT~?BLMPBSIWLDJ(self - help) # '
(3) n i ~ ~ i ~ 1 d n u i o i n n a i uilio~~~tijirnntc;iei3m
u'~~~i~ (Critical or Conflict
Approach) (Christensen and Robinson, 1989)
1. nisl~nisoymn;; i l i o n i ~ n a ~ l ~ i l ~ a o i n w " u ~ ivironaiuloqq
uni3~n~
(charity) U A ~ ~ T ! I Q ? ~ I M L ~ ~ ~ U
(plilanthropic
~U~ Assistance) M ~ ~ ~ I ~ < W U I ~ ~ T U
u i ~ ~ R L IA w~ Ku J J R u ~ I ~ ~
h u ~ i n n i ~(jn3)
I I
d "
li~nuIunmhqnuotily LM~I ~ i i a u
riauA'i)riini36aXu3iunoauuuou
 C *
~ u ~ n i ~ t u o a n i r n i u n ~ d i ~ ~(food
~ : d tattering
i $ m ~ and hunting society) UYW~WOJ

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 n 1 3 b b 6 7 ~bbf;nlTb$UJ~Ui~J
~ 7 0 1 ~ 1 ~ b ~ ~ 1 i n ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
c.
l u n n i ~ e k n d i 7&walnd.i~~uiT~min7iu
u i n ~ u n u i i ~~ uI ' ~ m i ~ ~ ~ o i ~ o l y
"'d '
l~1o;a16u bn"nn'1w;l
n 1 3 ~ ~ i 8 u w m u o 3 sbJR@"rbl~:
~u (paupers, the aged, the
homeless, "fallen" women and orphans)
lui?JfluJolyflnfllJJRI(IIGI 7~~?~n13Lfi~7~1~7nR1~~l~~0~~
C

(Ylsaufiank) (church or by feudal barons) $ J & ~ M ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(aiu3::uY

I ~ : : M M I ~
fl a&)
qnmmnnululis~nu
3 a ~t ~
C -
d uu n i 3 : l u n i ~ l ~ n i t n s i :~~u q n v o c n i s d f i ~ ~ n i t n i s & a a :
(dxinaajnqu u a a ~ n n n u a u ~ ~ f l u ~ o ~ m ~ o ~ ~ u m ~ i ~ u a ~ n
m ~ a u a ~ n uy~
l o (Owen, 1964) u a : d i f l u a ~ i ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u(Bremner,
d r : : ~ 1960)
n~~rn~"~~
~m-~nud 16 ( n . ~ 1500
. 1600) luui~nu -
n i ~ d ~ d s t ~ u nh~%lun13
7iu
U I u
dd m
~ ~ u i n g w i u ~ ~ n n(Poor
u - aLaws)
u riilmoui~~aaiu~~onisu"~~~m~omu"u~i
u C

n i s m ~ u i u h ~ i u n u ~ i u o i(workhouses)
nou ~ ~ d ~ ? ~ (relief
n isupported)
R R
d
oinniirno~n(local taxes) d G i ~ f i u n i ~ I a u G i u(nmniJRimri
s nnnis11nn3o~Iu
d s : : m ~ ~ k n q a; by parishes) udni.m&ndi~ujr~wodu~lunisan'iT~ni
~m-r.rswd19 ( n . ~ 1800
. - I900) I u 1 ~ s : i n ~ Z ~ n qImu~awi~Iun~~aaumou
w
Y
Y
G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~in numbers
~(explosion ~ L ~ of Uoutcasts)
~ M L ~ M ~ I
(Jones, 1971) n i j i ~ l 3 i $ J n u((social commentators) ~ l n ~ n ~ o l s ~ M ~ l u ~ l ~ $ J L ~ u
a
Mayhew Engels LIB: Booth l ~ u n u~1 Jf fil l l L h ~ ~O~ J1 ~1 ~ M IJ ~7 (growing
; ~ problems)
'd ' r d
iau n7iuuinou a i a w n s r u n a g a i ~ u n ~ c l i o f i b 6 u u "Ju io~ n qJY~IJIMM~T~IJ
i 7
ua~InnarTumn
d i ~ i u n u 6 ul&ois6ldban;i&uii
~ ouon~niiooinlGlM'n71umiu~"u
$~n,i,i~& C ~ l n b ~ uu uo ~ n i ~ 1 u n i . r i d ~ a u ~ ~ d a ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ n d i a n a o m a u ~ w u i ~ ~ o u
td'
~ i u w n n n i s t d n ~r i ~ i . i ~ ~ r ~ u n i s n ~ : a i a ~ ~ ~ ~ i n m u1~~iluni3i;lfio
~u~iuuo~K~nu
d d *
4nwin~nu-auo~iiure6~mi
~ n i ~ i w i n $ i o i s ~ o n~~ ~~ u ~s ~B~ ~ ~ ~ I u ~ u ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ M L
luau&~i;u ~ ~ a n i s w ' w u i ~ Bu Ja ~u ~ L J ~ ~ R J K U L~ ~i U~- u~ Ii ~ n s n i ~ ~ l u u i u n m
%Y
l ~ n i 3 L ~ ~ t ~ u n 7 i u b f l ~ 0m~omouwuiuiu~nui~niuniw~~u
~~~$~fl~~~~21~ (status
quo) u s : u n u i u d o u l u l u % m u " ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~
"ai better
uuK~
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~ i in heaven" %%anan71
one
dd '

daVinlums~n' &&I J B I ~ R ~ ~ ~ Y ~ I T ~ " B U U ~ ~ U ~ M" n~~ J'%Ol Ji 5~ uM" I U ~ ~ L ~ Y Y

 Y Y

(The Salvasion Army) (Salvasion ; n i 3 w ' i ~ ~ ~ ( r U i d ~ I ~ ~ ? ~ L M G Q I M ' W 'William

~~~'OI~~~
Booth Y W Y ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ A ' J ~ U B O M ~ ~ O(The
~ ~ ~East
: ~ "London
~ ~ O QRevival
~ Society in
1865) URL~Y~I~IM~ZUIIn . ~1878
.
n i s & n ~ i a ~ i l w n a i u w ~ i ~ i u & i t n ^ s(aa ~new
~ ~kind
u ~ ~ofi christian
3 o o n ~L~~l ~l ~d ? U d ~ t d ~q~~
church) i t ~ i i t ~ ~ ~ ~ i n l (designed) I Yh t&
d i(improve
d ' "d
the conditions) Y O J ~ U ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ U
(theI poorest
~ B Uof~the
~ poor
~ ~inU ~ M L L O ~
d'
" ~ l
the slums) n i T ~ i ) l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ d t b ~~ M~6 1~ Y ~t b ~ J L ~ u ~ I u ~ I w ~ J ~ ~ o
( ~ ~ a r u n a i r i i ds:uicldub~i
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Y ,

d~:ni~u~ ~ ni ] m n i ~ n n ~ i h n ~ m n i d u i o ~ ~ n i ~ ~ i m ~ w q ~ ~ e
d '
(local charity organizations) LWaUUtllJl (mitigate) n l 3 ~ 3 3 i n 1 ~ a 1 ~URLC1718.J
~ln0~
h M i J (despair) I W L ~ ~ ~ J W I ~ ~ um~ ~
:nl;awuw SSUUR
~ ' 1 ; I ~ i 1 ~ i 1 i i i C j l ~ ~ ~ e n ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ n i w u (distress)
o t ~ a i uO~J1~n; i~ iI S~ Ki n
~~~N~RR

&t du ~ u s i n n i n i n i n a i ~ di~l ~r~aroiinwhn

n ~aumlo~udwoi~uua~&inpu
I Y
' d '
n t & i ~ ~ j n e i a ~ u ~ ~ d n " n a i un:dauIunitri~nu
uuin~u ~vuno~oi~uduin~~nwm:
(insanitary houses) nlsnt(o; IJUD&I (over crowding) lL3tt i l 4 L h (child labour) ni3
Y Y

riitiu~rin '~.a'~uin~vl:an 1 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ l ~ 1 ' ~ nun1 ~ ~ ~.re9

l ~(sweat l t l ~i]u(;U
~ n 'shops) t b
I I

~ i o l n t ~IuiI a u n.R. 1878I u ~ a i r ~ e ~ iIu

(Philadelphia) irotn;lsni3qneiit 23 a t i n i s
do$uLdot o t ~ n s & n ~ l a ~ ~ ~ & l ~u31M~u*d.d
ulnLw (dispensed their own funs) kuruh
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~ o
s r ~ ; ~ a r u i ~ n lr~ia:oiminn
in (Dillick, 1953)
u 0 Y

dcnisioui irnism~irJn~sanm u ~ i u ~ & a ~ ~ n ;(semement

T N ~ i w houses)
u e
lu~unaciur 6 o ~ ~ u ? r u n i w ~ i n & s n i ~ l ~ n i s in; l~nuwui o t & i s ~ w ' o n i~s 5 ~o
e -,
n a ~ f i a r r u ~ t l ~ ~~;1~unisu~~vju~diw't~ndo1d
&ii uonainuuuruaiaiau'n.nin
u t l i ~ n u i ~ uqi iriilflu
r 'settlement house9'~ d o l ~ u e e d i u d ~ n i uez~tnu T~n~1
i i n i . i ~ i t u w u u a : ~ ~ a ' ~ n i 3 0(1)
o n~w'a~du~adowna~ds:~dnit~esrru
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Y Y
A ' *a Y
iinisrmmotaap (2) ~woaauwi3lui~urotlm~sa11u uer (3) ~ i n a i u ~ i ~ ; i ~ c w k r u i
Y

i;t~auniniuluainri~rnuerorkwal~~uaui;~u $tusn~innisKtnii?nio(1)
C

I&~I~H~I~UI Toynbel Hall a'ulbG~r9.ld~~l

(in white chapel) In London in 1884
J Yd
~ l n ~ ? i ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ Y(parish ~ ~ ~nou Samuel
~ ~ priest) ' n ~Barnett
3 ~ W ~ ~t Jb ~ ~R l ~ ~
U,
"aY
r$o~Ti~n
~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ' L I L ~u'u I~ n
u aIi u~l n
~ k'nYa i~a~I ~J ~ u ' I I
 u ~ r r 71967) nio i ~ ~ u o16settlement
u n n~ ~o ii1 7 s 3 n ~ i a I u w ~ ~ ~ o ~(Davis, c housen
dad t:
n u m a l ~huu1n~nn~a~lu1~3:1n~ms'~a~u^rn1
Y '
o~ M House 6 l a n a a ~ l a nAdam
L ~ Hull
sisters luunSn7I.n IuiI n.R. 1889 (Adam 1910, Less 1985) ~ . i x ~ ~ m n i c ; i I u n d. ~ .
1900 5 "Settlement house" ~ u ~ l 103 l ?L~L ~ 11~:~~aJLdu
~ J 410 t t i ~ h f ln.R. 1910
d '
(Dilick 1953. Hilman 1960) Settlement houses t ~ v u n l G o o n u u u ~ w o a ? a ~ n $ o
t l r e a l a h u h d n & a u t ~ a ~(neighbourhoods)
w M ? R ) ; U P ~ ~ A ~ I (relief
U ~ ~ fo~OW
Y

poverty) M q n w u o ~ n n ~ s d d n q n n (care
o ~ i ~of nesleced children) L ~ ~ ~ U R ~ I W M S
Y

u l o l ~ b u w(removal of unsanitary conditions) t t ~ : ~ M n l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i l n f ~ ~ 6

LY
(sponsoring of a range of activities) liupf m ~ u L a o J ~ u a ~ ~ n ~ u ~ ~ J ~ 3 a(day
lnn~43"u
care) &JauludnLiu (playgrounds) [ ~ ~ m w o u(health)
l ~ o Ltclmi3~~nl3~nkt17
Id (public education in general) ftonrru&~9 L M ~ I ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ ~ I U ~ U U ' Y L ~ U
~is'~ds:luTI; uar d u ~ s d o u n~d3~fid210~~137~~?'~1~$^3a
7 (provided beacons of hope
" d
in a life) ~ J U " L R U L R U I ~ & U ~ ~ ~ ~ HURm73WDJWJW7
U~M~"J (that was often full of
d a "
despair and dependency) 1Ju~~Jld1.4.6
wriu~nu'ooiia~aoi~fi~~'iln~nna1~s'un3~u~
1 d ~ d ? U d 7 J ~ ? ; l 6 u " ~ i l 7 n ~settlement
~ ~ I I ~ f houses
2. 67i7 onld Lnn% (Technical Assistance)
nlsfih!nkt~lh& a n ~ ~ m n i i n l u n i s ~ a u ~ ~ uAu a u~duniswssruu~
n'o~
Y

RJ ~ ~ w u mr iss o n ~ s l v ~ i n l s hur;o1nnli5~~ru&~du1u~fl
~ EIJ1 n a n i s u n . m ~ ~ ~ ~
(intervention) ~ i n d ~ u i o ? ~ u L ~~ U~~ o~ iI ~
~ I~J Q J L ~v\?oo~n<gv<ad.irrnfi
R Y I R
(municipal authority state or nation) $~~ev~~Iliiofil~~1nn1sl<n~t~7~n1wa~d1u1o
Y
~ I ~ L Uit ~is Ja ~type
~ U U & ~ ~ I ~ R J ~ I(Essentially' ~ of "lop-down" process)
Y
I
"dd
n 1 s ~ n a 1 ~ r n a ~ l a ~ n u n 7 1(experts)
u ~ d o ~lnn6~ltltdtniutnnicnniin
~~~
d cl
U I J ~ ~ nsoucrunnmrr
IJ nnurnulmo7nn?iui1u1~fi~~1~~1~ot;1~ (some technical
Y Y

or professional capability) Ldu$i, (introduced to) ~ M T M U L ~ O ~ U ~ ~ U A ~ I U R ~ ~ J ~ I T

Y

(;id7 u o ~ n 6 ~ ~ u u l ~ d s(to
z nfullil
l s some local needs) 16~136U^~nl f i n i s M%
sad
i h h u ? o n ~ ~ u w : n ~ ndIi~viioufiuni511;1ua~ou~
hj (that are unlikly to be pro-
vide in any other way)
Y

19 d
hsl~lAolI4.flWdnd ~ 1 1 ~ ~ M3 ~ <
Q ' L
&~ % L I u ~ ~ J L ~ ~ w ~ ~
(laisser - fair) r d u n a ~ u ~ u ~ n d ; ~ u o n f i ~(mamuuln)
n~~$?~ ~~unrn~~~~~un1sw"6uui
1504dlJ (did not intervene in the development of cities) O ~ I J ~ ~~~I N
I L
U IIU&